Chiŵerengero chapakati cha chitukuko cha zinthu zazing'ono zamagetsi ku China chafika pa 60%, ndipo madera ena akuyandikira 90%. Kufufuza momwe mphamvu zazing'ono zamagetsi zingathandizire kusintha kobiriwira ndi chitukuko cha machitidwe atsopano amagetsi pansi pa maziko a kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi kusalowererapo kwa mpweya.
Mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zogwiritsa ntchito madzi zathandiza kwambiri kuthetsa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'madera akumidzi ku China, kuthandizira chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akumidzi, komanso kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwapakati pa chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zogwiritsa ntchito madzi ku China kwafika pa 60%, ndipo madera ena akuyandikira 90%. Cholinga chachikulu cha chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zogwiritsa ntchito madzi chasanduka kuchoka pa chitukuko chowonjezereka kupita ku kufukula ndi kuyang'anira katundu. Posachedwapa, mtolankhaniyo adafunsa Dr. Xu Jincai, Mtsogoleri wa International Small Hydropower Center ya Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi Mtsogoleri wa Komiti Yopanga Mphamvu Zamadzi a Madzi ya Chinese Water Conservancy Society, kuti afufuze momwe mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zogwiritsa ntchito madzi zingathandizire kusintha kobiriwira ndikukula kwa njira yatsopano yamagetsi pansi pa carbon peak ndi carbon neutrality.
Kodi mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zamadzi zimagwira ntchito yotani pakukwaniritsa zolinga zosagwirizana ndi mpweya woipa?
Kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, mayiko 136 adapereka zolinga zoletsa mpweya woipa, zomwe zikuphatikizapo 88% ya mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi, 90% ya GDP, ndi 85% ya anthu. Kusintha kwa zinthu zobiriwira padziko lonse lapansi komanso kusintha kwa mpweya woipa sikungatheke. China yaperekanso lingaliro lokhazikitsa mfundo ndi njira zolimba, kuyesetsa kuti mpweya woipa ufike pachimake chaka cha 2030 chisanafike komanso kukwaniritsa mpweya woipa chisanafike chaka cha 2060.
Kuposa 70% ya mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi umachokera ku mphamvu, ndipo vuto la nyengo limafuna kuti tiwongolere mwamphamvu mpweya woipa. China ndiye dziko lomwe limapanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo limapanga pafupifupi 1/5 ndi 1/4 ya mphamvu zonse padziko lonse lapansi. Mphamvu zake zimakhala ndi malasha ambiri, mafuta ochepa, komanso mpweya wochepa. Kudalira kwakunja kwa mafuta ndi mpweya wachilengedwe kumaposa 70% ndi 40%, motsatana.
Komabe, liwiro la chitukuko cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ku China m'zaka zaposachedwapa likuonekera kwa aliyense. Kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, mphamvu zonse zongowonjezwdwa zomwe zinayikidwa zinapitirira ma kilowatts 1.2 biliyoni, ndipo mphamvu zonse zongowonjezwdwa zomwe zinayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi zinali pafupifupi ma kilowatts 3.3 biliyoni. Tinganene kuti zoposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zomwe zinayikidwa zimachokera ku China. Makampani opanga mphamvu zoyera ku China apanga phindu lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi, ndi zigawo zazikulu za photovoltaic ndi mphamvu ya mphepo zomwe zimayimira 70% ya gawo la msika wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kukula mwachangu kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kudzapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zinthu zowongolera, ndipo ubwino wa mphamvu zowongolera za mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zamadzi udzawonekeranso kwambiri. Mphamvu yowongolera madzi ndi ukadaulo wamphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kwambiri ndipo udzakhala ndi gawo labwino pakuletsa mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi. Poyankha, boma la US likukonzekera kuyika ndalama zokwana $630 miliyoni pakukonzanso ndikusintha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi mdziko lonse, makamaka pakukonza magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito.
Ngakhale kuti magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi ndi gawo laling'ono kwambiri la mafakitale amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China, akadali ofunikira kwambiri. Pali malo opitilira 10000 ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi ku China okhala ndi malo osungira okwana ma cubic metres 100000 kapena kuposerapo, omwe ndi malo apadera osungira mphamvu ndi malamulo omwe angathandize kuphatikizidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu zatsopano m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi pang'ono komanso kukhala mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe
Ponena za kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa komanso kusagwirizana ndi mpweya woipa, njira yopititsira patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zamadzi yasintha kuti igwirizane ndi kapangidwe ka njira zatsopano zamagetsi ndikupeza mgwirizano wogwirizana pakati pa chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zamadzi ndi chilengedwe. Ndondomeko Yogwirira Ntchito ya Mpweya Woipa isanafike chaka cha 2030 ikupereka lingaliro loti kufulumizitse chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zamadzi ngati gawo lofunikira la kusintha kwa mphamvu zobiriwira komanso mpweya wochepa wa kaboni.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, China yachita zambiri pakusintha ndi kupanga magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi. Chimodzi mwa izi ndi kukonzanso bwino ndi kukulitsa mphamvu za magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi. Munthawi ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 12, boma lapakati lidayika ndalama zokwana 8.5 biliyoni za yuan kuti amalize kukonzanso bwino ndi kukulitsa malo okwana 4300 amagetsi akumidzi. Munthawi ya Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 13, boma lapakati lidayika ndalama zokwana 4.6 biliyoni za yuan. Malo okwana 2100 ang'onoang'ono amagetsi amadzi m'maboma 22 adamaliza kukonzanso bwino ndi kukulitsa, ndipo mitsinje yoposa 1300 idamaliza kusintha ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe. Mu 2017, International Small Hydropower Center idakonza ndikukhazikitsa "Global Environment Fund" China Small Hydropower Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Project, Expansion and Transformation Value Added. Pakadali pano, ntchito yoyeserera yatha pa mapulojekiti 19 m'maboma 8, ndipo zokumana nazo zikufotokozedwa mwachidule ndikugawidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Chachiwiri ndi kuyeretsa ndi kukonza magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi Unduna wa Zamadzi, kuphatikizapo kubwezeretsa kulumikizana kwa mitsinje ndi kukonza magawo a mitsinje omwe alibe madzi. Kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2020, Yangtze River Economic Belt idachotsa ndi kukonza malo opitilira 25000 ang'onoang'ono ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi, ndipo malo opitilira 21000 adakhazikitsa kayendedwe ka zachilengedwe motsatira malamulo, ndipo alumikizidwa ku magawo osiyanasiyana a mapulatifomu olamulira. Pakadali pano, kuyeretsa ndi kukonza malo opitilira 2800 ang'onoang'ono ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Yellow River Basin kukuchitika.
Chachitatu ndi kupanga malo owonetsera magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira. Kuyambira pomwe magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira adakhazikitsidwa mu 2017, kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, China yapanga malo owonetsera magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira opitilira 900. Masiku ano, kusintha ndi chitukuko cha magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira kwakhala mfundo ya dziko lonse. Malo ambiri ang'onoang'ono obiriwira obiriwira m'maboma ndi m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana akonza miyezo yamagetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira obiriwira, akonza malo otulutsira madzi ndi kuyang'anira kayendedwe ka chilengedwe, komanso akhazikitsa kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe m'mitsinje. Mwa kupanga ziwonetsero zingapo zamagetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira obiriwira, cholinga chathu ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko chapamwamba cha kusintha kwa magetsi m'mitsinje, m'madera, komanso ngakhale m'makampani ang'onoang'ono obiriwira obiriwira.
Chachinayi ndikusintha malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi. Pakadali pano, malo ambiri opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi asintha njira yachikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito paokha komanso m'malo ogawidwa m'magulu a malo amodzi, ndipo akukhazikitsa njira yogwirira ntchito yogwirizana ya magulu a malo opangira magetsi m'madera osiyanasiyana kapena m'madera ena.
Thandizani kukwaniritsa zolinga za "dual carbon"
Ponseponse, kale, ntchito yomanga magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi inali yopereka magetsi ndikukwaniritsa magetsi akumidzi. Kukonzanso magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi komwe kukuchitika panopa cholinga chake ndi kukonza magwiridwe antchito, chitetezo, komanso zotsatira za malo opangira magetsi, komanso kukwaniritsa kusintha kwabwino kwa malo obiriwira. Kukula kokhazikika kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi mtsogolo kudzatenga gawo lapadera pakuwongolera kusungira mphamvu, kuthandiza kukwaniritsa zolinga za "dual carbon".
Poganizira za mtsogolo, malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono omwe alipo kale akhoza kusinthidwa kukhala malo opangira magetsi opopa kuti alimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso mwachisawawa ndikupangitsa kuti magetsi ang'onoang'ono opopa akhale obiriwira. Mwachitsanzo, mu Meyi chaka chatha, pambuyo pokonzanso Malo Opangira Magetsi Opopa a Chunchangba ku Xiaojin County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, dongosolo lophatikizana la magetsi opopa, photovoltaics, ndi malo opopa adapangidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi mphamvu zatsopano ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu. Malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yambiri, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo sanachite bwino pakulamulira magetsi. Malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amatha kutenga nawo mbali m'malo opangira magetsi kuti akwaniritse bwino kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi zochitika pamsika, kupereka ntchito zothandizira monga kumeta tsitsi pafupipafupi, kulamulira ma frequency, komanso kusunga gridi yamagetsi.
Mwayi wina womwe sunganyalanyazidwe ndi wakuti kuphatikiza magetsi amadzi ndi ziphaso zobiriwira, magetsi obiriwira, ndi malonda a kaboni kudzabweretsa phindu latsopano. Potengera ziphaso zobiriwira zamayiko osiyanasiyana monga chitsanzo, mu 2022, tinayambitsa kupanga ziphaso zobiriwira zamayiko osiyanasiyana za magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi. Tinasankha malo 19 amagetsi ku Lishui Demonstration Zone ya International Small Hydropower Center ngati ziwonetsero za chitukuko cha ziphaso zobiriwira zamayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo tinamaliza kulembetsa, kupereka, ndi kugulitsa ziphaso zobiriwira zamayiko 140000 za malo oyamba amagetsi 6. Pakadali pano, pakati pa ziphaso zonse zobiriwira zamayiko osiyanasiyana monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaics, ndi magetsi amadzi, magetsi amadzi ndi pulojekiti yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kotulutsa, komwe magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi amawerengera pafupifupi 23%. Ziphaso zobiriwira, magetsi obiriwira, ndi malonda a kaboni zimasonyeza kufunika kwa chilengedwe cha mapulojekiti atsopano amagetsi, kuthandiza kupanga njira yamsika ndi njira yayitali yopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zobiriwira.
Pomaliza, ziyenera kutsindika kuti chitukuko chobiriwira cha magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi ku China chingathandizenso kukonzanso kumidzi. Chaka chino, China ikukhazikitsa "Ntchito Yogwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu ya Mphepo kwa Midzi ndi Matauni Ambirimbiri" ndi "Ntchito Yogwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu ya Mphepo kwa Mabanja ndi Mabanja Ambirimbiri", ikulimbikitsa pang'onopang'ono chitukuko choyesera cha magetsi opangidwa ndi denga m'chigawo chonsecho, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyera m'madera akumidzi, ndikuchita ntchito yoyesera yomanga kusintha kwa mphamvu zakumidzi. Mphamvu yaing'ono yopangidwa ndi madzi ndi gwero la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso lomwe lili ndi ntchito zapadera zosungira ndi kulamulira mphamvu, komanso ndi chinthu chachilengedwe chomwe n'chosavuta kusintha mtengo m'madera amapiri. Ikhoza kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu zakumidzi koyera komanso kotsika mpweya wabwino komanso kuthandiza kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu onse.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-04-2024
