Simba reHydropower ndiro rakakura kwazvo rinogona kuitwazve pasi rose, richigadzira simba rakawanda zvakapetwa kaviri pane remhepo, uye rinopeta kana kupfuura solar. Uye kupomba mvura pamusoro pechikomo, aka “pumped storage hydropower”, kunosanganisira zvinodarika makumi mapfumbamwe muzana epasi rose simba rekuchengetedza simba.
Asi zvisinei nekuwanda kwesimba remagetsi emvura, hatinzwe zvakawanda nezvazvo muUS Nepo makumi mashoma emakore apfuura takaona mhepo uye solar kudonha mumutengo uye skyrocket mukuwanikwa, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura mudzimba kwakaramba kwakagadzikana, sezvo nyika yakatovaka zvirimwa zvemagetsi emvura munzvimbo dzakanyanya kunaka.
Munyika yose, inyaya yakasiyana. China yakakuchidzira kukura kwayo kwehupfumi nekuvaka zviuru zvemadhamu matsva, kazhinji makuru, emagetsi emagetsi mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura. Africa, India, nedzimwe nyika dziri muAsia nePacific dzakagadzirirwa kuita zvimwe chetezvo.
Asi kuwedzera pasina kunyatsotarisisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunogona kuunza dambudziko, sezvo madhamu nemadziva zvinokanganisa nzizi nenharaunda dzakatenderedza, uye zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvinoratidza kuti madhamu anogona kubudisa carbon dioxide nemethane yakawanda kupfuura zvaimbonzwisiswa. Uyezve, kusanaya kwemvura kunotungamirwa nemamiriro ekunze kuri kuita kuti hydro ive sosi yesimba shoma, sezvo madhamu muAmerican West akarasikirwa nehuwandu hwakakosha hwekugona kugadzira magetsi.
"Mugore rakajairika, Hoover Dam ichagadzira 4.5 bhiriyoni kilowatt maawa esimba," akadaro Mark Cook, Maneja weiyo iconic Hoover Dam. "Nedziva iri sezvariri ikozvino, rakada kuita 3.5 bhiriyoni kilowatt maawa."
Zvakadaro nyanzvi dzinoti hydro ine basa guru rekuita mune remangwana rinogona kuvandudzwa ne100%, saka kudzidza kudzikisira matambudziko aya chinhu chinodiwa.
Domestic hydropower
Muna 2021, hydropower yakaverengera inosvika 6% yemagetsi ekushandisa muUS uye 32% yemagetsi anovandudzwa. Mumba, yaive yakakura kudzokororwa kusvika 2019, payakapfuura nemhepo.
IUS haitarisirwe kuona kukura kwakawanda kwemagetsi emvura mumakore gumi ari kuuya, muchidimbu nekuda kwekuremerwa kwerezinesi uye maitiro ekubvumidza.
"Zvinotora makumi emamiriyoni emadhora uye makore ekuedza kuti apinde muchirongwa chekupa marezinesi. Uye kune zvimwe zvezvivakwa izvi, kunyanya zvimwe zvidiki, ivo havana mari iyoyo kana nguva iyoyo," anodaro Malcolm Woolf, Mutungamiriri uye CEO weNational Hydropower Association. Vanofungidzira kuti kune akawanda emasangano akasiyana ane chekuita nekupa marezenisi kana kupa zvakare marezenisi enzvimbo imwe chete yemagetsi emagetsi. Maitiro, akadaro, anotora nguva yakareba kupfuura kupa rezinesi gwenya renyukireya.
Nekuti avhareji hydroelectric chirimwa muUS chapfuura makore makumi matanhatu, mazhinji achada kupihwa rezenisi munguva pfupi.
"Saka tinogona kunge takatarisana nerezinesi rekupa marezinesi, izvo zvinoshamisa isu tiri kuedza kuwedzera huwandu hwechizvarwa chisina kabhoni chatinacho munyika ino," Woolf akadaro.
Asi bazi rezvemhando dzemoto rinoti pane mukana wekuti mudzimba muve nekukura, kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwezvicherwa zvekare nekuwedzera magetsi kumadhamu aripo.
“Tine madhamu anosvika 90 000 munyika muno, mazhinji acho akavakirwa kudzivirira mafashamu, kudiridza, kuchengetedza mvura, nekutandara.Chikamu chezvikamu zvitatu kubva muzana chete zvemadhamu aya ndiwo chaiwo anoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi,” akadaro Woolf.
Kukura muchikamu kunovimbawo nekuwedzera pumped storage hydropower, iyo iri kuwana traction senzira yeku "simba" renewables, kuchengetedza rakawandisa simba rekushandisa kana zuva risingapenye uye mhepo isiri kuvhuvhuta.
Kana pombi yekuchengetera iri kugadzira simba, inoshanda seyakajairwa hydro plant: Mvura inoyerera ichibva padhamu repamusoro ichienda pasi, ichitenderedza turbine inogadzira magetsi munzira. Musiyano ndewekuti pombi yekuchengetera nzvimbo inokwanisa kuchajazve, ichishandisa simba kubva kune grid kupomba mvura kubva pasi ichienda kune yakakwira dura, nekudaro ichichengetedza simba rinogona kuburitswa kana richidikanwa.
Nepo pombi yekuchengetera iine magigawati makumi maviri nemaviri ekugadzira magetsi nhasi, kune anopfuura 60 gigawatts emapurojekiti akarongwa mupombi yekusimudzira. Ndiyo yechipiri chete kuChina.
Mumakore achangopfuura, zvibvumirano uye marezinesi ekunyorera masisitimu ekuchengetedza epombi akawedzera zvakanyanya, uye matekinoroji matsva ari kutariswa. Izvi zvinosanganisira “yakavharwa-loop” zvivakwa, umo pasina dziva rakabatana kune kunze kwemvura sosi, kana zvivakwa zvidiki zvinoshandisa matangi pachinzvimbo chemvura. Nzira dzose dziri mbiri dzingangove dzisina kukanganisa kunharaunda yakapoteredza.
Utsi uye kusanaya kwemvura
Kupwanya nzizi kana kugadzira madhamu matsva kunogona kukanganisa kutama kwehove uye kuparadza nharaunda nenzvimbo dzekugara. Madhamu nemadhamu akatotamisa makumi emamiriyoni evanhu munhoroondo yese, kazhinji nharaunda dzemuno kana dzekumaruwa.
Kukuvadza uku kunobvumwa nevakawanda. Asi dambudziko idzva - kuburitswa kubva mumadhiza - rave kuwedzera kutariswa.
″Zvisingazive vanhu ndezvekuti madhirimu aya anoburitsa carbon dioxide yakawanda nemethane mumhepo, ose ari magasi akasimba egreenhouse,” akadaro Ilissa Ocko, Senior Climate Scientist kuEnvironmental Defense Fund.
Hutsi hunobva mukuora kwezvinomera uye zvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu, izvo zvinoputsika nekuburitsa methane kana nzvimbo yazara mvura kugadzira dhamu. "Kazhinji methane iyoyo inobva yashanduka kuita carbon dioxide, asi iwe unoda oxygen kuti uite izvozvo. Uye kana mvura yacho ichidziya chaizvo, zvikamu zvepasi zvinopera oxygen," akadaro Ocko, zvichireva kuti methane inobva yaburitswa mumhepo.
Kana tasvika pakudziya pasi rose, methane ine simba rakapetwa ka80 pane CO2 kwemakore makumi maviri ekutanga mushure mekuburitswa kwayo. Parizvino, tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti nzvimbo dzinopisa dzepasirese, seIndia neAfrica, dzinenge dziine zvirimwa zvinosvibisa, ukuwo Ocko achiti madhamu muChina neUS haana kunyanya kunetseka. Asi Ocko anoti panofanirwa kuve neimwe nzira yakasimba yekuyera kubuda.
"Uye ipapo unogona kuve nemhando dzese dzekukurudzira kuti udzikise, kana mirau nezviremera zvakasiyana kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti hausi kuburitsa zvakanyanya," Ocko akadaro.
Rimwe dambudziko guru remagetsi emvura inyaya yekusanaya kwemvura kunokonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze. Madhamu asina kudzika anogadzira simba shoma, uye ndizvo zvinonyanya kunetsa muAmerican West, iyo yaona makore makumi maviri nemaviri ekuoma zvakanyanya mumakore 1,200 apfuura.
Semadhamu akaita seLake Powell, iro rinodyisa Dhamu reGlen Canyon, neLake Mead, iro rinodyisa Damu reHoover, rinoburitsa magetsi mashoma, mafuta ezvicherwa ari kutora hunyoro. Imwe ongororo yakawana kuti kubva muna 2001-2015, mamwe matani zana emamiriyoni ecarbon dioxide akaburitswa mumatunhu gumi nerimwe kumadokero nekuda kwekusanaya kwemvura kubva kumagetsi. Munguva yekunetsa kwakanyanya kweCalifornia pakati pa2012-2016, imwe ongororo yakafungidzira kuti kurasika kwemagetsi emagetsi kunodyira nyika madhora 2.45 bhiriyoni.
Kekutanga munhoroondo, kushomeka kwemvura kwaziviswa paLake Mead, zvichikonzera kudzikiswa kwegova remvura muArizona, Nevada neMexico. Mvura, pari zvino 1,047 tsoka, inotarisirwa kudzika zvakanyanya, sezvo Bureau of Reclamation yatora danho risati ramboitika rekumisa mvura paLake Powell, iri kumusoro kweLake Mead, kuitira kuti Dhamu reGlen Canyon rirambe richigadzira magetsi. Kana Lake Mead ikadonha pasi pe950 tsoka, haichabudisi simba.
Ramangwana remagetsi emvura
Kugadziridza zvivakwa zvemagetsi emvura zvinogona kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kudzoreredza kurasikirwa kwakabatana nekusanaya kwemvura, pamwe nekuona kuti zvidyarwa zvinokwanisa kushanda kwemakumi emakore ari kuuya.
Pakati pezvino kusvika 2030, $127 bhiriyoni ichashandiswa kugadzirisa zvidyarwa zvekare pasi rose. Izvi zvinotora chikamu chimwe muzvina chekudyara kwepasi rose kwehydropower, uye ingangoita 90% yekudyara muEurope neNorth America.
PaHoover Dam, zvinoreva kudzoreredza mamwe maturbines avo kuti ashande zvine mutsindo kunzvimbo dzakaderera, kuisa magedhi matete wicket, ayo anodzora kuyerera kwemvura mumaturbine uye kubaya mweya wakadzvanywa mumaturbine kuti uwedzere kushanda.
Asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi, ruzhinji rwekudyara rwuri kuenda kumiti mitsva. Mapurojekiti makuru, ehurumende muAsia neAfrica anotarisirwa kuverengera pamusoro pe75% yesimba idzva remagetsi emvura kuburikidza ne2030. Asi vamwe vanonetsekana nezvekukanganisa kuchaita zvirongwa zvakadaro pane zvakatipoteredza.
"Sekuona kwangu, dzakavakwa zvakanyanyisa. Dzinovakwa kusvika pakukura zvisingakodzeri," Shannon Ames, Executive Director weLow Impact Hydropower Institute akati, "Idzo dzinogona kuitwa serwizi-runongogona kugadzirwa zvakasiyana."
Run-of-rwizi zvivakwa hazvibatanidzi dziva, uye nekudaro zvine zvishoma zvinokanganisa nharaunda, asi hazvigone kuburitsa simba pazvinodiwa, sezvo kubuda kunoenderana nekuyerera kwemwaka. Run-of-river hydropower inotarisirwa kuita 13% yehuwandu hwekuwedzera huwandu makore gumi ano, nepo zvechinyakare simba remvura richaita 56% uye kupomba hydro 29%.
Asi zvakazara, kukura kwemagetsi emvura kuri kuderera, uye kwakagadzirirwa kuita chibvumirano ne23% kuburikidza ne2030. Yenguva pfupi yekuvandudza yaizobatsira vanogadzira kuwana zvibvumirano zvekutenga magetsi, nekudaro vachikurudzira kudyara sezvo kudzoka kwaizovimbiswa.
"Chimwe chechikonzero chinoita kuti isataridzike seyakanaka dzimwe nguva sesolar nemhepo imhaka yekuti nzvimbo yezvivakwa yakasiyana. Semuyenzaniso, simiti yemhepo nesolar inowanzoonekwa sechirongwa chemakore makumi maviri," Ames akadaro, "Kune rimwe divi, hydropower inopihwa rezinesi uye inoshanda kwemakore makumi mashanu. Uye mazhinji acho anga achishanda kwemakore zana.
Kuwana kurudziro yakakodzera yemagetsi emagetsi uye kusimudzira kwekuchengetedza kwepombi, uye nekuona kuti zvaitwa nenzira yakagadzikana, kuchave kwakakosha kubvisira nyika kufosi, anodaro Woolf.
"Hatisi kuwana misoro yenyaya inoitwa nehumwe matekinoroji. Asi ndinofunga vanhu vari kuwedzera kuona kuti haugone kuve negedhi rakavimbika pasina simba remvura."
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-14-2022
