Nhoroondo ye hydropower muChina

Chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emagetsi pasi rose chakaonekwa muFrance muna 1878, pakavakwa chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi emvura.
Muvambi Edison akabatsirawo mukuvandudzwa kwezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura. Muna 1882, Edison akavaka Abel Hydropower Station muWisconsin, USA.
Pakutanga, huwandu hwezviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi zvakamiswa zvaive zvishoma. Muna 1889, chiteshi chikuru chemvura chepasi rose chaive muJapan, asi simba rayo rakaiswa raingova 48 kW. Nekudaro, huwandu hwakaiswa hwezviteshi zvemagetsi ehydropower hwave nebudiriro huru. Muna 1892, simba reNiagara Hydropower Station muUnited States raiva 44000 kW. Pakazosvika 1895, simba rakaiswa reNiagara Hydropower Station rakanga rasvika 147000 kW.

Mushure mekupinda muzana remakore rechi20, simba remvura munyika huru dzakabudirira rakawana kubudirira nokukurumidza. Pakazosvika 2021, huwandu hwepasi rose hwakaiswa hwehydropower huchasvika 1360GW.
Nhoroondo yekushandisa simba remvura kuChina inogona kurondwa makore anopfuura 2000 apfuura, kushandisa mvura kutyaira mavhiri emvura, zvigayo zvemvura, uye zvigayo zvemvura zvekugadzira uye hupenyu.
Chiteshi chekutanga chemagetsi muChina chakavakwa muna 1904. Yaive Guishan Hydropower Station yakavakwa nevapambi veJapan muTaiwan, China.
Yekutanga hydropower station yakavakwa muChinese Mainland yaive Shilongba Hydropower Station muKunming, iyo yakavambwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 1910 uye yakagadzira magetsi muna Chivabvu 1912, iine huwandu hwakaiswa hwakazara hwe489kW.
Mumakore makumi maviri akatevera kana zvakadaro, nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwemamiriro epamba, kuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura muChina hakuna kufambira mberi zvakanyanya, uye zviteshi zvidiki-diki zvemagetsi zvakavakwa, kazhinji zvinosanganisira Dongwo Hydropower Station muLuxian County, Sichuan, iyo Duodi Hydropower Station muTibet, uye Xiadao, Shunchang, uye Longxi Hydropower Stations muFujian Stations.
Nguva yakasvika panguva yeHondo yeAnti Japanese, apo zviwanikwa zvemumba zvainyanya kushandiswa kuramba chisimba, uye zviteshi zvemagetsi zvidiki chete zvakavakwa munzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, seTaohuaxi Hydropower Station muSichuan uye Nanqiao Hydropower Station muYunnan; Munzvimbo inogarwa neJapan, Japan yakavaka zviteshi zvakakura zvemagetsi emvura, kazhinji Fengman Hydropower Station paRwizi Songhua kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweChina.
Kusati kwavambwa kwePeople's Republic of China, simba rakaiswa remagetsi emvura muChinese Mainland rakambosvika 900000 kW. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa nehondo, apo People's Republic of China yakavambwa, iyo yakaiswa simba remagetsi muChinese Mainland yaingova 363300 kW.
Mushure mekuvambwa kweNew China, hydropower yakagamuchira kutariswa kusati kwamboitika uye kusimudzira. Chekutanga, mapurojekiti akati wandei emagetsi akasara kubva mumakore ehondo akagadziridzwa uye akavakwazve; Pakupera kwechirongwa chekutanga chemakore mashanu, China yakanga yavaka nekuvaka patsva zviteshi zvemagetsi gumi nepfumbamwe, uye yakatanga kugadzira nekuvaka mapurojekiti makuru emagetsi ega. Zhejiang Xin'anjiang Hydropower Station ine simba rakaiswa 662500 kilowatts yakavakwa panguva iyi, uye ndiyo yekutanga chiteshi chikuru chemagetsi emvura yakagadzirwa, kugadzirwa, uye kuvakwa neChina pachayo.
Munguva ye “Great Leap Forward”, mapurojekiti emagetsi emagetsi emuChina achangotangwa akasvika 11.862 miriyoni kW. Mamwe mapurojekiti haana kuratidzwa zvizere, zvichiita kuti mamwe mabasa amanikidzwa kumira kuvaka pashure pokunge atanga. Mumakore matatu akatevera enjodzi dzomusikirwo, nhamba huru yezvirongwa zvakamiswa kana kuti kumbomiswa. Muchidimbu, kubva muna 1958 kusvika muna 1965, kugadzirwa kwehydropower muChina kwaive kwakashata. Zvakadaro, zviteshi zvemagetsi makumi matatu neimwe, zvinosanganisira Xin'anjiang kuZhejiang, Xinfengjiang kuGuangdong, neXijin kuGuangxi, zvakaiswawo mukushanda kwekugadzira magetsi. Pakazere, indasitiri yemagetsi yemvura yeChina yakawana imwe nhanho yebudiriro.
Nguva yasvika ye "Cultural Revolution" nguva. Kunyangwe kuvakwa kwegetsi remvura kwakakanganisa zvakare kukanganisa kwakakomba uye kuparadzwa, sarudzo yehurongwa hwekuvakwa kwemutsara wechitatu yakapawo mukana usingawanzo kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kumadokero kweChina. Munguva iyi, zviteshi zvemagetsi makumi mana, zvinosanganisira Liujiaxia mudunhu reGansu neGongzui mudunhu reSichuan, zvakaiswa mukushanda kwekugadzira magetsi. Iko kuiswa kweLiujiaxia Hydropower Station kwakasvika 1.225 miriyoni kW, zvichiita kuti ive yekutanga hydropower station muChina ine simba rakaiswa rinopfuura miriyoni imwe kW. Munguva iyi, China yekutanga pombi yekuchengetedza magetsi chiteshi, Gangnan, Hebei, yakavakwa zvakare. Panguva imwecheteyo, mapurojekiti makumi mashanu nematatu emagetsi makuru uye epakati nepakati akatangwa kana kutangwazve panguva iyi. Muna 1970, Gezhouba Project ine simba rakaiswa 2.715 miriyoni kW yakatanga, zvichiratidza kutanga kwekuvakwa kwezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura parukova rukuru rweRwizi rweYangtze.
Mushure mekupera kwe "Cultural Revolution", kunyanya mushure meTatu Plenary Session ye11th Central Committee, indasitiri yemagetsi yemvura yeChina yakapinda zvakare padanho rekukurumidza kukura. Mapurojekiti akati wandei emagetsi emagetsi akadai seGezhouba, Wujiangdu, neBaishan awedzera, uye Longyangxia Hydropower Station ine unit unit ye320000 kW yakatanga kuvaka zviri pamutemo. Zvino, muchirimo mhepo yekuvandudza nekuvhurwa, China hydropower kuvaka sisitimu yave kugara ichichinja uye nekuvandudza, ichiratidza simba guru. Munguva iyi, zviteshi zvemagetsi zvepombi zvakawanawo kukura kwakakosha, nechikamu chekutanga chekupomba nekuchengetedza muPanjiakou, Hebei, neGuangzhou kutanga; Magetsi madiki emvura ari kusimukirawo, nekushandiswa kwechikamu chekutanga chemazana matatu emagetsi ekumaruwa emagetsi emagetsi; Panyaya yemagetsi makuru emagetsi, kuvakwa kwezviteshi zvakakura zvemagetsi emvura, seTianshengqiao Class II ine simba rakaiswa 1.32 miriyoni kW, Guangxi Yantan ine simba rakaiswa 1.21 miriyoni kW, Yunnan Manwan ine simba rakaiswa 1.5 miriyoni kW, uye Lijiaxia ine miriyoni yeHydropower yakaiswa muHydroion inobudirira muHydroion. Panguva imwe cheteyo, nyanzvi dzepamba dzakarongwa kuratidzira misoro gumi nemina yeThree Gorges Hydropower Station, uye kuvakwa kweThree Gorges Project kwakaiswa pahurongwa.
Mumakore gumi ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechi20, kuvakwa kwemagetsi emvura muChina kwakakura nokukurumidza. MunaSeptember 1991, kuvakwa kweErtan Hydropower Station muPanzhihua, Sichuan, kwakatanga. Mushure mekupokana kwakawanda nekugadzirira, muna Zvita 1994, chirongwa chepamusoro cheThree Gorges Hydropower Station Project chakatanga zviri pamutemo. Panyaya yemapombi emagetsi ekuchengetera magetsi, Beijing's Ming Tombs (800000kW), Zhejiang's Tianhuangping (1800000kW), uye Guangzhou's pumped storage phase II (12000000kW) zvakatangwa zvakare zvakatevedzana; Panyaya yemagetsi madiki emagetsi, kuvakwa kwechikamu chechipiri nerechitatu chemagetsi emagetsi ekumaruwa kwaitwa. Mumakore gumi apfuura, huwandu hwakaiswa hwemagetsi emvura muChina hwakawedzera ne38.39 miriyoni kW.
Mumakore gumi ekutanga ezana ramakore rechi21, kune zviteshi zvemagetsi makuru makumi matatu neshanu zviri kuvakwa, zvine huwandu hwakaiswa hunosvika mamirioni makumi manomwe kW, kusanganisira akawanda makuru makuru emagetsi emagetsi akadai seThree Gorges Project's 22.4 miriyoni kW uye Xiluodu's 12.6 miriyoni kW. Munguva iyi, avhareji inopfuura mamiriyoni gumi kW yakaiswa mukushanda gore negore. Gore rine nhoroondo zvikuru ndi2008, apo chikamu chekupedzisira cheThree Gorges Project chekurudyi chiteshi chemagetsi chemagetsi chakabatanidzwa zviri pamutemo kune gidhi rekugadzira magetsi, uye zvikamu makumi maviri nematanhatu zveThree Gorges Project yakatanga kugadzirwa kuruboshwe nekurudyi zviteshi zvemagetsi zvebhangi zvakaiswa kushanda.
Kubva gumi rechipiri rezana ramakore rechi21, zviteshi zvemagetsi makuru emvura parukova rukuru rweRwizi rweJinsha zvakagadziridzwa zvakatevedzana uye zvinoramba zvichiiswa mukushanda kwekugadzira magetsi. Xiluodu Hydropower Station ine simba rakaiswa 12.6 miriyoni kW, Xiangjiaba ine simba rakaiswa 6.4 miriyoni kW, Baihetan Hydropower Station ine yakasimwa inokwana 12 miriyoni yuan, Wudongde Hydropower Station ine yakasimwa inokwana 10.2 miriyoni yuan, uye mamwe mahombe ekugadzira magetsi emagetsi akaiswa muzviteshi zvemagetsi. Pakati pavo, iyo single unit yakaiswa simba reBaihetan Hydropower Station yasvika miriyoni imwe kW, Ichisvika padanho repamusoro pasirese. Kana zviri zviteshi zvemagetsi zvepombi, kubva muna 2022, kwaingova ne70 pumped storage power stations dziri kuvakwa munzvimbo yeState Grid yeChina, ine simba rakaiswa 85.24 miriyoni kilowatts, iyo yaive nguva 3,2 uye 4,1 nguva ye2012, zvichiteerana. Pakati pavo, Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station ndiyo yakakura pasi rose yakaiswa pumped storage power station, ine huwandu hwakaiswa hunosvika 3.6 miriyoni kilowatts.
Nekuenderera mberi nekusimudzirwa kwechinangwa che "dual carbon" uye nekuenderera mberi kusimbaradzwa kwekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, kuvandudzwa kwemagetsi emvura kuChina kwakatarisana nemamwe mamiriro matsva. Chekutanga, zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi zviri munzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa zvicharamba zvichibvisa uye kuvhara, uye chechipiri, chikamu chesimba rezuva nemhepo mune ichangobva kuisirwa huwandu hucharamba huchiwedzera, uye chikamu chehydropower chinodzikira zvinoenderana; Chekupedzisira, isu tichatarisa pakuvaka mapurojekiti makuru emagetsi emvura, uye sainzi uye kurongeka kwemapurojekiti ekuvaka acharamba achiwedzera.