Mphamvu yamagetsi ya dziko langa imapangidwa makamaka ndi mphamvu yotentha, mphamvu yamadzi, mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Ndi makina opangira malasha, opangira mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi. Dziko langa limagwiritsa ntchito malasha 27 peresenti ya dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide umakhala wachiwiri padziko lonse pambuyo pa United States. Ndi amodzi mwa anthu ochepa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya malasha padziko lonse lapansi. Mu Seputembala 2015, bungwe la "Small Hydropower Ecological Role Science Forum" lidapereka lingaliro kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yamadzi ndi gwero lofunikira la mphamvu zoyeretsedwa komanso zongowonjezedwanso. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za mphamvu zamagetsi, pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2014, dziko langa laling'ono lachitukuko cha mphamvu yamadzi linali pafupi ndi 41%, lotsika kwambiri kuposa msinkhu wa chitukuko cha hydropower m'mayiko otukuka ku Ulaya ndi United States. Pakalipano, mlingo wa chitukuko ku Switzerland ndi France ndi 97%, Spain ndi Italy ndi 96%, Japan ndi 84%, ndipo United States ndi 73%.
(Source: WeChat public account "E Small Hydropower" ID: exshuidian Wolemba: Ye Xingdi, membala wa gulu la akatswiri a International Small Hydropower Center komanso purezidenti wa Guizhou Private Hydropower Industry Chamber of Commerce)
Pakali pano, dziko langa laling'ono la hydropower linaika mphamvu za ma kilowatts 100 miliyoni, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi yapachaka ndi pafupifupi 300 biliyoni kilowatt-maola. Ngati palibe mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono, dziko langa lidzadalira kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti dziko langa liwonongeke kwambiri, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mpweya, kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya, kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kukhathamiritsa kwa kayendedwe ka mphamvu, kusungirako mphamvu zowononga mphamvu ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zowonongeka, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo umphawi, kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha dziko. kupita patsogolo kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono padziko lapansi.
1. Ngati dziko langa lilibe magetsi ochepa amadzi, litaya mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso
Poyesera masiku ano kuthana ndi vuto la mphamvu, vuto la chilengedwe ndi vuto la nyengo, ngati palibe magetsi ang'onoang'ono, dziko langa lidzataya mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa bwino.
Lipoti la International Clean Energy Development Report likunena momveka bwino kuti "Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Loads of Different Energy Generation Systems" yatenga mfundo zotsatirazi zasayansi kuchokera pakuwunika kwadongosolo lonse lokhazikitsidwa ndi migodi yamagetsi, zoyendetsa, kupanga magetsi, ndi zinyalala:
Choyamba, mu "Power Generation System Emission Pollution Output List", mphamvu ya hydropower ili ndi index yabwino kwambiri (yotsika kwambiri yotsika kwambiri yowononga mpweya);
Chachiwiri, mu "Impact of Different Energy Generation Systems on Human Health panthawi ya Moyo", mphamvu ya hydropower imakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa kwambiri (mphamvu zotentha 49.71%, mphamvu zatsopano 3.36%, hydropower 0.25%);
Chachitatu, mu "Impact of Different Energy Generation Systems pa Ecosystem Quality panthawi ya Life Cycle", hydropower ili ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri (mphamvu yotentha 5.11%, mphamvu yatsopano 0.55%, hydropower 0.07%);
Chachinayi, mu "Impact of Different Energy Generation Systems on Resource Consumption during Life Cycle", mphamvu ya hydropower imakhala ndi mphamvu yaying'ono kwambiri (thIn the evaluation report, zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za hydropower sikuti ndizoposa mphamvu zakale komanso mphamvu za nyukiliya, komanso zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa magwero osiyanasiyana amphamvu monga mphamvu yamphepo ndi magetsi ang'onoang'ono amagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, pakati pa magwero onse amphamvu, magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi ndi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri.
2. Ngati m'dziko langa mulibe magetsi ang'onoang'ono, mphamvu ya malasha yambiri ndi anthu zidzawonongeka.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pa nthawi ya "12th Five-year Plan", kuchuluka kwa magetsi opangira magetsi akumidzi kupitilira 1 thililiyoni kWh, zomwe zimafanana ndi kupulumutsa matani 320 miliyoni a malasha okhazikika, ndiko kuti, mphamvu yamagetsi yapachaka yopitilira 200 kWh, osati kungopulumutsa matani oposa 64 miliyoni pachaka, komanso kusungirako matani ang'onoang'ono, komanso kupulumutsa matani ang'onoang'ono, komanso kupulumutsa matani ang'onoang'ono. mwa malashawa, kupulumutsa mphamvu yofunikira pakupangira magetsi, kukwera ndi kugwa kwamagetsi, kupanga, kukhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyendera zamakalawa, ndikupulumutsa mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira pa chakudya, zovala, nyumba ndi mayendedwe a anthu ogwira ntchito omwe akugwira nawo ntchito zonse zomwe tafotokozazi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zomwe zasungidwa ndizokulirapo kuposa zomwe zimasungidwa pachaka.
Pofika pa 13th 5-year Plan, kutulutsa mphamvu kwapachaka kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi akukwera mpaka pafupifupi 300 biliyoni kilowatt-maola. Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse kuganiziridwa, mphamvu zomwe zimasungidwa pachaka zimafanana ndi matani pafupifupi 100 miliyoni a malasha wamba. Ngati palibe magetsi ang'onoang'ono, "Mapulani a Zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri" ndi "Mapulani a 13 a Zaka zisanu" zidzadya pafupifupi matani 900 miliyoni a malasha okhazikika, ndipo lonjezo ku dziko lapansi kuti "pofika 2020, chiwerengero cha mphamvu zopanda mafuta m'dziko langa chidzafika pafupifupi 15%" idzakhala nkhani yopanda kanthu.
3. Ngati m'dziko langa mulibe magetsi ang'onoang'ono, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe zidzawonjezeka kwambiri.
Malinga ndi "2017 National Rural Hydropower Statistical Bulletin", kutulutsa mphamvu kwapachaka kwa magetsi akumidzi ku 2017 kuli kofanana ndi kupulumutsa matani 76 miliyoni a malasha wamba, kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi matani 190 miliyoni, ndikuchepetsa mpweya wa sulfure ndi matani oposa 1 miliyoni. Deta yoyenerera ikuwonetsa kuti kuyesa ndi kukulitsidwa kwa ntchito yoyendetsa mafuta ang'onoang'ono opangidwa kuchokera ku 2003 mpaka 2008 kunathandiza alimi opitilira 800,000 kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwamafuta ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi hydropower ndikuteteza 3.5 miliyoni mu nkhalango. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yamadzi imakhala ndi phindu lalikulu pazachilengedwe ndipo imathandizira kwambiri kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya woipa komanso kuipitsa chilengedwe.
Ngati palibe mphamvu yamadzi yaing'ono, magetsi okwana 100 miliyoni amagetsi asinthidwa ndi malo ambiri opangira magetsi otenthetsera kapena magetsi a nyukiliya okhala ndi mphamvu zokwana ma kilowatts mamiliyoni angapo. Njira ya nyukiliya ya nyukiliya yopangira mphamvu za nyukiliya imatsagana ndi kupanga ma nuclides a radioactive, ndipo pali zoopsa ndi zotsatira za kumasulidwa kwakukulu ku chilengedwe. Palinso mavuto monga kusowa kwa zida za nyukiliya, zinyalala za nyukiliya, ndi kutaya kwa mafakitale opangira magetsi atatha moyo wawo. Chifukwa cha kuyaka kwa malasha ochuluka, mphamvu yotentha idzatulutsa kuchuluka kwa SO2, NOx, fumbi, madzi onyansa, ndi zotsalira za zinyalala, mvula ya asidi idzawonjezeka kwambiri, madzi adzawonongedwa kwambiri, ndipo malo okhala anthu adzawopsezedwa kwambiri.
Chachinayi, ngati kulibe magetsi ang'onoang'ono m'dziko langa, kuonjezera ndalama zowonongeka, kufooketsa mphamvu ya mphamvu yamagetsi yolimbana ndi nkhondo ndi masoka achilengedwe, ndikuwonjezera kuwonongeka kwa magetsi akuluakulu.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yaying'ono ndi mphamvu yogawa kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri. Ili pafupi kwambiri ndi katundu, ndiko kuti, mapeto a gridi yamagetsi. Sichiyenera kupanga gululi lalikulu lamagetsi kuti liziyenda mtunda wautali kwambiri kapena ultra-high-voltage transmission. Ikhoza kuchepetsa kwambiri kutayika kwa mzere, kupulumutsa kufalitsa mphamvu ndi kugawa ndalama zomangamanga ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito, ndikupeza mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu.
Ngati palibe magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi, kupanga mphamvu zachikhalidwe kudzalowa m'malo pafupifupi ma kilowatts 100 miliyoni amagetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi omwe agawidwa kumapeto kwa ogwiritsa ntchito oposa 47,000 m'dziko lonselo. Ndikofunikiranso kupanga masiteshoni angapo ofananirako okwera ndi otsika komanso mizere yotumizira ndi kugawa yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi, zomwe zingayambitse kuwononga kwambiri nthaka, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kutayika kwa kutumiza ndi kusintha, komanso kuwononga ndalama.
Mukakumana ndi zolephera zaukadaulo, masoka achilengedwe, nkhondo za anthu ndi zinthu zina, ma gridi akuluakulu amagetsi nthawi zambiri amakhala osalimba kwambiri ndipo kutha kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kumatha kuchitika nthawi iliyonse. Panthawiyi, magetsi ang'onoang'ono omwe amagawidwa amatha kupanga ma grids osawerengeka odziimira okha, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zosayerekezeka komanso zolimba kuposa ma gridi akuluakulu amagetsi ndi magetsi apamwamba kwambiri, ndipo amakhala ndi chitetezo chabwino komanso chodalirika. Ikhoza kukulitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwa magetsi okhazikika, omwe ali ofunika kwambiri.
Mu 2008 chipale chofewa ndi ayezi masoka ndi zivomezi Wenchuan ndi Yushu, mphamvu yadzidzidzi mphamvu magetsi ang'onoang'ono hydropower anali opambana, kukhala "machesi omaliza" kuunikira dera mphamvu gululi. Mizinda ndi midzi yomwe idachotsedwa pagulu lalikulu lamagetsi ndikugwera mumdima, zonse zimadalira mphamvu yamadzi yaing'ono kuti ikhalebe ndi mphamvu ndikuthandizira kuthana ndi ayezi ndi zivomezi, kutsimikizira kuti magetsi ang'onoang'ono akumidzi amakhala ndi gawo losasinthika poyankha masoka achilengedwe, ziwopsezo zankhondo ndi zoopsa zina.
5. Ngati palibe magetsi ang'onoang'ono m'dziko langa, zidzakhudza kwambiri zachilengedwe za m'deralo, kuteteza kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kuchepetsa masoka, ndi chuma cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndikuwonjezera vuto la kuthetsa umphawi m'madera osauka a mapiri.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono "imwazikana" m'dziko lonselo ndi mawonekedwe a "ambiri, ang'onoang'ono, ndi osinthika". Ambiri a iwo amamangidwa m’madera osauka a m’mapiri, pamwamba pa mitsinje yokhala ndi mitsinje yotsetsereka ndi mitsinje yaphokoso. The yosungirako mphamvu nkhokwe zawo ndi mowa mphamvu ya mphamvu kugwetsa akhoza kwambiri kuchepetsa otaya mlingo wa mitsinje yaing'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe, kuchepetsa scouring wa madzi a mtsinje mbali zonse, ndi bwino chigumula yosungirako mphamvu, amene amateteza bwino zachilengedwe mbali zonse ziwiri ndi kuchepetsa masoka a madzi osefukira mbali zonse za mtsinje. Mwachitsanzo, malo ang'onoang'ono a Panxi ku Jinyun County, m'chigawo cha Zhejiang ali ndi malo okwana ma kilomita 97. Chifukwa cha kutsetsereka ndi kuthamanga mofulumira, matope ndi kusefukira kwa madzi ndi chilala zimachitika nthawi ndi nthawi. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1970, pambuyo pomanga malo asanu ndi awiri a Panxi cascade hydropower, omwe amadziwika bwino kunyumba ndi kunja, kuteteza nthaka ndi madzi kwatheka bwino, ndipo masoka a m'madzi ang'onoang'ono a mtsinjewo achepetsedwa kwambiri.
Makamaka m'zaka za zana latsopano, mphamvu yamadzi yaing'ono yasintha pang'onopang'ono kuthetsa vuto la kusowa kwa magetsi m'madera akumidzi amapiri kuti apititse patsogolo magetsi akumidzi, kufulumizitsa kuthamanga kwa umphawi m'madera osauka, kuyendetsa chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha mapiri akumidzi, kuteteza mwakhama chilengedwe, ndi kulimbikitsa kusunga mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa utsi. Chitsanzo chozungulira chilengedwe cha kusungirako madzi a m'nkhalango, kupangira mphamvu za madzi, ndi kukonza nkhalango za magetsi zapangidwa pang'onopang'ono, kuteteza bwino nkhalango za m'deralo kuti zisawonongeke. Bungwe la United Nations ndi mayiko ochuluka omwe akutukuka kumene amayamikira kwambiri ntchito yaikulu ya magetsi ang'onoang'ono a madzi a dziko langa pothetsa mavuto a umphawi akumidzi. Amadziwika kuti "ngale ya usiku", "dzuwa laling'ono" ndi "ntchito yabwino yomwe imayatsa chiyembekezo cha mapiri" m'madera amapiri. Mafakitale a m'mapiri nthawi zambiri amakhala obwerera m'mbuyo kwambiri. Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yamadzi imatha kuthetsa mavuto a ntchito a anthu akumidzi. Kuphatikizidwa ndi ndondomeko ya dziko ya "small hydropower precision precision poverty alleviation", anthu ambiri akumidzi akhala ma sheya ang'onoang'ono. Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yamadzi ndi yofunika kwambiri pakuchepetsa umphawi ndi chitukuko m'madera amapiri. Boma lina m’chigawo cha Anhui litakakamiza kutseka kwa malo opangira magetsi m’chaka cha 2017, anthu ambiri a m’midzi yopanda ntchito analira, alimi ena anabwerera umphaŵi usiku wonse, ndipo ena anataya mtima ndipo mabanja awo anachepa.
6. Ngati m'dziko langa mulibe magetsi ang'onoang'ono, chithunzi cha dziko langa lomwe likutsogolera ndi kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha magetsi ang'onoang'ono padziko lapansi chidzawonongeka kwambiri.
M'mbuyomu, zomwe China idachita komanso zomwe adakumana nazo pakukula kwamagetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi zayamikiridwa kwambiri ndikuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi mayiko. Pofuna kuti dziko langa lachitukuko chamagetsi ang'onoang'ono likhale ndi chidziwitso chokhudza mayiko padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, bungwe la United Nations International Small Hydropower Organization lakhazikitsa likulu lake, International Small Hydropower Center, ku Hangzhou, China.
Chiyambireni kukhazikitsidwa kwake, International Small Hydropower Center yasamutsa luso lokhwima la China ndi ukadaulo kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi m'maikowa, kulimbikitsa kwambiri mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa China ndi kusinthanitsa magetsi ang'onoang'ono amagetsi, ndipo adapereka zabwino pakukweza moyo wa anthu ammudzi, kupanga ndi kuteteza chilengedwe, ndipo wakhala ndi chikoka chambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, pa nthawi ya kuchulukitsidwa kwa magetsi, m'madipatimenti ena ndi maboma am'deralo sanasinthe mwasayansi mphamvu zowononga kwambiri komanso zowononga kwambiri zachilengedwe, koma agwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha chilengedwe ngati chowiringula chonyoza, kupondereza, komanso ngakhale mwadala kutaya ndi kutseka magetsi ang'onoang'ono, omwe adakhudza kwambiri kupulumuka, kuwononga dziko laling'ono ndi chitukuko cha dziko langa. za mphamvu ya hydropower ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa.
Mwachidule, magetsi ang'onoang'ono a hydropower ndiye mphamvu yabwino kwambiri, yaukhondo komanso yobiriwira kwambiri kunyumba ndi kunja; ndi wogwira ntchito wokhulupirika pa lingaliro la Mlembi Wamkulu Xi kuti "madzi obiriwira ndi mapiri obiriwira ndi mapiri a golide ndi siliva"; likusinthadi madzi obiriŵira ndi mapiri obiriŵira kukhala mapiri a golidi ndi siliva amene amasunga chuma, kuteteza chilengedwe, kuchotsa umphaŵi ndi kukhala olemera, ndi kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zachuma; ndiye “woyang’anira” chilengedwe cha chilengedwe! Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono imathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zachikhalidwe, makamaka kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa mphamvu zachikhalidwe pa anthu komanso nyama ndi zomera zomwe zimasowa. Ubwino wa zomangamanga zazing'ono zopangira mphamvu yamadzi zimaposa kuipa kwake. Choncho, mabungwe apadziko lonse monga United Nations akhala akuyitanitsa mobwerezabwereza kuti "chitukuko cha hydropower kuti chigwire ntchito yosasinthika pa chitukuko chokhazikika cha dziko lapansi", ndipo mayiko akufufuza ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha mphamvu zamagetsi. Mwachidule, ntchito yofunikira komanso kufunikira kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yamadzi ndi yayikulu kwambiri, yosayerekezeka komanso yosasinthika ndi mphamvu zamtundu wina uliwonse.
Masiku ano, dziko langa silingathe kuchita popanda magetsi ang'onoang'ono, ndipo dziko lamasiku ano silingathe kuchita popanda magetsi ang'onoang'ono!
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-22-2025
