Pfupiso
Power inogadzirwa nemvura inzira yekugadzira simba inoshandisa simba rinobva mumvura kuti iite simba remagetsi. Nheyo yayo ndeyekushandisa kudzikira kwehuwandu hwemvura (simba rinokwanisa) kuti ifambe pasi pesimba regiravhiti (simba remagetsi), sekutungamira mvura kubva mumvura yakakura senge nzizi kana matangi emvura kuenda kuhuwandu hwakaderera. Mvura inoyerera inosunda turbine kuti itenderere uye itungamire jenareta kuti igadzire magetsi. Mvura yepamusoro inobva mukupisa kwezuva uye inobvisa mvura yakaderera, saka inogona kutorwa sekushandisa simba rezuva zvisina kunanga. Nekuda kwetekinoroji yayo yakakura, parizvino ndiyo simba rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muvanhu.
Zvinoenderana netsananguro yeInternational Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) yedhamu guru, dhamu rinotsanangurwa sedhamu chero ripi zvaro rine kureba kunodarika mamita gumi nemashanu (kubva panzvimbo yakaderera yenheyo kusvika pamusoro pedhamu) kana dhamu rine kureba kuri pakati pemamita gumi nemashanu, iro rinozadzisa chimwe chezvinotevera:
Kureba kwegomo redhamu hakufanirwe kunge kuri pasi pemamita mazana mashanu;
Kugona kwedhamu iri kugadzira mvura hakufanirwe kunge kuri pasi pemamiriyoni emamiriyoni e cubic metres;
⑶ Mvura inoyerera zvakanyanya inobatwa nedhamu haifanirwe kunge iri pasi pe2000 cubic metres pasekondi;
Dambudziko rehwaro hwemadhamu rakaoma zvikuru;
Magadzirirwo edhamu iri anoshamisa.
Sekureva kwemushumo weBP2021, simba remagetsi pasi rose rakaita 4296.8/26823.2=16.0% yemagetsi epasi rose muna 2020, yakaderera pane simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemarasha (35.1%) uye simba remagetsi egasi (23.4%), riri pachinzvimbo chechitatu pasi rose.
Muna 2020, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura ndiko kwaive kukuru muEast Asia nePacific, kuchitora 1643/4370 = 37.6% yehuwandu hwemagetsi pasi rose.
Nyika ine simba guru remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura pasi rose iChina, ichiteverwa neBrazil, United States, neRussia. Muna 2020, simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura muChina rakasvika 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% yemagetsi ese akagadzirwa neChina.
Kunyangwe China iri pamberi pasi rose pakugadzira magetsi emvura, haina kunyanya kukosha mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi munyika. Nyika dzine huwandu hwakanyanya hwekugadzira magetsi emvura mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwadzo muna 2020 dzaive Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) neCanada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
Muna 2020, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi muChina kwainyanya kushandiswa nemarasha (63.2%), kuchiteverwa nemagetsi emvura (17.0%), zvichiita 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura pasi rose. Kunyangwe China iri pekutanga pasi rose mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura, haisati yasvika padanho rayo repamusoro. Sekureva kwemushumo weWorld Energy Resources 2016 wakaburitswa neWorld Energy Council, 47% yezviwanikwa zvemagetsi emvura muChina hazvisati zvagadzirwa.
Kuenzaniswa kweMagadzirirwo eMagetsi pakati peNyika ina dzepamusoro dzinogadzira magetsi emvura muna 2020
Kubva patafura, zvinoonekwa kuti simba remagetsi reChina rinosvika 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% yesimba rese remagetsi rinogadzirwa pasi rose, richitanga pasi rose. Zvisinei, huwandu hwaro kana richishandiswa nemagetsi ese eChina (17%) hwakanyanya kukwira zvishoma pane avhareji yepasi rose (16%).
Kune mhando ina dzekugadzira magetsi emvura: kugadzira magetsi emvura erudzi rwedhamu, kugadzira magetsi emvura anochengetwa nepombi, kugadzira magetsi emvura erudzi rwerwizi, uye kugadzira magetsi emvura negungwa.
Kugadzira magetsi emvura erudzi rwedhamu
Simba remvura rerudzi rwedhamu, rinozivikanwawo sesimba remvura rerudzi rwedhamu. Dhamu rinoumbwa nekuchengetedza mvura mumigero, uye simba rayo guru rinobuda rinoenderana nemusiyano uripo pakati pehuwandu hwedhamu, nzvimbo yekubuditsa mvura, uye kukwirira kwemvura pamusoro payo. Musiyano uyu wekukwirira unonzi musoro, unozivikanwawo semusoro kana musoro, uye simba remvura rinoenderana zvakananga nemusoro.
Pakati pema1970, mainjiniya wekuFrance Bernard Forest de Bé lidor akaburitsa "Building Hydraulics", iyo yakatsanangura vertical and horizontal axis hydraulic presses. Muna 1771, Richard Arkwright akabatanidza hydraulic, water framing, uye continuous production kuti aite basa rakakosha mukuvaka. Gadzira sisitimu yefekitori uye tora maitiro emazuva ano ekushanda. Muma1840, network yemagetsi emvura yakagadzirwa kuti igadzire magetsi uye itumire kune vashandisi vekupedzisira. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, majenareta akanga agadzirwa uye ikozvino anogona kubatanidzwa nema hydraulic systems.
Chirongwa chekutanga chemagetsi emvura pasi rose chaive Cragside Country Hotel muNorthumberland, England muna 1878, chaishandiswa semwenje. Makore mana gare gare, chiteshi chemagetsi chekutanga chakavhurwa muWisconsin, USA, uye mazana ezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura zvakazotanga kushanda kuti zvipe mwenje munharaunda.
Chiteshi chemagetsi cheShilongba Hydropower Station ndicho chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emvura muChina, chiri paRwizi rweTanglang kunze kweGuta reKunming, Yunnan Province. Kuvakwa kwacho kwakatanga muna Chikunguru 1910 (gore reGengxu) uye magetsi akagadzikwa musi wa28 Chivabvu 1912. Kugona kwekutanga kwaishandiswa kwaive 480 kW. Musi wa25 Chivabvu 2006, Chiteshi chemagetsi cheShilongba Hydropower Station chakatenderwa neHurumende kuti chive chikamu chechitanhatu chezvikamu zvekuchengetedza zvisaririra zvetsika zvenyika.
Sekureva kwemushumo weREN21 wegore ra2021, simba remagetsi emvura pasi rose muna 2020 raive 1170GW, China ichiwedzera ne12.6GW, ichitora 28% yehuwandu hwemagetsi pasi rose, kupfuura Brazil (9%), United States (7%), neCanada (9.0%).
Zvichienderana nenhamba dzeBP dzegore ra2021, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura pasi rose muna 2020 kwaive 4296.8 TWh, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura muChina kwaive 1322.0 TWh, zvichiita 30.1% yehuwandu hwese hwepasi rose.
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura ndeimwe yenzvimbo huru dzinoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi pasi rose uye ndiyo nzira huru yekushandisa simba rinogona kushandiswazve. Zvichienderana nenhamba dzeBP dzegore ra2021, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi pasi rose muna 2020 kwaive 26823.2 TWh, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kwaive 4222.2 TWh, zvichiita 4222.2/26823.2 = 15.7% yemagetsi ese anowanikwa pasi rose.
Ruzivo urwu rwunobva kuInternational Commission on Dams (ICOLD). Zvichienderana nekunyoreswa kwakaitwa muna Kubvumbi 2020, pari zvino kune madhamu 58713 pasi rose, China ichitora 23841/58713 = 40.6% yehuwandu hwepasi rose.
Zvichienderana nenhamba dzeBP dzegore ra2021, muna 2020, simba remagetsi reChina rakaita 1322.0/2236.7=59% yemagetsi emagetsi anowanikwazve muChina, richitora nzvimbo huru mukugadzira simba rinowanikwazve.
Sekureva kweInternational Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], mugore ra2020, huwandu hwemagetsi emvura pasi rose huchasvika 4370TWh, ayo China (31% yehuwandu hwemagetsi epasi rose), Brazil (9.4%), Canada (8.8%), United States (6.7%), Russia (4.5%), India (3.5%), Norway (3.2%), Turkey (1.8%), Japan (2.0%), France (1.5%) nezvimwewo zvichave nemagetsi emvura akawanda kupfuura mamwe ese.
Muna 2020, dunhu rine simba remagetsi akawanda pasi rose raive East Asia nePacific, zvichiita 1643/4370=37.6% yehuwandu hwepasi rose; Pakati pavo, China ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa, ichitora 31% yehuwandu hwepasi rose, ichitora 1355.20/1643=82.5% munzvimbo iyi.
Huwandu hwemagetsi anogadzirwa nemvura hunoenderana nehuwandu hwese hwemagetsi akaiswa uye huwandu hwenzvimbo yekuchengetera inopombwa. China ine simba guru rekugadzira magetsi emvura pasi rose, uye zvechokwadi, simba rayo rakaiswa uye simba rekuchengetedza inopombwawo riri pamusoro pasi rose. Sekureva kweInternational Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report, simba remagetsi emvura rakaiswa muChina (kusanganisira nzvimbo yekuchengetera inopombwa) rakasvika 370160MW muna 2020, zvichireva 370160/1330106=27.8% yehuwandu hwese hwepasi rose, zvichitanga pasi rose.
Chiteshi chemagetsi cheThree Gorges Hydropower Station, icho chiri chiteshi chikuru chemagetsi pasi rose, chine simba guru rekugadzira magetsi emvura muChina. Chiteshi chemagetsi cheThree Gorges Hydropower Station chinoshandisa maturbine makumi matatu nemaviri eFrancis, imwe neimwe ine simba re700MW, uye maturbine maviri e50MW, ane simba re22500MW uye kukwirira kwedhamu re181m. Simba rekugadzira magetsi muna 2020 richava 111.8 TWh, uye mutengo wekuvaka uchava ¥ 203 bhiriyoni. Chichapedzwa muna 2008.
Zviteshi zvina zvemagetsi epasi rose zvakavakwa muchikamu cheRwizi rwaYangtze Jinsha muSichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, neWudongde. Huwandu hwemagetsi aya mana anowanikwa muzviteshi izvi zvemagetsi emvura i46508MW, inova 46508/22500=2.07 yakapetwa kupfuura simba reThree Gorges Hydropower Station re22500MW. Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ayo pagore i185.05/101.6=1.82 kane. Baihetan ndiyo nzvimbo yechipiri pakukura yemagetsi emvura muChina mushure meThree Gorges hydropower station.
Parizvino, Chiteshi chemagetsi cheThree Gorges muChina ndicho chirimwa chikuru chemagetsi pasi rose. Pakati pezviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura gumi nezviviri zvikuru pasi rose, China ine zvigaro zvitanhatu. Dhamu reItaipu, iro rave riri pachinzvimbo chechipiri kwenguva refu pasi rose, rakasimudzwa kuenda panzvimbo yechitatu neDhamu reBaihetan muChina.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chemagetsi chemazuva ano chikuru pasi rose muna 2021
Kune zviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura zvinosvika 198 zvine simba remagetsi rinodarika 1000MW pasi rose, izvo China ine 60, zvichiita 60/198 = 30% yehuwandu hwemagetsi pasi rose. Zvinotevera Brazil, Canada, neRussia.
Kune zviteshi zvemagetsi zvemvura zvinosvika 198 zvine simba remagetsi rinodarika 1000MW pasi rose, izvo China ine 60, zvichiita 60/198 = 30% yehuwandu hwemagetsi pasi rose. Zvinotevera Brazil, Canada, neRussia.
Kune nzvimbo dzemagetsi dzinosvika makumi matanhatu (60 hydropower stations) dzine simba rinodarika 1000MW muChina, kunyanya makumi matatu (30) dziri muRwizi rwaYangtze, zvichiita kuti hafu yenzvimbo dzemagetsi emvura muChina dzikwanise simba rinodarika 1000MW.
Zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvinoshandisa mvura zvine simba rinodarika 1000MW zvakaiswa muChina
Kukwira kubva kuDhamu reGezhouba uye kuyambuka migero yeRwizi rweYangtze kuburikidza neDhamu reThree Gorges, iri ndiro simba guru rekutumira simba reChina kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva, uye zvakare nzvimbo huru yemagetsi pasi rose: kune nzvimbo dzinosvika makumi mapfumbamwe dzemagetsi emvura munzvimbo huru yeRwizi rweYangtze, dzinosanganisira Dhamu reGezhouba neThree Gorges, gumi muRwizi rweWujiang, gumi nematanhatu muRwizi rweJialing, gumi nemanomwe muRwizi rweMinjiang, makumi maviri nemashanu muRwizi rwaDadu, makumi maviri nerimwe muRwizi rweYalong, makumi maviri nemanomwe muRwizi rweJinsha, uye mashanu muRwizi rweMuli.
Tajikistan ine dhamu rezvisikwa rakareba kupfuura mamwe ose pasi rose, Usoi Dam, rine kureba kwemamita 567, iro rakareba nemamita 262 kupfuura dhamu rekugadzira raivepo, Jinping Level 1 Dam. Dhamu reUsoi rakaumbwa musi wa18 Kukadzi 1911, apo kudengenyeka kwenyika kwe7.4 magnitude kwakaitika muSarez, uye dhamu rekudengenyeka kwenyika rakaita serechisikigo rakatevedza Rwizi rweMurgab rakavhara kuyerera kwerwizi. Rakakonzera kudonha kwemvura kwakakura, rakavhara Rwizi rweMurgab, uye rakagadzira dhamu refu kupfuura mamwe pasi rose, Usoi Dam, richigadzira Lake Sares. Zvinosuwisa kuti hapana mishumo yekuumbwa kwemagetsi emvura.
Muna 2020, kwaive nemadhamu mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nerimwe ane kureba kwepamusoro-soro kunodarika 135m pasi rose. Dhamu repamusoro-soro parizvino ndiro Jinping-I Dam, dhamu rine arch rine kureba kwemamita mazana matatu nemashanu. Rinotevera ndiro Nurek Dam riri parwizi rweVakhsh muTajikistan, rine kureba kwemamita mazana matatu.
Dhamu repamusoro-soro pasi rose muna 2021
Parizvino, dhamu refu kupfuura mamwe ose pasi rose, Jinping-I Dam muChina, rine kureba kwemamita mazana matatu nemashanu, asi madhamu matatu ari kuvakwa ari kugadzirira kuripfuura. Dhamu reRogun riri kuenderera mberi richave dhamu refu kupfuura mamwe ose pasi rose, riri paRwizi rweVakhsh kumaodzanyemba kweTajikistan. Dhamu iri rakareba mamita mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemashanu uye kuvakwa kwaro kwakatanga muna 1976. Rinofungidzirwa kuti richatanga kushanda kubva muna 2019 kusvika 2029, nemari yekuvaka iri pakati pemabhiriyoni maviri kusvika mashanu emadhora ekuAmerica, simba rekuisa 600-3600MW, uye simba rekugadzira magetsi re17TWh pagore.
Chechipiri iDhamu reBakhtiari riri kuvakwa paRwizi rweBakhtiari muIran, rine kureba kwemamita 325 uye 1500MW. Mari yepurojekiti iyi imadhora ekuAmerica mabhiriyoni maviri uye magetsi emagetsi e3TWh pagore. Dhamu rechitatu pakukura paRwizi rweDadu muChina iDhamu reShuangjiangkou, rine kureba kwemamita 312.
Dhamu rinodarika mamita 305 riri kuvakwa
Damu reGrande Dixence rakanyanya kukwira pasi rose mugore ra2020, rakareba mamita mazana maviri nemakumi masere nemashanu.
Dhamu guru pasi rose rine nzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura yakawanda ndiro Dhamu reKariba riri paRwizi rwaZambezi muZimbabwe neZambezi. Rakavakwa muna 1959 uye rine nzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura inosvika 180.6 km3, richiteverwa neDhamu reBratsk riri paRwizi rwaAngara muRussia neDhamu reAkosombo riri paLake Kanawalt, rine nzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura inosvika 169 km3.
Dura guru pane ose pasi rose
Dhamu reThree Gorges, riri pakati peRwizi rweYangtze, rine nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yekuchengetera mvura muChina. Rakapedzwa muna 2008 uye rine nzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura ye39.3km3, riri pachinzvimbo chechi27 pasi rose.
Dura guru muChina
Dhamu guru pasi rose iTarbela Dam muPakistan. Rakavakwa muna 1976 uye rine chivakwa chakareba mamita 143. Dhamu iri rine vhoriyamu inosvika mamiriyoni 153 emamiriyoni emakubhiki mita uye simba rayo re3478MW.
Damu guru muChina ndiro Three Gorges Dam, iro rakapedzwa muna 2008. Chivako ichi chakareba mamita 181, huwandu hwedamu iri hunosvika mamiriyoni 27.4 emamiriyoni emakubhiti mita, uye simba rayo rinosvika 22500 MW. Iri pachinzvimbo chechi21 pasi rose.
Muzinda wedhamu mukuru pasi rose
Rwizi rweCongo runoumbwa zvikuru neDemocratic Republic of Congo. Democratic Republic of Congo inogona kugadzira simba remagetsi rinosvika mamiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri emakirowatts (120000 MW) uye simba remagetsi rinosvika mabhiriyoni mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe nemana emakirowatts (774 TWh) pagore. Kubva kuKinshasa pakakwirira mamita mazana maviri nemakumi manomwe uye kusvika kuchikamu cheMatadi, rwizi rwacho rwakamanikana, rune mahombekombe akakomba uye mvura inoyerera zvine simba. Kudzika kwakanyanya kwemamita zana nemakumi mashanu, nedonhwe remamita mazana maviri nemakumi masere. Kuyerera kwemvura kunochinja nguva nenguva, izvo zvinobatsira zvikuru pakugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura. Matanho matatu ezviteshi zvemagetsi makuru akarongwa, nedanho rekutanga riri dhamu rePioka, riri pamuganhu weDemocratic Republic of Congo neRepublic of Congo; Damu reGrand Inga rechipiri nedhamu reMatadi rechitatu zvese zviri muDemocratic Republic of Congo. Chiteshi chemagetsi chePioka Hydropower chinoshandisa tangi remvura remamita makumi masere uye chinoronga kuisa mayunitsi makumi matatu, ane simba remakilowatts mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri uye simba remagetsi remakilowatts mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi manomwe nemanomwe pagore, neDemocratic Republic of Congo neRepublic of Congo zvichiwana hafu yega yega. Matadi Hydropower Station inoshandisa tangi remvura remamita makumi mashanu uye inoronga kuisa mayunitsi makumi matatu nematanhatu, ane simba remakilowatts mamiriyoni gumi nemaviri uye simba remagetsi remakilowatts mabhiriyoni makumi masere nemanomwe pagore. Chikamu cheYingjia rapids, chine kudonha kwemamita zana mukati memakiromita makumi maviri nemashanu, ndicho chikamu cherwizi chine simba remvura rakawanda pasi rose.
Kune nzvimbo dzakawanda dzemagetsi emvura pasi rose kupfuura Three Gorges Dam dzisati dzapera.
Rwizi rwaYarlung Zangbo ndirwo rwizi rurefu kupfuura mamwe ose muChina, rwuri muTibet Autonomous Region, uye rumwe rwenzizi dzakareba kupfuura dzose pasi rose. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mushure mekupedzwa kweYarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Station, simba remagetsi richasvika 50000 MW, uye simba remagetsi richasvika katatu pane reThree Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), richisvika 300 TWh, iro richave chiteshi chemagetsi chikuru pasi rose.
Rwizi rwaYarlung Zangbo ndirwo rwizi rurefu kupfuura mamwe ose muChina, rwuri muTibet Autonomous Region, uye rumwe rwenzizi dzakareba kupfuura dzose pasi rose. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mushure mekupedzwa kweYarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Station, simba remagetsi richasvika 50000 MW, uye simba remagetsi richasvika katatu pane reThree Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), richisvika 300 TWh, iro richave chiteshi chemagetsi chikuru pasi rose.
Rwizi rwaYarlung Zangbo rwakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Rwizi rweBrahmaputra" mushure mekuyerera kubva munharaunda yeLuoyu kuenda kuIndia. Mushure mekuyerera nemuBangladesh, rwakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Rwizi rweJamuna". Mushure mekusangana neRwizi rweGanges munharaunda yarwo, rwakayerera muBay of Bengal muIndian Ocean. Hurefu hwacho hwese i2104 km, nerwizi rwakareba 2057 km muTibet, kudonha kwese kwemamita 5435, uye avhareji yekutenuka iri pekutanga pakati penzizi huru muChina. Gungwa iri rakareba kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero, nehurefu hwepamusoro hwemakiromita anopfuura 1450 kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero uye upamhi hwepamusoro hwemakiromita 290 kubva kuchamhembe kuenda kumaodzanyemba. Avhareji yekukwirira kwayo ingangoita mamita 4500. Nzvimbo yacho yakakwirira kumadokero uye yakaderera kumabvazuva, uye yakaderera kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Nzvimbo yese yerwizi i240,480 square kilometers, ichitora 20% yenzvimbo yese yerwizi muTibet, uye inenge 40.8% yenzvimbo yese yerwizi runobuda muTibet, ichiva panzvimbo yechishanu pakati pedziva dzese muChina.
Zvichienderana nedata ra2019, nyika dzine magetsi anoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose iIceland (51699 kWh/munhu) neNorway (23210 kWh/munhu). Iceland inovimba nemagetsi ekugadzira magetsi epasi pevhu nemagetsi emvura; Norway inovimba nemagetsi emvura, ayo anoumba 97% yemagetsi eNorway.
Maumbirwo esimba renyika dzakakomberedzwa negungwa dzakadai seNepal neBhutan, dziri pedyo neTibet muChina, hadzivimbi nemafuta efossil, asi kuti dzinoshandisa hydraulic resources dzadzo dzakawanda. Simba remagetsi rinobuda mumvura haringoshandiswi chete munyika, asiwo rinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.
Kugadzira magetsi emagetsi emvura anochengeterwa pombi
Simba remagetsi rinopombwa inzira yekuchengetedza simba, kwete nzira yekugadzira magetsi. Kana kudiwa kwemagetsi kwakaderera, simba remagetsi rakawandisa rinoramba richigadzira magetsi, zvichiita kuti pombi yemagetsi ipombe mvura isvike padanho repamusoro rekuchengetwa. Kana kudiwa kwemagetsi kwakakwira, mvura yepamusoro inoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi. Nzira iyi inogona kuvandudza mwero wekushandiswa kwemajenareta uye yakakosha zvikuru mubhizinesi.
Kuchengetera zvinhu zvine pombi chinhu chakakosha muhurongwa hwemazuva ano uye hwemangwana hwesimba rakachena. Kuwedzera kukuru kwesimba rinogona kushandiswazve senge simba remhepo nezuva, pamwe chete nekutsiva majenareta echinyakare, kwakaunza kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kugrid yemagetsi uye kwakasimbisa kukosha kwe "mabhatiri emvura" ekuchengetedza zvinhu zvine pombi.
Huwandu hwemagetsi anowanikwa mumvura hunoenderana zvakananga nekugona kwakagadzirwa kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera inopombwa uye hunoenderana nehuwandu hwenzvimbo yekuchengetera inopombwa. Muna 2020, paive ne68 dziri kushanda uye 42 dziri kuvakwa pasi rese.
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura muChina ndiko kuri pekutanga pasi rose, saka huwandu hwenzvimbo dzekuchengetera magetsi dziri kushanda uye dziri kuvakwa ndihwo huri pekutanga pasi rose. Dzinotevera Japan neUnited States.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chekuchengetera magetsi chakakura kupfuura zvimwe zvese pasi rose chinonzi Bath County Pumped Storage Station muUnited States, chine simba re3003MW.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chekuchengetera magetsi chakakura kupfuura zvese muChina chinonzi Huishou Pumped Storage Power Station, chine simba re2448MW.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chechipiri pakukura chekuchengetera magetsi chinopombwa muChina chinonzi Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station, chine simba re2400MW.
Zviteshi zvemagetsi zvekuchengetera zvinhu zvinopombwa muChina zviri kuvakwa zviri pamberi pasi rose. Kune zviteshi zvitatu zvine simba rinodarika 1000MW: Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, yakapedzwa kubva muna 2019 kusvika 2021), Jixi Pumped Storage Power Station (1800MW, yakapedzwa muna 2018), uye Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station (1200MW, yakapedzwa muna 2019).
Chiteshi chemagetsi chepombi chakakwirira kupfuura mamwe ose pasi rose chinonzi Yamdrok Hydropower Station, chiri muTibet, China, pakakwirira kwemamita 4441.
Kugadzira magetsi emvura kuburikidza nerwizi
Kufamba kwemvura yerwizi (ROR), inozivikanwawo semvura inoyerera, imhando yesimba remagetsi rinoshandisa mvura asi rinongoda mvura shoma kana kuti haridi kuchengetwa kwemvura yakawanda kuti rigadzire magetsi. Kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi rinoyerera murwizi hakudi kuchengetwa kwemvura kana kuti kunoda kuvakwa kwenzvimbo diki dzekuchengetera mvura. Pakuvaka nzvimbo diki dzekuchengetera mvura, nzvimbo idzi dzekuchengetera mvura dzinonzi madziva ekugadzirisa kana kuti forepools. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwenzvimbo huru dzekuchengetera mvura, kugadzirwa kwesimba remvura kunonyanya kukanganiswa nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwemvura mumwaka wemvura. Nokudaro, nzvimbo dzemagetsi emvura dzinowanzotsanangurwa senzvimbo dzesimba dzinogara dzichiitika. Kana dziva rinodzora rakavakwa muchiteshi chemagetsi chemvura chinogona kudzora kuyerera kwemvura chero nguva, rinogona kushandiswa sechiteshi chemagetsi chekugera peak kana chiteshi chemagetsi chebase load.
Chiteshi chikuru chemagetsi emvura cheSichuan pasi rose iJirau Dam iri paRwizi rweMadeira muBrazil. Dam iri rakareba mamita 63, rakareba mamita 1500, uye rine simba re3075MW. Rakapedzwa muna 2016.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura chechitatu pakukura pasi rose iChief Joseph Dam iri paRwizi rweColumbia muUnited States, ine kureba kwemamita makumi manomwe nemaviri, kureba kwemamita zana nemakumi masere nemana negumi nenomwe, ine simba re2620 MW, uye simba remagetsi re9780 GWh pagore. Yakapedzwa muna 1979.
Chiteshi chikuru chemagetsi eSichuan muChina iTianshengqiao II Dam, chiri paRwizi rweNanpan. Dam iri rine urefu hwemamita 58.7, kureba kwemamita 471, vhoriyamu ye4800000m3, uye kugona kwayo kwe1320MW kwakagadzirwa. Rakapedzwa muna 1997.
Kugadzira simba reTidal
Simba remvura inobva mugungwa rinogadzirwa nekukwira nekudzika kwehuwandu hwemvura yegungwa hunokonzerwa nemafungu. Kazhinji, matangi anovakwa kuti agadzire magetsi, asi kunewo kushandiswa kwakananga kwemvura inobva mugungwa kugadzira magetsi. Hapana nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakakodzera kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kubva mugungwa pasi rose, uye kune nzvimbo sere muUK dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinogona kusangana ne20% yezvinodiwa nemagetsi munyika.
Chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi pasi rose cheLance tidal power plant, chiri muLance, France. Chakavakwa kubva muna 1960 kusvika 1966 kwemakore matanhatu. Kugona kwacho kwakagadzirwa i240MW.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chikuru pasi rose cheSihwa Lake Tidal Power Station chiri muSouth Korea, chine simba re254MW uye chakapedzwa muna 2011.
Chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi chinofambisa mafungu muNorth America chinonzi Annapolis Royal Generating Station, chiri muRoyal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Canada, pamusuwo weBay of Fundy. Chiteshi ichi chine simba re20MW uye chakapedzwa muna 1984.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chikuru chemvura inoyerera negungwa muChina chinonzi Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, chiri kumaodzanyemba kweHangzhou, chine simba re4.1MW chete uye maseti matanhatu. Chakatanga kushanda muna 1985.
Jenareta yekutanga yemvura inoyerera muNorth American Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project yakaiswa muVancouver Island, Canada, munaGunyana 2006.
Parizvino, chirongwa chikuru kwazvo chemagetsi emvura nemadhamu pasi rose, MeyGen (MeyGen tidal energy project), chiri kuvakwa muPentland Firth, kuchamhembe kweScotland, chine simba re398MW rakaiswa uye chinotarisirwa kupera muna 2021.
Gujarat, India inoronga kuvaka chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emvura yegungwa muSouth Asia. Chiteshi chemagetsi chine simba re50MW chakaiswa muGulf of Kutch kumahombekombe ekumadokero eIndia, uye kuvakwa kwakatanga kutanga kwegore ra2012.
Chirongwa chePenzhin Tidal Power Plant chakarongwa paKamchatka Peninsula muRussia chine simba re87100MW uye simba rekugadzira magetsi pagore re200TWh, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo huru pasi rose yemagetsi emvura inoyerera negungwa. Kana yapera, Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power Station ichave nesimba rakapetwa kana kupfuura Three Gorges Power Station iripo.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-25-2023
