Bungwe la China Meteorological Administration linanena kuti chifukwa cha kusatsimikizika kwa nyengo komwe kukukulirakulira chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko, kutentha kwambiri ku China komanso mvula yambiri ikuchulukirachulukira.
Kuyambira nthawi ya Industrial Revolution, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha wopangidwa ndi zochita za anthu wachititsa kuti kutentha kwapadziko lonse kukhale kwachilendo, kukwera kwa nyanja, ndi nyengo yoopsa monga mvula yamkuntho, kusefukira kwa madzi, ndi chilala zachitika m'madera osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso pafupipafupi.
Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse linanena kuti kukwera kwa kutentha kwapadziko lonse ndi kuwotcha kwambiri kwa mafuta oyaka mafuta kwakhala chimodzi mwa ziwopsezo zazikulu ku thanzi la anthu. Osati kokha chiopsezo cha kutentha kwa kutentha, kutentha kwa kutentha, ndi matenda a mtima, kusintha kwa nyengo kungapangitse oposa 50% a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadziwika kuti aipire.
Kusintha kwanyengo ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe anthu akukumana nalo masiku ano. Monga choyimira chachikulu cha mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, China idalengeza cholinga cha "carbon peak ndi carbon" mu 2020, idadzipereka kwathunthu kumayiko ena, ikuwonetsa udindo ndi kudzipereka kwa dziko lalikulu, ndikuwonetsanso kufunikira kwachangu kwa dzikolo kulimbikitsa kusintha ndi kukweza kwachuma komanso kulimbikitsa kukhalirana kogwirizana kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe.
Mavuto a chipwirikiti amagetsi
Malo opangira mphamvu ndi malo omenyera nkhondo omwe amawonedwa kwambiri pakukhazikitsa "carbon wapawiri".
Pakuwonjezeka kwa 1 digiri Celsius pa kutentha kwapakati pa dziko lonse lapansi, malasha amathandizira kupitirira madigiri 0.3 Celsius. Kupititsa patsogolo kusinthika kwa mphamvu, ndikofunikira kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamafuta ndikufulumizitsa ntchito yomanga mphamvu yatsopano. Mu 2022-2023, China idapereka mfundo zopitilira 120 za "kaboni wapawiri", makamaka kutsindika chithandizo chofunikira pakukula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa.
Polimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi ndondomeko, dziko la China lakhala dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zatsopano ndi mphamvu zowonjezera. Malinga ndi deta kuchokera ku National Energy Administration, mu theka loyamba la 2024, mphamvu yatsopano yamagetsi yowonjezera mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi inali 134 miliyoni kilowatts, zomwe zimawerengera 88% ya mphamvu yatsopano yomwe inayikidwa; Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi zongowonjezwdwa kunali 1.56 thililiyoni wa kilowatt-hours, kuwerengera pafupifupi 35% ya mphamvu yonse yopanga mphamvu.
Mphamvu zambiri zamphepo ndi mphamvu za photovoltaic zimaphatikizidwa mu gridi yamagetsi, kubweretsa magetsi obiriwira oyeretsa pakupanga ndi moyo wa anthu, komanso kutsutsa machitidwe achikhalidwe a gridi yamagetsi.
Njira yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi yapompopompo komanso yokonzekera. Mukayatsa mphamvu, zikutanthauza kuti wina wawerengera zosowa zanu pasadakhale ndipo akupangirani magetsi nthawi yomweyo kwinakwake. Njira yopangira mphamvu yamagetsi ndi njira yotumizira mphamvu ya njira yotumizira imakonzedweratu malinga ndi mbiri yakale. Ngakhale kufunikira kwa magetsi kukuchulukirachulukira, kufunikirako kumatha kukwaniritsidwa munthawi yake poyambitsa mayunitsi amagetsi otenthetsera, kuti akwaniritse ntchito yotetezeka komanso yokhazikika yamagetsi amagetsi.
Komabe, poyambitsa mphamvu zambiri za mphepo ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic, nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe angapangidwe zonse zimatsimikiziridwa ndi nyengo, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kukonzekera. Nyengo ikakhala yabwino, mphamvu zatsopano zimayendetsa mphamvu zonse ndikupanga magetsi ambiri obiriwira, koma ngati kufunikira sikukuwonjezeka, magetsi awa sangathe kulumikizidwa pa intaneti; pamene kufunikira kwa magetsi kuli kolimba, kumakhala mvula ndi mitambo, makina opangira mphepo satembenuka, mapanelo a photovoltaic sawotchera, ndipo vuto lamagetsi limapezeka.
M'mbuyomu, kusiyidwa kwa mphepo ndi kuwala ku Gansu, Xinjiang ndi zigawo zina zatsopano zamphamvu zinali zokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa magetsi m'derali komanso kulephera kwa gridi yamagetsi kuti itenge nthawi. Kusalamulirika kwa mphamvu zoyera kumabweretsa zovuta pakutumiza gridi yamagetsi ndikuwonjezera kuopsa kwa magwiridwe antchito amagetsi. Masiku ano, pamene anthu amadalira kwambiri magetsi okhazikika popanga ndi moyo, kusagwirizana kulikonse pakati pa kupanga magetsi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi kumakhala ndi mavuto aakulu pa zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Pali kusiyana kwina pakati pa mphamvu zokhazikitsidwa za mphamvu zatsopano ndi mphamvu zenizeni zopangira mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi ya ogwiritsa ntchito ndi mphamvu yopangidwa ndi magetsi sangathe kukwaniritsa "gwero likutsatira katundu" ndi "dynamic balance". Magetsi "atsopano" ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi kapena kusungidwa, zomwe ndizofunikira kuti pakhale ntchito yokhazikika ya gridi yamagetsi yokonzedwa bwino. Kuti tikwaniritse cholinga ichi, kuwonjezera pa kumanga chitsanzo cholondola cholosera za mphamvu zoyera pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kolondola kwa nyengo ndi mbiri yakale yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi, m'pofunikanso kuonjezera kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi kamene kamatumiza pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga machitidwe osungira mphamvu ndi magetsi opangira magetsi. Dzikoli likugogomezera "kufulumizitsa kukonzekera ndi kumanga mphamvu yatsopano", ndipo kusungirako mphamvu ndi teknoloji yofunikira kwambiri.
"Green Bank" mu New Energy System
Pansi pa kusintha kwa mphamvu, gawo lofunikira la malo opangira magetsi opopera lakhala lodziwika kwambiri. Ukadaulo uwu, womwe udabadwa chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, udamangidwa kuti uzitha kuyendetsa madzi am'mitsinje kuti apange magetsi. Yakula mwachangu komanso pang'onopang'ono kukhwima motsutsana ndi maziko akukula kwa mafakitale ndi zomangamanga zamagetsi a nyukiliya.
Mfundo yake ndi yosavuta. Madamu awiri amamangidwa paphiripo komanso m’munsi mwa phirilo. Usiku kapena Loweruka ndi Lamlungu ukubwera, kufunikira kwa magetsi kumachepa, ndipo magetsi otsika mtengo komanso owonjezera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera madzi kumalo osungira kumtunda; pamene kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kuli pachimake, madzi amamasulidwa kuti apange magetsi, kotero kuti magetsi akhoza kusinthidwa ndi kugawidwa mu nthawi ndi malo.
Monga teknoloji yosungiramo mphamvu ya zaka zana, kusungirako kupopera kwapatsidwa ntchito yatsopano mu njira ya "carbon carbon". Pamene mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya photovoltaic ndi mphamvu ya mphepo imakhala yamphamvu ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi ya wogwiritsa ntchito ikachepa, malo osungira madzi amatha kusunga magetsi ochulukirapo. Pamene kufunikira kwa magetsi kukuwonjezeka, magetsi amamasulidwa kuti athandize gridi yamagetsi kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira komanso zofunikira.
Ndizosinthika komanso zodalirika, ndikuyambira mwachangu ndikuyimitsa. Zimatenga mphindi zosakwana 4 kuchokera koyambira mpaka kutulutsa mphamvu zonse. Ngati ngozi yaikulu imapezeka mu gridi yamagetsi, kusungirako pompopompo kungayambe mofulumira ndikubwezeretsanso magetsi ku gridi yamagetsi. Imawonedwa ngati "machesi" omaliza kuyatsa grid yamphamvu yakuda.
Monga imodzi mwamakina okhwima komanso ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posungira mphamvu, malo osungiramo madzi ndi "batri" lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe limapanga zoposa 86% ya mphamvu zosungira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Poyerekeza ndi kusungirako mphamvu zatsopano monga kusungirako magetsi a electrochemical ndi kusungirako mphamvu ya hydrogen, kusungirako kupopera kuli ndi ubwino waukadaulo wokhazikika, mtengo wotsika komanso mphamvu zazikulu.
Malo opangira magetsi opopera amakhala ndi moyo wopanga zaka 40. Itha kugwira ntchito kwa maola 5 mpaka 7 patsiku ndikutulutsa mosalekeza. Amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati "mafuta", ali ndi ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza, ndipo samakhudzidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya zinthu monga lithiamu, sodium ndi vanadium. Ubwino wake pazachuma ndi kuthekera kwautumiki ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa mtengo wamagetsi obiriwira komanso kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wamagetsi mu gridi yamagetsi.
Mu Julayi 2024, pulani yoyamba yaku chigawo cha dziko langa yosungiramo madzi kuti itenge nawo gawo pamsika wamagetsi idaperekedwa ku Guangdong. Malo opangira magetsi opopera adzagulitsa magetsi onse pamalopo m'njira yatsopano ya "kubwereza kuchuluka ndi mawu", komanso "pampope madzi osungira magetsi" ndi "kutulutsa madzi kuti apeze magetsi" mogwira mtima komanso mosinthasintha pamsika wamagetsi, kusewera gawo latsopano losunga ndikupeza mphamvu zatsopano "banki yamagetsi obiriwira", ndikutsegula njira yatsopano yopezera zopindulitsa pamsika.
"Tipanga mwasayansi njira zowerengera, kutenga nawo gawo mwachangu pakugulitsa magetsi, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amagetsi, ndikuyesetsa kupeza zolimbikitsira kuchokera kumagetsi ndi magetsi pomwe tikulimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwamagetsi atsopano." Wang Bei, wachiwiri kwa manejala wamkulu wa Energy Storage Planning and Finance department of Southern Power Grid, adatero.
Ukadaulo wokhwima, kuchuluka kwakukulu, kusungirako kosinthika ndi mwayi, kutulutsa kwanthawi yayitali, kutsika mtengo m'moyo wonse, komanso njira zotsogola zotsogola pamsika zapangitsa kuti kusungirako kwapampu kukhala "chozungulira" chachuma komanso chothandiza kwambiri pakusintha kwamphamvu, kuchita gawo lalikulu polimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo ndi bata lamagetsi.
Ntchito zazikulu zotsutsana
Poyang'anizana ndi kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka mphamvu za dziko ndi chitukuko chachangu cha mphamvu zatsopano, malo opangira magetsi opopera ayambitsa ntchito yomanga. Mu theka loyamba la 2024, kuchuluka komwe kumayikidwa kosungirako ku China kudafika ma kilowatts miliyoni 54.39, ndipo kukula kwachuma kudakwera ndi 30,4 peresenti nthawi yomweyo chaka chatha. M'zaka khumi zikubwerazi, malo osungiramo ndalama za dziko langa zosungirako zopopera adzakhala pafupi ndi yuan trilioni imodzi.
Mu Ogasiti 2024, Komiti Yaikulu ya CPC ndi State Council idapereka "Maganizo pa Kupititsa patsogolo Kusintha Kwakukulu kwa Green kwa Economic and Social Development". Pofika chaka cha 2030, mphamvu yoyikidwa ya malo opangira magetsi opopera idzapitilira ma kilowatts 120 miliyoni.
Ngakhale mipata imabwera, imayambitsanso vuto la ndalama zambiri. Kumanga malo opangira magetsi opopera ndi njira yovuta komanso yovuta, yomwe imaphatikizapo maulalo angapo monga malamulo, ntchito yokonzekera ndi kuvomereza. Pachitukuko chandalama, maboma ena am'deralo ndi eni ake nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza zasayansi pakusankha malo ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, ndikutsata mopitilira muyeso komanso kukula kwachitukuko cha polojekiti, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta zingapo.
Kusankhidwa kwa malo opangira magetsi opopera kumayenera kuganizira za chilengedwe, malo (pafupi ndi malo onyamula katundu, pafupi ndi maziko a mphamvu), mzere wofiira wa chilengedwe, kutsika mutu, kupeza malo ndi kusamukira ndi zina. Kukonzekera kosayenerera ndi masanjidwe kudzapangitsa kuti kumangidwa kwa malo opangira magetsi kusakhale kofunikira kwenikweni kwa gridi yamagetsi kapena kusagwiritsidwa ntchito. Sikuti mtengo womanga ndi mtengo wogwirira ntchito udzakhala wovuta kugayidwa kwakanthawi, komanso padzakhalanso zovuta monga kusokoneza mzere wofiyira wachilengedwe pakumanga; Mukamaliza, ngati milingo yaukadaulo ndi ntchito ndi kukonza sizili bwino, zitha kuyambitsa ngozi.
"Pali nthawi zina pomwe kusankha kwamasamba kuma projekiti ena kumakhala kosamveka." Lei Xingchun, wachiwiri kwa manejala wamkulu wa dipatimenti ya zomangamanga ku Southern Grid Energy Storage Company, adati, "Chofunika kwambiri pa malo opangira magetsi opopera ndikukwaniritsa zosowa za gridi yamagetsi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mphamvu zatsopano zikufika pagululi.
"Ntchitoyi ndi yaikulu kwambiri ndipo imafuna ndalama zambiri zoyamba. M'pofunika kwambiri kulimbikitsa kulankhulana ndi mgwirizano ndi zachilengedwe, chilengedwe, nkhalango, malo odyetserako udzu, malo osungira madzi ndi madipatimenti ena, ndikuchita ntchito yabwino yolumikizana ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi ndondomeko zina." Jiang Shuwen, wamkulu wa dipatimenti yokonzekera ku Southern Grid Energy Storage Company, anawonjezera.
Ndalama zomanga mabiliyoni kapena mabiliyoni ambiri, malo omanga mahekitala mazana a malo osungiramo madzi, komanso nthawi yomanga zaka 5 mpaka 7 ndichifukwa chake anthu ambiri amadzudzula posungira posungira chifukwa chosakhala "chokonda zachuma komanso zachilengedwe" poyerekeza ndi kusungirako mphamvu zina.
Koma kwenikweni, poyerekeza ndi nthawi yochepa yotulutsa mphamvu komanso zaka 10 zogwirira ntchito zosungira mphamvu zamagetsi, moyo weniweni wautumiki wa malo opangira magetsi opopera amatha kufikira zaka 50 kapena kupitilira apo. Pokhala ndi mphamvu zosungiramo mphamvu zazikulu, kupopera kopanda malire, ndi mtengo wotsika pa kilowatt-ola, mphamvu zake zachuma zikadali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa kusungirako mphamvu zina.
Zheng Jing, mainjiniya wamkulu ku China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, achita kafukufuku: "Kufufuza momwe ntchitoyo ikuyendera bwino pachuma, ikuwonetsa kuti mtengo wokhazikika pa kilowati pa ola la malo opangira magetsi opopera ndi 0.207 yuan/kWh. Mtengo wokhazikika pa ola la kilowatt wa kusungirako mphamvu yamagetsi amagetsi ndi 0.5 k2W. malo opangira magetsi opopera.”
"Electrochemical energy yosungirako yakula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, koma pali zoopsa zingapo zobisika. Ndikofunikira kukulitsa nthawi ya moyo, kuchepetsa mtengo wagawo, ndikuwonjezera kukula kwa malo opangira magetsi ndikukonza gawo losintha momwe zimakhalira ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo, kuti chifanane ndi malo opangira magetsi opopera." Zheng Jing adanenanso.
Mangani malo opangira magetsi, kongoletsani nthaka
Malinga ndi zomwe zachokera ku Southern Power Grid Energy Storage, mu theka loyamba la 2024, kuchuluka kwa magetsi opangira magetsi opopera kumadera akummwera kunali pafupifupi 6 biliyoni kWh, zomwe zimafanana ndi kufunikira kwa magetsi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito okhala 5.5 miliyoni kwa theka la chaka, kuwonjezeka kwa 1.3% pachaka; kuchuluka kwa magetsi oyambira magetsi kunadutsa nthawi 20,000, kuwonjezeka kwa 20,9% pachaka. Pa avareji, gawo lililonse la siteshoni iliyonse yamagetsi imapanga mphamvu zochulukira kwambiri kuposa katatu patsiku, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wofikira bwino wamagetsi oyera pagululi.
Pamaziko a kuthandizira gululi yamagetsi kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu zosungira mphamvu zometa komanso kupereka magetsi oyera pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi zachuma, Southern Power Grid Energy Storage yadzipereka pa ntchito yomanga malo okongola a magetsi ndikupereka "zobiriwira, zotseguka ndi zogawana" zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe kwa anthu ammudzi.
Masika aliwonse, mapiri amadzaza ndi maluwa a chitumbuwa. Okwera njinga ndi okwera pamahatchi amapita ku Shenzhen Yantian District kuti akafufuze. Akuwonetsetsa nyanja ndi mapiri, akuyenda m'nyanja ya maluwa a chitumbuwa, ngati kuti ali m'paradaiso. Awa ndiye malo osungiramo magetsi a Shenzhen Pumped Storage Power Station, malo oyamba opangira magetsi opopera omwe amamangidwa pakatikati pa mzindawu, komanso "paki yamapiri ndi nyanja" m'kamwa mwa alendo.
Shenzhen Pumped Storage Power Station inaphatikiza malingaliro obiriwira achilengedwe kumayambiriro kwa kukonzekera kwake. Chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi malo osungira madzi ndi zipangizo zinapangidwa, kumangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi ndi polojekitiyi. Ntchitoyi yapambana mphoto monga "National Quality Project" ndi "National Soil and Water Conservation Demonstration Project". Malo opangira magetsi atayamba kugwira ntchito, China Southern Power Grid Energy Storage idakweza malo a "de-industrialization" pamalo osungiramo malo osungiramo malo okhala ndi malo osungira zachilengedwe, ndipo adagwirizana ndi boma la Yantian District kubzala maluwa a chitumbuwa kuzungulira malo osungira kumtunda, ndikupanga "khadi la bizinesi lamapiri, la Yantian ndi maluwa".
Kugogomezera chitetezo zachilengedwe si nkhani yapadera ya Shenzhen Pumped Storage Power Station. China Southern Power Grid Energy Storage yakhazikitsa njira zoyendetsera zomanga zobiriwira komanso miyezo yowunikira panthawi yonse yomanga polojekiti; pulojekiti iliyonse imaphatikiza chilengedwe chozungulira, mawonekedwe a chikhalidwe ndi mapulani oyenerera a boma laderalo, ndikuyika ndalama zapadera za kubwezeretsa chilengedwe ndi kukonza bajeti yachitetezo cha chilengedwe kuti zitsimikizire kusakanikirana kogwirizana kwa malo a mafakitale a polojekitiyi ndi malo ozungulira chilengedwe.
"Magawo opangira magetsi opopera amakhala ndi zofunika kwambiri pakusankha malo. Pamaziko opewa mizere yofiyira zachilengedwe, ngati pali zomera zotetezedwa kapena mitengo yakale pamalo omangapo, ndikofunikira kulumikizana ndi dipatimenti yazankhalango pasadakhale ndikuchitapo kanthu zodzitchinjiriza motsogozedwa ndi dipatimenti yazankhalango kuti achite zoteteza pamalowo kapena chitetezo cha kusamuka." Jiang Shuwen adatero.
Pamalo aliwonse opangira magetsi opopera a Southern Power Grid Energy Storage, mutha kuwona chowonera chachikulu chamagetsi, chomwe chimasindikiza zenizeni zenizeni monga ma ion olakwika, mawonekedwe a mpweya, kuwala kwa ultraviolet, kutentha, chinyezi, ndi zina zambiri m'chilengedwe. "Izi ndi zomwe tidapempha kuti tizidziyang'anira tokha, kuti okhudzidwa athe kuwona bwino chilengedwe cha malo opangira magetsi." Jiang Shuwen adati, "Atamanga malo opangira magetsi ku Yangjiang ndi Meizhou, ma egrets, omwe amadziwika kuti 'mbalame zoyang'anira chilengedwe', adakhazikika m'magulu, chomwe ndi kuzindikira kwachilengedwe kwa chilengedwe monga mpweya ndi madzi osungira madzi pamalo opangira magetsi."
Chiyambireni kumangidwa kwa malo oyamba opangira magetsi opopera magetsi ku China ku Guangzhou mu 1993, Southern Power Grid Energy Storage yapeza chidziwitso chokhwima pakugwiritsa ntchito mapulojekiti obiriwira nthawi yonse yamoyo. Mu 2023, kampaniyo inayambitsa "Green Construction Management Methods and Evaluation Indicators for Pumped Storage Power Stations", yomwe inafotokoza bwino za udindo ndi miyezo yowunika ya zomangamanga zobiriwira za mayunitsi onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi panthawi yomanga. Lili ndi zolinga zothandiza ndi njira zogwirira ntchito, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kutsogolera makampani kuti agwiritse ntchito chitetezo cha chilengedwe.
Malo opangira magetsi opopera adamangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi, ndipo matekinoloje ambiri ndi kasamalidwe alibe zitsanzo zotsatiridwa. Imadalira atsogoleri amakampani monga Southern Power Grid Energy Storage kuti ayendetse unyolo wakumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mafakitale kuti apitirize kupanga zatsopano, kufufuza, ndi kutsimikizira, ndikulimbikitsa kukweza mafakitale pang'onopang'ono. Chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukula kokhazikika kwamakampani osungira zinthu. Sizimangoyimira udindo wa kampaniyo, komanso zimawonetsa mtengo wa "green" ndi golide wa polojekitiyi yobiriwira.
Wotchi yosalowerera ndale ya kaboni ikulira, ndipo kutukuka kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kukupitilizabe kukwaniritsa zotsogola zatsopano. Udindo wa malo opangira magetsi opopera monga "owongolera", "mabanki amagetsi" ndi "zokhazikika" mumayendedwe olemetsa a gridi yamagetsi akukula kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-05-2025
