Mitsinje yonse m'chilengedwe ili ndi malo otsetsereka enaake. Madzi amayenda m'mphepete mwa mtsinje pansi pa mphamvu yokoka. Madzi pamalo okwera amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi zomangamanga za hydraulic ndi zida zamagetsi, mphamvu ya madzi imatha kusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi, ndiko kuti, kupanga mphamvu yamadzi. Mfundo yopanga mphamvu yamadzi ndi kuyambitsa kwathu kwamagetsi, ndiko kuti, pamene kondakitala adula mizere ya maginito mu magnetic field, imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi. Pakati pawo, "kuyenda" kwa kondakitala mu magnetic field kumachitika ndi kuyenda kwa madzi komwe kumakhudza turbine kuti isinthe mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina yozungulira; ndipo magnetic field nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi system yamagetsi yoyenda kudzera mu jenereta rotor winding, ndiko kuti, maginito amapangidwa ndi magetsi.
1. Kodi njira yosonkhezera mphamvu ndi chiyani? Kuti mphamvu isinthe, jenereta yolumikizana imafunika mphamvu ya maginito ya DC, ndipo mphamvu ya DC yomwe imapanga mphamvu ya maginito iyi imatchedwa mphamvu yosonkhezera ya jenereta. Kawirikawiri, njira yopangira mphamvu ya maginito mu rotor ya jenereta motsatira mfundo ya induction yamagetsi imatchedwa kusonkhezera. Njira yosonkhezera mphamvu imatanthauza zida zomwe zimapereka mphamvu yosonkhezera ya jenereta yolumikizana. Ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la jenereta yolumikizana. Kawirikawiri imakhala ndi magawo awiri akuluakulu: gawo la mphamvu yosonkhezera mphamvu ndi chowongolera kusonkhezera mphamvu. Gawo la mphamvu yosonkhezera mphamvu limapereka mphamvu yosonkhezera ku rotor ya jenereta yolumikizana, ndipo chowongolera kusonkhezera mphamvu chimayang'anira kutulutsa kwa gawo la mphamvu yosonkhezera malinga ndi chizindikiro cholowera ndi zofunikira zoyendetsera zomwe zaperekedwa.
2. Ntchito ya makina osonkhezera Makina osonkhezera ali ndi ntchito zazikulu izi: (1) Pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwinobwino yogwirira ntchito, amapereka mphamvu yosonkhezera ya jenereta, ndikusintha mphamvu yosonkhezera malinga ndi lamulo loperekedwa malinga ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya jenereta ndi momwe mphamvu imagwirira ntchito kuti magetsi azikhala olimba. N’chifukwa chiyani mphamvu yamagetsi ingasungidwe mwa kusintha mphamvu yosonkhezera? Pali ubale woyerekeza pakati pa mphamvu yoyambitsidwa (monga mphamvu yopanda katundu) Ed ya jenereta stator winding, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ya Ug, mphamvu yamagetsi yosinthika ya Ir ya jenereta, ndi mphamvu yolumikizana ya nthawi yayitali Xd:
Mphamvu ya Ed yomwe yayambitsidwa imagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya maginito, ndipo mphamvu ya maginito imadalira kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi. Pamene mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ikusintha, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ... Popanda mphamvu yogwira ntchito, mota sidzazungulira, transformer sidzatha kusintha magetsi, ndipo zida zambiri zamagetsi sizigwira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yogwira ntchito si mphamvu yopanda ntchito. Nthawi zonse, zida zamagetsi sizimangopeza mphamvu yogwira ntchito kuchokera ku jenereta, komanso zimafunika kupeza mphamvu yogwira ntchito kuchokera ku jenereta. Ngati mphamvu yogwira ntchito mu gridi yamagetsi ili yochepa, zida zamagetsi sizidzakhala ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito yokwanira kuti zikhazikitse malo abwinobwino amagetsi. Kenako zida zamagetsizi sizingapitirize kugwira ntchito bwino, ndipo mphamvu yomaliza ya zida zamagetsi idzatsika, zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito abwinobwino a zida zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusintha mphamvu yogwira ntchito malinga ndi katundu weniweni, ndipo mphamvu yogwira ntchito yochokera ku jenereta ikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu. Mfundo yeniyeniyo sidzafotokozedwa apa. (3) Pakachitika ngozi yafupikitsa mu dongosolo lamagetsi kapena zifukwa zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi oyambira a jenereta atsike kwambiri, jenereta imatha kusangalala kwambiri kuti ikonze malire olimba a dongosolo lamagetsi komanso kulondola kwa chitetezo cha relay. (4) Pamene jenereta ikupitirira mphamvu chifukwa cha kutayika kwa mphamvu mwadzidzidzi ndi zifukwa zina, jenereta ikhoza kuchotsedwa mphamvu kuti ichepetse kukwera kwambiri kwa mphamvu ya magetsi a jenereta. (5) Kukonza kukhazikika kwa mphamvu yamagetsi. (6) Pamene dera lalifupi la gawo ndi gawo lachitika mkati mwa jenereta ndipo pa mawaya ake otsogolera kapena mphamvu ya magetsi a jenereta ili yokwera kwambiri, kuchotsedwa mphamvu ya magetsi kumachitika mwachangu kuti kuchepetse kukula kwa ngoziyo. (7) Mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya jenereta zoyendera limodzi ikhoza kugawidwa moyenera.
3. Kugawa magulu a makina osonkhezera Malinga ndi momwe jenereta imapezera mphamvu yosonkhezera (ndiko kuti, njira yoperekera mphamvu yosonkhezera), makina osonkhezera amatha kugawidwa m'magulu osonkhezera akunja ndi odzipangitsa okha: mphamvu yosonkhezera yomwe imapezeka kuchokera kumagetsi ena imatchedwa external excitation; mphamvu yosonkhezera yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku jenereta yokha imatchedwa self-excitation. Malinga ndi njira yokonzanso, imatha kugawidwa m'magulu ozungulira osonkhezera ndi odzipangitsa okha. Makina osonkhezera a static alibe makina apadera osonkhezera. Ngati apeza mphamvu yosonkhezera kuchokera ku jenereta yokha, imatchedwa self-excitation static excitation. Self-excitation static excitation ingagawidwe m'magulu osakanikirana okhazikika ndi odzipangitsa okha.
Njira yodziwika kwambiri yosonkhezera ndi yodziyimira payokha yosonkhezera mosasunthika, monga momwe chithunzi chili pansipa chikusonyezera. Imapeza mphamvu yosonkhezera kudzera mu chosinthira chosinthira cholumikizidwa ku chotulutsira jenereta, ndipo imapereka mphamvu yosonkhezera jenereta ikakonzedwanso.
Chithunzi cha mawaya a dongosolo lodziyimira lodziyimira lokha lodziyimira lokha
Dongosolo lodzipangira lokha lodzipangira lokha lodzipangira lokha limapangidwa makamaka ndi zigawo izi: chosinthira chodzipangira, chowongolera, chipangizo chochotsera maginito, chowongolera malamulo ndi chipangizo choteteza maginito opitirira muyeso. Zigawo zisanuzi motsatana zimakwaniritsa ntchito zotsatirazi:
(1) Chosinthira mphamvu: Chepetsani mphamvu ya magetsi kumapeto kwa makina kukhala mphamvu yofanana ndi chosinthira mphamvu.
(2) Chosinthira: Ndi gawo lalikulu la dongosolo lonse. Dongosolo la mlatho woyendetsedwa bwino wa magawo atatu nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaliza ntchito yosinthira kuchokera ku AC kupita ku DC.
(3) Chipangizo chochotsera maginito: Chipangizo chochotsera maginito chimakhala ndi magawo awiri, omwe ndi chosinthira maginito ndi choletsa maginito. Chipangizochi chimayang'anira kuchotsera maginito mwachangu pakakhala ngozi.
(4) Wolamulira malamulo: Chipangizo chowongolera cha makina osonkhezera chimasintha mphamvu yosonkhezera powongolera ngodya ya thyristor ya chipangizo chokonzanso kuti chikwaniritse zotsatira zowongolera mphamvu yogwira ntchito ndi mphamvu ya jenereta.
(5) Chitetezo cha mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukirapo: Pamene dera lozungulira jenereta lili ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukirapo, dera limayatsidwa kuti ligwiritse ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukirapo, kuchepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yochulukirapo, ndikuteteza chozungulira cha jenereta ndi zida zake zolumikizidwa.
Ubwino wa makina odzipangira okha odzipangira okha ndi awa: kapangidwe kosavuta, zida zochepa, ndalama zochepa komanso kukonza kochepa. Vuto lake ndilakuti jenereta kapena makina akafupikitsidwa, mphamvu yodzipangira idzatha kapena kutsika kwambiri, pomwe mphamvu yodzipangira iyenera kuwonjezeka kwambiri (monga kukakamiza kukakamiza) panthawiyi. Komabe, poganizira kuti mayunitsi akuluakulu amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mabasi otsekedwa, ndipo ma gridi amphamvu amphamvu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chitetezo chachangu komanso kudalirika kwakukulu, chiwerengero cha mayunitsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira iyi yodzipangira chikuwonjezeka, ndipo iyi ndi njira yodzipangira yomwe imalimbikitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi zofunikira. 4. Kutseka kwamagetsi kwa chipangizocho Chidacho chikatsitsidwa ndikuzimitsidwa, gawo la mphamvu yamakina limasungidwa chifukwa cha inertia yayikulu yozungulira ya rotor. Gawoli la mphamvu limatha kuyimitsidwa kwathunthu litasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yotenthetsera ya chogwirira chopondereza, chowongolera ndi mpweya. Popeza kutayika kwa mpweya wopondereza kumakhala kofanana ndi sikweya ya liwiro lozungulira, liwiro la rotor limatsika mwachangu kwambiri poyamba, kenako lidzakhala lopanda ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pa liwiro lotsika. Pamene chipangizocho chikuyenda kwa nthawi yayitali pa liwiro lotsika, chitsamba chopondereza chimatha kuyaka chifukwa filimu yamafuta pakati pa galasi pansi pa mutu wopondereza ndi chitsamba choberekera sichitha kukhazikitsidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, panthawi yotseka, pamene liwiro la chipangizocho latsika kufika pamtengo winawake, dongosolo lopondereza liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chigawo chopondereza chimagawidwa m'magawo awiri: kupondereza kwamagetsi, kupondereza kwamakina ndi kupondereza kophatikizana. Kupondereza kwamagetsi kumafupikitsa stator ya jenereta ya magawo atatu pamalo otulutsira magetsi pambuyo poti jenereta yachotsedwa ndi kuchotsedwa maginito, ndikudikirira kuti liwiro la chipangizocho litsike kufika pafupifupi 50% mpaka 60% ya liwiro lovoteredwa. Kudzera mu ntchito zingapo zomveka, mphamvu yopondereza imaperekedwa, ndipo chowongolera chopondereza chimasinthira ku njira yopondereza yamagetsi kuti chiwonjezere mphamvu yopondereza ku chopondereza cha jenereta. Chifukwa jenereta ikuzungulira, stator imayambitsa mphamvu yopondereza yafupi pansi pa mphamvu ya maginito ya rotor. Mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi yosiyana ndi njira ya inertial ya rotor, yomwe imagwira ntchito yopondereza. Pakukonza mabuleki amagetsi, mphamvu ya mabuleki iyenera kuperekedwa kunja, komwe kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe kake ka dera lalikulu la makina osonkhezera. Njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera mphamvu ya mabuleki amagetsi osonkhezera zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzi chili pansipa.
Njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera mphamvu yosonkhezera mabuleki amagetsi
Choyamba, chipangizo choyatsira magetsi ndi njira yolumikizira mawaya odziyimira pawokha. Pamene mapeto a makina afupikitsidwa, choyatsira magetsi sichikhala ndi magetsi. Mphamvu yoyatsira magetsi imachokera ku choyatsira magetsi chodzipereka, ndipo choyatsira magetsi chimalumikizidwa ku mphamvu ya fakitale. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mapulojekiti ambiri amagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyatsira magetsi yodziyimira pawokha, ndipo ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mlatho woyatsira magetsi pamakina oyatsira magetsi ndi makina oyatsira magetsi. Chifukwa chake, njira iyi yopezera mphamvu yoyatsira magetsi ndi yofala kwambiri. Njira yoyatsira magetsi ndi iyi:
(1) Chotsekera ma unit outlet circuit chimatsegulidwa ndipo dongosolo limalekanitsidwa.
(2) Chozungulira cha rotor sichimachotsedwa mphamvu ya maginito.
(3) Chosinthira magetsi chomwe chili mbali yachiwiri ya chosinthira mphamvu chimatsegulidwa.
(4) Chosinthira chamagetsi cha brake chafupipafupi cha unit chatsekedwa.
(5) Chosinthira magetsi chomwe chili mbali yachiwiri ya chosinthira mabuleki chamagetsi chatsekedwa.
(6) Thyristor ya rectifier bridge imayatsidwa kuti iyendetse, ndipo chipangizocho chimalowa mu mkhalidwe wa mabuleki amagetsi.
(7) Pamene liwiro la chipangizocho lili zero, brake yamagetsi imatulutsidwa (ngati brake yophatikizana ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene liwiro lifika 5% mpaka 10% ya liwiro lovomerezeka, brake yamakina imagwiritsidwa ntchito). 5. Dongosolo lanzeru la kusonkhezera. Chomera chamagetsi chanzeru chimatanthauza chomera chamagetsi chamadzi kapena gulu la malo opangira magetsi amadzi okhala ndi digito yazidziwitso, kulumikizana kwa maukonde, kukhazikika kophatikizana, kuyanjana kwa bizinesi, kukonza magwiridwe antchito, komanso kupanga zisankho mwanzeru. Malo opangira magetsi anzeru amagawidwa molunjika m'magawo a process layer, unit layer, ndi station control layer, pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka maukonde awiri a process layer network (GOOSE network, SV network) ndi station control layer network (MMS network). Malo opangira magetsi anzeru amafunika kuthandizidwa ndi zida zanzeru. Monga dongosolo lolamulira lalikulu la seti ya jenereta ya hydro-turbine, chitukuko chaukadaulo cha makina osonkhezera chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pomanga malo opangira magetsi anzeru amadzi.
Mu mafakitale anzeru opangira magetsi, kuwonjezera pa kumaliza ntchito zoyambira monga kuyambitsa ndi kuyimitsa seti ya jenereta ya turbine, kuwonjezera ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu yogwira ntchito, ndi kuzimitsa mwadzidzidzi, makina osonkhezera ayeneranso kukwaniritsa ntchito za IEC61850 zowonetsera deta ndi kulumikizana, ndikuthandizira kulumikizana ndi netiweki yowongolera siteshoni (netiweki ya MMS) ndi netiweki yowongolera njira (netiweki ya GOOSE ndi netiweki ya SV). Chipangizo cha makina osonkhezera chimayikidwa pa gawo la unit la kapangidwe ka dongosolo la magetsi anzeru, ndipo gawo logwirizanitsa, malo olumikizirana anzeru, gawo lowongolera lothandizira ndi zida zina kapena zida zanzeru zimayikidwa pa gawo la njira. Kapangidwe ka dongosolo kakuwonetsedwa pachithunzi pansipa.
Dongosolo lanzeru lolimbikitsa
Kompyuta yolandira ya gawo lowongolera siteshoni ya fakitale yamagetsi yanzeru imakwaniritsa zofunikira za muyezo wolumikizirana wa IEC61850, ndipo imatumiza chizindikiro cha dongosolo loyambitsa ku kompyuta yolandira dongosolo lowongolera kudzera pa netiweki ya MMS. Dongosolo loyambitsa lanzeru liyenera kulumikizana ndi netiweki ya GOOSE ndi ma switch a netiweki ya SV kuti isonkhanitse deta pa gawo la njira. Gawo la njira limafuna kuti zotulutsa deta ndi CT, PT ndi zigawo zakomweko zonse zikhale mu mawonekedwe a digito. CT ndi PT zimalumikizidwa ku gawo logwirizanitsa (ma transformer amagetsi amalumikizidwa ndi zingwe za kuwala, ndipo ma transformer amagetsi amalumikizidwa ndi zingwe). Deta yamagetsi ndi yamagetsi ikasinthidwa kukhala digito, imalumikizidwa ku switch ya netiweki ya SV kudzera pa zingwe za kuwala. Zigawo zakomweko zimafunika kulumikizidwa ku terminal yanzeru kudzera pa zingwe, ndipo ma switch kapena ma analog signals amasinthidwa kukhala ma signals a digito ndikutumizidwa ku switch ya netiweki ya GOOSE kudzera pa zingwe za kuwala. Pakadali pano, dongosolo loyambitsa limakhala ndi ntchito yolumikizirana ndi netiweki ya MMS yolamulira siteshoni ndi netiweki ya gawo la njira ya GOOSE/SV. Kuwonjezera pa kukwaniritsa kulumikizana kwa chidziwitso cha netiweki ndi muyezo wolumikizirana wa IEC61850, makina ophunzitsira anzeru ayeneranso kukhala ndi kuwunika kwathunthu pa intaneti, kuzindikira zolakwika mwanzeru komanso kuyesa kosavuta komanso kukonza. Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ndi momwe chipangizo chophunzitsira chanzeru chimagwira ntchito mokwanira ziyenera kuyesedwa mtsogolo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-09-2024
