1. Mhedziso yekugadzirwa kwehydropower
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi ndiko kushandura simba remvura renzizi dzechisikigo kuita simba remagetsi rekuti vanhu vashandise. Magetsi anoshandiswa nezviteshi zvemagetsi akasiyana, sesimba rezuva, simba remvura renzizi, uye simba remhepo rinogadzirwa nekuyerera kwemhepo. Mutengo wekugadzira simba remvura uchishandisa hydropower wakachipa, uye kuvaka kwezviteshi zvemagetsi emvura kunogona zvakare kusanganiswa nemamwe mabasa ekuchengetedza mvura. China yakapfuma muzviwanikwa zvemvura uye ine mamiriro akanaka kwazvo. Hydropower inoita basa rakakosha mukuvaka hupfumi hwenyika.
Mwero wemvura yomurwizi unopfuura mwero wemvura yezasi. Nekuda kwekusiyana kwehuwandu hwemvura yerwizi, simba remvura rinogadzirwa. Simba iri rinodaidzwa kuti simba rinobvira kana simba rinobvira. Musiyano uripo pakati pehurefu hwemvura yerwizi unonzi donhodzo, unonziwo water level difference kana musoro. Kudonha uku ndiyo mamiriro ekutanga e hydraulic power. Mukuwedzera, ukuru hwesimba remvura zvakare hunoenderana nehukuru hwekuyerera kwemvura murwizi, inova imwe mamiriro ekutanga akakosha sekudonha. Zvose zvinodonha uye kubuda zvinokanganisa zvakananga kukura kwesimba re hydraulic; Kuwanda kwekudonha kwemvura, ndiko kukura kwesimba rehydraulic; Kana kudonha uye huwandu hwemvura hushoma, kubuda kweiyo hydropower station kuchava kudiki.
Kudonha kunowanzo kuratidzwa mumamita. Mvura pamusoro pe gradient ndiyo reshiyo yekudonha uye chinhambwe, icho chinogona kuratidza dhigirii rekudonha. Kana kudonha kwakanyanyisa, kushandiswa kwesimba remvura kuri nyore. Donhwe rinoshandiswa nechiteshi chemagetsi emvura ndiwo mutsauko uripo pakati pemvura iri pamusoro pechiteshi chemagetsi chehydropower uye nepamusoro pemvura yakadzika mushure mekupfuura nemu hydraulic turbine.
Kuyerera ndiko kuwanda kwemvura inoyerera nemurwizi mune imwe nguva, inotaridzwa mumacubic metres pasekondi. Cubic meter yemvura itani imwe chete. Kuyerera kwerwizi kunoshanduka chero nguva uye chero kupi, saka kana tichitaura nezvekuyerera, tinofanira kutsanangura nguva yenzvimbo chaiyo kwainoyerera. Kuyerera kunochinja zvakanyanya munguva. Kazhinji, nzizi muChina dzine kuyerera kukuru muzhizha, matsutso uye mwaka wekunaya, asi kuyerera kudiki muchando uye muchirimo. Kuyerera kunosiyana kubva pamwedzi kusvika pazuva, uye huwandu hwemvura hunosiyana gore negore. Kuyerera kwenzizi zhinji kudiki kumusoro kwerwizi; Sezvo materesi anosangana, kuyerera kwemvura kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo kudonha kwemvura kwakanyanyisa, kuyerera kuduku; Kunyange zvazvo kuyerera kwemvura yakadzika kwakakura, donho racho rinenge rakapararira. Nokudaro, kazhinji ndiyo inonyanya hupfumi kushandisa simba remvura pakati pemvura yerwizi.
Kuziva kudonha uye kuyerera kunoshandiswa ne hydropower station, kuburitsa kwayo kunogona kuverengerwa neinotevera formula:
N = GQH
Muchidimbu, N - kubuda, chikwata: kW, inonziwo simba;
Q - kuyerera, mu cubic metres pasekondi;
H - Drop, mumamita;
G=9.8, ndiko kukwidzwa kwegiravhiti, muNewton/kg
Iyo theoretical simba inoverengerwa maererano neformula iri pamusoro, uye hapana kurasikirwa kunobviswa. Muchokwadi, mukugadzira kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura, ma turbine emvura, midziyo yekufambisa, jenareta, nezvimwe zvine kurasikirwa kwesimba kusingadzivisike. Naizvozvo, iyo theoretical simba inofanirwa kuderedzwa, ndiko kuti, iro chairo simba ratinogona kushandisa rinofanira kuwanzwa neiyo inoshanda coefficient (chiratidzo: K).
Simba rakagadzirwa rejenareta muchiteshi chemagetsi chinonzi rated power, uye simba chairo rinonzi simba chairo. Muchiito chekushandura simba, hazvidzivisiki kurasikirwa nerimwe simba. Mukuita kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura, pane kunyanya kurasikirwa kwe hydraulic turbines uye majenareta (kusanganisira kurasikirwa kwepombi). Mumaruwa madiki emagetsi hydropower zviteshi, kurasikirwa kwakasiyana kunotora 40 ~ 50% yesimba rose redzidziso, saka kubuda kwezviteshi zvehydropower zvinogona kungoshandisa 50 ~ 60% yesimba redzidziso, ndiko kuti, kushanda zvakanaka kunenge 0.5 ~ 0.60 (kusanganisira turbine kunyatsoita 0.70 ~ 0.85 0.85, 0.85 pombi uye 0. kutapurirana midziyo kunyatsoshanda kwe0.80 ~ 0.85). Naizvozvo, iro chairo simba (kubuda) kweiyo hydropower station inogona kuverengerwa sezvinotevera:
K - kunyatsoshanda kwehydropower station, (0.5 ~ 0.6) inogamuchirwa kuverengera kwakaomarara kweiyo micro hydropower station; Iyo fomula iri pamusoro inogona kurerutswa se:
N=(0.5 ～ 0.6) QHG simba chairo=kugona × kuyerera × Donhedza × mapfumbamwe mapoinzi masere
Kushandiswa kwe hydropower kushandisa mvura kutyaira rudzi rwemuchina, unonzi turbine yemvura. Semuenzaniso, vhiri rekare remvura muChina iri nyore kwazvo turbine yemvura. Iwo akasiyana hydraulic turbines anoshandiswa ikozvino akachinjirwa kune akasiyana chaiwo hydraulic mamiriro, kuti agone kutenderera zvakanyanya uye kushandura simba remvura kuita mechanic simba. Mumwe muchina, jenareta, wakabatanidzwa kune turbine yemvura kuita kuti rotor yejenareta itenderere neiyo turbine yemvura, uye ipapo magetsi anogona kugadzirwa. Jenereta inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zviviri: chikamu chinotenderera pamwe chete ne hydraulic turbine uye chikamu chakagadziriswa chejenereta. Chikamu chinotenderera pamwe chete ne hydraulic turbine inonzi rotor yejenereta, uye kune akawanda magineti matanda akapoteredza rotor; Denderedzwa rakapoteredza rotor ndiyo yakagadziriswa chikamu chejenereta, iyo inonzi stator yejenereta. Iyo stator yakaputirwa nemakoiri akawanda emhangura. Kana akawanda magineti mapango e rotor achitenderera pakati pe stator coil yemhangura, ikozvino inogadzirwa patambo yemhangura, uye jenareta ndeye kushandura simba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi.
Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nechiteshi chemagetsi rinoshandurwa kubva mumidziyo yemagetsi yakasiyana-siyana kuita simba remagetsi (motor kana mota), simba rechiedza (rambi remagetsi), simba rekupisa (choto chemagetsi), nezvimwe.
2, Kuumbwa kwehydropower station
Iyo hydropower station ine hydraulic zvimiro, mechanic zvishandiso uye zvemagetsi.
(1) Hydraulic zvimiro
Inosanganisira weir (dhamu), gedhi rekupinda, chiteshi (kana mugero), forebay (kana inoronga tangi), penstock, imba yemagetsi uye tailrace, nezvimwe.
Vakai weir (dhamu) murwizi kudzivirira rwizi, kusimudza pamusoro pemvura uye kugadzira dhamu. Nenzira iyi, kudonhedza kwakanyungudutswa kunoumbwa kubva pamusoro pemvura yedhamu pane weir (dhamu) kusvika pamvura yerwizi pasi pedhamu, uye ipapo mvura inounzwa muchiteshi chemagetsi emvura kuburikidza nemapombi emvura kana tunnel. Mumugero werwizi rwakatsetseka, kushandiswa kwenzira dzekutsaudzira kunogonawo kuumba donhwe. Semuenzaniso, kudonha kwerwizi rwechisikigo ndeye 10 metres pakiromita. Kana mugero ukavhurwa nechekumusoro kwechikamu ichi cherwizi kuti uunze mvura, mugero unocherwa uchitevedza rwizi, uye mukoto wemugero uchange wakati sandarara. Kana kudonha kwemugero kuri 1 mita chete pakiromita, mvura inoyerera makiromita mashanu mumugero, uye mvura inodonha mamita mashanu chete, nepo mvura inodonha 50 metres mushure mekufamba makiromita mashanu murwizi rwechisikigo. Panguva ino, mvura iri mumugero inotungamirirwa kudzokera kuimba yemagetsi nerwizi nemapombi emvura kana tunnels, uye kune 45m yakanyungudutswa inodonha inogona kushandiswa kugadzira magetsi.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura chinoshandisa nzira dzekuchinjisa, migero kana pombi dzemvura (senge pombi dzepurasitiki, pombi dzesimbi, pombi dzekongiri, zvichingodaro) kugadzira kudonhedza kwakanyanya kunonzi diversion channel type hydropower station, inova chimiro chezviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi.
(2) Mechanical uye midziyo yemagetsi
Pamusoro peiyo hydraulic mabasa ari pamusoro (weir, canal, forebay, penstock uye powerhouse), chiteshi chemagetsi chemvura chinodawo zvinotevera zvishandiso:
(1) Michina
Kune ma hydraulic turbines, magavhuna, mavharuvhu egedhi, michina yekutapurirana uye isiri magetsi ekugadzira michina.
(2) Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi
Kune majenareta, kugovera control panel, transformers, transmission mitsara, nezvimwe.
Nekudaro, hadzisi dzese zviteshi zvidiki zve hydropower zvine zviri pamusoro hydraulic zvimiro uye mechaniki nemagetsi ekushandisa. Kana iyo yakaderera musoro hydropower chiteshi ine musoro wemvura isingasviki 6 metres kazhinji inotora nzira yekuchinjisa chiteshi uye yakavhurika chiteshi diversion chamber, hapazove ne forebay uye penstock. Chiteshi chemagetsi chine madiki ekupa magetsi uye chinhambwe chekufambisa chinotora zvakananga kutapurirana pasina transformer. Zviteshi zvemagetsi ane madhamu hazvidi kuvaka madhamu. Iyo yakadzika mvura inopinza inogamuchirwa, uye pombi yemukati (kana mugero) uye spillway yedhamu haidiwe kushandisa hydraulic zvimiro zvakaita seweir, gedhi rekupinda, chiteshi uye forebay.
Kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi emvura, ongororo yekungwarira uye dhizaini inofanirwa kutanga yaitwa. Kune matanho matatu ekugadzira mudhizaini: yekutanga dhizaini, dhizaini dhizaini uye ruzivo rwekuvaka. Kuti tiite basa rakanaka mukugadzira, tinofanira kutanga taita ongororo yakakwana, ndiko kuti, kunyatsonzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu epanzvimbo uye ehupfumi - ndiko kuti, topography, geology, hydrology, capital, etc. Kururama uye kuvimbika kwekugadzira kunogona kuvimbiswa chete mushure mekuziva mamiriro aya uye nekuaongorora.
Izvo zvikamu zvezviteshi zvidiki zvehydropower zvine mafomu akasiyana zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzezviteshi zvehydropower.
3, Topographic survey
Hunhu hwetopographic ongororo ine simba guru pahurongwa hwepurojekiti uye fungidziro yehuwandu.
Geological exploration (kunzwisisa kwe geological mamiriro) hakudi chete kunzwisiswa kwakawanda uye kutsvagisa pamusoro pebheseni geology uye rwizi geology, asi zvakare kunzwisisa kana muchina kamuri hwaro yakasimba, iyo inokanganisa zvakananga kuchengetedzwa kwechiteshi chemagetsi pachayo. Kana bharaki rine imwe reservoir vhoriyamu yaparadzwa, haizongokuvadza chiteshi chemagetsi emvura pachayo, asiwo kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwehupenyu nemidziyo mujinga merwizi. Naizvozvo, kusarudzwa kwe geological ye forebay kunowanzoiswa munzvimbo yekutanga.
4, Hydrometry
Kune zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura, iyo inonyanya kukosha hydrological data marekodhi emvura yerwizi, kuyerera, sediment concentration, icing, meteorological data uye mafashama data ongororo. Kukura kwekuyerera kwerwizi kunokanganisa marongerwo ekuputika kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura, uye kuoma kwemafashamo kunoderedzwa, izvo zvichaita kuti dhamu riparadzwe; Mavhu anotakurwa nerwizi anogona kuzadza dhamu nekukurumidza kana zvanyanya kuipa. Semuyenzaniso, kupinda muchiteshi kunokonzeresa kuzara kwechaneli, uye coarse sediment ichapfuura nemu hydraulic turbine uye kukonzera kupera kwe hydraulic turbine. Naizvozvo, kuvakwa kwezviteshi zvehydropower kunofanirwa kuve nedata rakakwana remvura.
Naizvozvo, usati wafunga kuvaka chiteshi chemagetsi emvura, zvinodikanwa kuti uongorore uye udzidze gwara rekusimudzira hupfumi uye ramangwana rekuda kwemagetsi munzvimbo yemagetsi. Panguva imwecheteyo, fungidzira mamiriro emamwe masimba emagetsi munzvimbo yekusimudzira. Chete mushure mekudzidza nekuongorora mamiriro ari pamusoro apa ndipo patinogona kusarudza kuti chiteshi chemagetsi chehydropower chinoda kuvakwa uye kuti chikero chekuvaka chinofanira kunge chakakura sei.
Kazhinji, chinangwa chekuongorora kwehydropower ndechekupa data rakasimba uye rakavimbika rinodiwa pakugadzira nekuvakwa kwezviteshi zvemagetsi.
5, Mamiriro ezvinhu epanzvimbo yakasarudzwa yechiteshi
Mamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa ekusarudza saiti yechiteshi anogona kutsanangurwa muzvikamu zvina zvinotevera:
(1) Nzvimbo yakasarudzwa yechiteshi ichakwanisa kushandisa zvakanyanya hupfumi hwesimba remvura uye inoenderana nemusimboti wekuchengetedza mutengo, kureva kuti, mushure mekupedzwa kwechiteshi chemagetsi, mari shoma ichashandiswa uye simba guru richagadzirwa. Kazhinji, inogona kuyerwa nekufungidzira mari yegore kubva mukugadzira magetsi uye kudyara mukuvaka chiteshi kuti uone kuti mari yakasimwa inogona kudzoserwa kwenguva yakareba sei. Nekudaro, nekuda kweakasiyana hydrological uye topographic mamiriro uye zvakasiyana zvinoda simba, mutengo uye kudyara hazvifanirwe kuganhurirwa nehumwe hunhu.
(2) Nzvimbo yechiteshi yakasarudzwa inofanirwa kunge iine yepamusoro topographic, geological uye hydrological mamiriro, uye inogoneka mukugadzira nekuvaka. Kuvakwa kwezviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi emvura kuchaenderana nemusimboti we "zvishandiso zvemuno" zvakanyanya sezvinobvira maererano nemidziyo yekuvakisa.
(3) Nzvimbo yechiteshi yakasarudzwa ichave padyo nemagetsi uye nzvimbo yekugadzirisa sezvinobvira kudzikisa mari mumidziyo yekufambisa uye kurasikirwa kwemagetsi.
(4) Pakusarudza nzvimbo yechiteshi, zvimiro zviripo zve hydraulic zvichashandiswa zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. Semuenzaniso, kudonha kwemvura kunogona kushandiswa kuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi mumagetsi ekudiridza, kana zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinogona kuvakwa pedyo nemadziva ekudiridza kuti abudise magetsi achishandisa kudiridza kuyerera, nezvimwewo. Nokuti nzvimbo idzi dzemagetsi dzinogona kuwirirana nenheyo yekugadzira magetsi kana pane mvura, kukosha kwavo kwehupfumi kunonyanya kuoneka.
Nguva yekutumira: Oct-25-2022
