Simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura ndiro guru rinodzokororwa pasi rose, richiburitsa simba rinopetwa kaviri pane remhepo, uye rinopetwa kana kupfuura rezuva. Uye kupomba mvura mugomo, iro rinonzi "simba remagetsi rinopumpwa", rinosvika 90% yesimba rose remagetsi pasi rose.
Asi pasinei nekukanganiswa kwesimba remagetsi emvura, hatinzwi zvakawanda nezvazvo muUS Kunyange zvazvo mumakumi emakore apfuura mitengo yemagetsi ezuva nemhepo yadzikira uye kuwanikwa kwacho kwakwira, kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi emvura munyika kwakaramba kwakasimba, sezvo nyika yakatovaka zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura munzvimbo dzakakodzera nzvimbo.
Pasi rose, inyaya yakasiyana. China yakawedzera kukura kwehupfumi hwayo nekuvaka zviuru zvemadhamu matsva, anowanzova makuru, emagetsi emvura mumakumi emakore apfuura. Africa, India, nedzimwe nyika muAsia nePacific dzakagadzirira kuita zvimwe chetezvo.
Asi kuwedzera kwenzvimbo pasina kutarisirwa kwakasimba kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kukonzera matambudziko, sezvo madhamu nemadhamu zvichikanganisa nharaunda dzemurwizi nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza, uye zvidzidzo zvitsva zvinoratidza kuti madhamu anogona kuburitsa carbon dioxide yakawanda nemethane kupfuura zvainzwisiswa kare. Uyezve, kusanaya kwemvura kunokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze kuri kuita kuti mvura isave sosi yesimba risingavimbike, sezvo madhamu ari kuAmerican West akarasikirwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwesimba rawo rekugadzira magetsi.
"Mugore rinowanzo shandiswa, Hoover Dam ichaburitsa simba rinosvika mabhiriyoni mana nehafu emakirowati emaawa," akadaro Mark Cook, Maneja weHoover Dam. "Nekuda kwezviri kuita dhamu iri, rava kuita semakirowati emaawa mabhiriyoni matatu nehafu."
Asi nyanzvi dzinoti hydro ine basa guru rekuita mune ramangwana rinogona kuvandudzwa zvizere, saka kudzidza maitiro ekuderedza matambudziko aya kwakakosha.
Simba remagetsi remumba
Muna 2021, magetsi emvura aigadzira magetsi angangoita 6% muUS uye 32% mumagetsi anogona kushandiswazve. Munyika, ndiwo aigadzira magetsi akawanda anogona kushandiswazve kusvika muna 2019, apo akakundwa nemhepo.
US haitarisirwi kuona kukura kukuru kwemagetsi emvura mumakore gumi anotevera, chimwe chikonzero chiri chekuoma kwekupa marezenisi uye mvumo.
"Zvinotora makumi emamiriyoni emadhora nemakore ekushanda nesimba kuti zvienderere mberi nekupa marezenisi. Uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo idzi, kunyanya dzimwe nzvimbo diki, hadzina mari iyoyo kana nguva iyoyo," anodaro Malcolm Woolf, Mutungamiriri uye CEO weNational Hydropower Association. Anofungidzira kuti kune masangano akawanda akasiyana-siyana anobatanidzwa mukupa marezenisi kana kupazve marezenisi nzvimbo imwe chete yemagetsi emvura. Maitiro aya, akadaro, anotora nguva yakareba kupfuura kupa marezenisi nzvimbo yenyukireya.
Nekuti avhareji yefekitori yemagetsi inogadzirwa nemvura muUS ine makore anopfuura makumi matanhatu, yakawanda ichada kupihwa marezenisi matsva munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
"Saka tinogona kunge tiri kutarisana nekudzingwa kwemarezinesi akawanda, izvo zvinoshamisa sezvatiri kuedza kuwedzera huwandu hwekugadzira zvinhu zvisina kabhoni zviri nyore kushandisa munyika ino," akadaro Woolf.
Asi Dhipatimendi reSimba rinoti pane mukana wekukura kwedzimba, kuburikidza nekuvandudza mafekitori ekare uye kuwedzera simba kumadhamu aripo.
"Tine madhamu zviuru makumi mapfumbamwe munyika muno, mazhinji acho akavakwa kuti adzore mafashamu, kuti adiridzire mvura, kuti achengeterwe mvura, uye kuti agare achinakidzwa. 3% chete yemadhamu iwayo ndiwo anoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi," akadaro Woolf.
Kukura kwechikamu ichi kunoenderanawo nekuwedzera simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nepombi, iro riri kuwana simba senzira yekusimbisa simba rinogadziriswazve, richichengetedza simba rakawandisa kuti rishandiswe kana zuva risingapenye uye mhepo isiri kuvhuvhuta.
Kana nzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura inopombwa ichigadzira simba, inoshanda senzvimbo yemvura yakajairika: Mvura inoyerera kubva mudura repamusoro ichienda pasi, ichitenderedza turbine inogadzira magetsi munzira. Musiyano ndewekuti nzvimbo yekuchengetera mvura inopombwa inogona kuchajazve, ichishandisa simba kubva pagrid kupomba mvura kubva pasi kuenda kudura repamusoro, nokudaro ichichengetedza simba rinogona kuburitswa kana richidikanwa.
Kunyange hazvo nzvimbo yekuchengetera magetsi ine magetsi anosvika magigawati makumi maviri nemaviri nhasi, kune mapurojekiti anodarika makumi matanhatu ari kurongwa muchirongwa chekuvandudza magetsi. Izvi zviri panzvimbo yechipiri kubva kuChina.
Mumakore achangopfuura, mafomu emvumo nemarezinesi ekuchengetedza pombi akawedzera zvakanyanya, uye matekinoroji matsva ari kufungwa nezvawo. Izvi zvinosanganisira nzvimbo dze "closed-loop", umo hapana dziva rakabatana netsime remvura rekunze, kana nzvimbo diki dzinoshandisa matangi panzvimbo pedziva. Nzira dzese dziri mbiri dzingangove dzisinganyanyi kukanganisa nharaunda yakapoteredza.
Kubuda kwemhepo inobuda mumhepo uye kusanaya kwemvura
Kuisa madhamu munzizi kana kugadzira madhamu matsva kunogona kudzivirira kufamba kwehove uye kuparadza nharaunda dzakapoteredza nenzvimbo dzekugara. Madhamu nemadhamu akatobvisa vanhu mamiriyoni makumi mudzimba kubva munhoroondo, kazhinji nharaunda dzemuno kana dzekumaruwa.
Kukuvadzwa uku kwagara kuchizivikanwa. Asi dambudziko idzva - kusvibiswa kwemhepo kubva mumatangi emvura - riri kuwedzera kutariswa.
"Chisingazivikanwe nevanhu ndechekuti matangi aya anoburitsa kabhoni dhayokisaidhi yakawanda nemethane mumhepo, zvose zviri magasi akasimba ekupisa," akadaro Ilissa Ocko, Senior Climate Scientist kuEnvironmental Defense Fund.
Utsi hunobuda kubva muzvinomera nezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu zvinoora, izvo zvinoputsa methane nekuburitsa nzvimbo yacho kana yazara nemvura kuti pave nedura. "Kazhinji methane iyoyo inoshanduka kuita carbon dioxide, asi unoda oxygen kuti uite izvozvo. Uye kana mvura ichidziya zvechokwadi, saka zvidimbu zvepasi zvinenge zvapera oxygen," akadaro Ocko, achireva kuti methane inobva yaburitswa mumhepo.
Kana zvasvika pakudziya pasi rose, methane ine simba rakapetwa ka80 kupfuura CO2 mumakore makumi maviri ekutanga mushure mekuburitswa kwayo. Kusvika pari zvino, tsvakiridzo inoratidza kuti nzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasi rose, dzakadai seIndia neAfrica, dzinowanzova nemiti inosvibisa zvakanyanya, nepo Ocko achiti matangi emvura muChina neUS haasi kunyanya kunetsa. Asi Ocko anoti panofanira kuva nenzira yakasimba yekuyera utsi hunobuda.
"Uye unogona kuva nemhando dzese dzekukurudzira kuderedza, kana mitemo kubva kune vane masimba akasiyana kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti hausi kuburitsa zvinhu zvakawandisa," akadaro Ocko.
Chimwe chinetso chikuru chemagetsi emvura idambudziko rekusanaya kwemvura kunokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze. Matangi asina kudzika anogadzira magetsi mashoma, uye izvozvo zvinonyanya kushungurudza kuAmerica West, iyo yaona nguva yakaoma zvikuru yemakore makumi maviri nemaviri mumakore chiuru nemazana maviri apfuura.
Sezvo matangi emvura akaita seLake Powell, iyo inopa mvura kuGlen Canyon Dam, neLake Mead, iyo inopa mvura kuHoover Dam, achigadzira magetsi mashoma, mafuta efossil ari kuwedzera kuderera. Imwe ongororo yakawana kuti kubva muna 2001-2015, mamwe matani emamiriyoni zana ekabhoni dioxide akaburitswa mumatunhu gumi nerimwe kumadokero nekuda kwekusashanda kwemagetsi emvura nekuda kwekusanaya kwemvura. Munguva yedambudziko guru muCalifornia pakati pa2012-2016, imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti kurasikirwa kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kwakakonzera kuti nyika iite mari inosvika mabhiriyoni maviri nemakumi mana nemashanu emadhora.
Kekutanga munhoroondo, kushomeka kwemvura kwakaziviswa kuLake Mead, zvichikonzera kudzikiswa kwemvura muArizona, Nevada neMexico. Huwandu hwemvura, pari zvino huri pamamita 1,047, hunotarisirwa kudzikira zvakanyanya, sezvo Bureau of Reclamation yatora danho risati ramboonekwa rekumisa mvura kuLake Powell, iri kumusoro kweLake Mead, kuitira kuti Glen Canyon Dam irambe ichigadzira magetsi. Kana Lake Mead ikadonha pasi pemamita 950, haichazogadziri magetsi.
Remangwana remagetsi emvura
Kugadzirisa zvivakwa zvemagetsi zviripo zvinogona kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kudzosa kurasikirwa kwakakonzerwa nekusanaya kwemvura, pamwe nekuona kuti zvirimwa zvinokwanisa kushanda kwemakumi emakore anotevera.
Kubva pari zvino kusvika mugore ra2030, mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi maviri nemanomwe emadhora achashandiswa pakuvandudza mafekitori ekare pasi rose. Izvi zvinosvika chikamu chimwe muzvina chemari yose inoiswa pasi rose yemagetsi emvura, uye inosvika 90% yemari inoiswa muEurope neNorth America.
PaHoover Dam, izvi zvaireva kugadzirisa mamwe maturbine avo kuti ashande zvakanaka panzvimbo dzakaderera, kuisa mageti matete, ayo anodzora kuyerera kwemvura mumaturbine uye kuisa mweya wakamanikidzwa mumaturbine kuti zviwedzere kushanda zvakanaka.
Asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi rose, mari yakawanda iri kushandiswa iri kuenda kumafekitori matsva. Mapurojekiti makuru ehurumende muAsia neAfrica anotarisirwa kuti achaita zvinopfuura 75% yesimba idzva remagetsi emvura kusvika mugore ra2030. Asi vamwe vanonetseka nezvekukanganiswa kuchaita mapurojekiti akadaro panharaunda.
"Mukufunga kwangu, dzakavakwa zvakanyanya. Dzakavakwa kusvika pakukwanisa kukuru izvo zvisingadiwi," Shannon Ames, Mukuru weLow Impact Hydropower Institute akati, "Dzinogona kuitwa sedzinoyerera kubva murwizi uye dzinogona kugadzirwa zvakasiyana."
Nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa pamvura hadzina dziva, nokudaro hadzina simba rakawanda panharaunda, asi hadzigone kugadzira simba rinodiwa, sezvo simba rinobuda richienderana nemwaka. Simba rinoshandiswa pamvura rinotarisirwa kuwedzera simba rinosvika 13% yehuwandu hwesimba rinowedzerwa mumakore gumi ano, nepo simba remvura rekare richizosvika 56% uye simba remvura richizosvika 29%.
Asi zvakazara, kukura kwemagetsi emvura kuri kuderera, uye kwakarongwa kudzikira ne23% kusvika 2030.. Kuchinja maitiro aya kuchanyanya kutsamira pakururamisa maitiro emutemo neanobvumidza, uye kuisa mitemo yakasimba yekuchengetedza uye mapurogiramu ekuyera utsi kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti nharaunda inogamuchira. Nguva pfupi yekuvandudza ingabatsira vagadziri kuwana zvibvumirano zvekutenga magetsi, nokudaro zvichikurudzira mari sezvo kudzoka kwacho kuchizovimbiswa.
"Chimwe chikonzero chinoita kuti dzimwe nguva isataridzike zvakanaka sezuva nemhepo ndechekuti mamiriro enzvimbo yacho akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, fekitori yemhepo nezuva inowanzoonekwa sepurojekiti yemakore makumi maviri," akadaro Ames, "Kune rumwe rutivi, simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa nemvura rine rezenisi uye rinoshanda kwemakore makumi mashanu. Uye mazhinji acho ave achishanda kwemakore zana ... Asi misika yedu yemari haidi kuti iwane purofiti yakareba kudaro."
Kuwana zvinokurudzira zvakakodzera zvemagetsi emvura uye kugadzira nzvimbo dzekuchengetera zvinhu, uye kuona kuti zvinoitwa nenzira inochengetedza nharaunda, zvichave zvakakosha pakubvisa pasi rose kubva mumafuta efossil, Woolf anodaro.
"Hatinzwisisike sezvinoita mamwe matekinoroji. Asi ndinofunga kuti vanhu vari kuona kuti haugone kuva negrid yakavimbika pasina simba remagetsi."
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-14-2022
