Mitsinje m'chilengedwe yonse imakhala ndi malo otsetsereka. Madzi amayenda m'mphepete mwa mtsinje pansi pa mphamvu yokoka. Madzi okwera kwambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi zida za hydraulic ndi zida za electromechanical, mphamvu yamadzi imatha kusinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi, ndiko kuti, kupanga mphamvu ya hydropower. Mfundo yopangira mphamvu ya hydropower ndi induction yathu yamagetsi, ndiye kuti, kokondakita akadula mizere ya maginito mugawo la maginito, imapanga pano. Pakati pawo, "mayendedwe" a kondakitala mu mphamvu ya maginito amapindula ndi kutuluka kwa madzi komwe kumakhudza turbine kuti atembenuke mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yozungulira; ndi mphamvu ya maginito pafupifupi nthawi zonse kupangidwa ndi chisangalalo panopa kwaiye dongosolo masangalalo ikuyenda mwa jenereta wozungulira mapiringidzo, ndiko kuti, maginito kwaiye ndi magetsi.
1. Kodi dongosolo lachisangalalo ndi chiyani? Kuti muzindikire kutembenuka kwa mphamvu, jenereta yolumikizana imafunikira mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC, ndipo magetsi a DC omwe amapanga maginitowa amatchedwa kusangalatsa kwaposachedwa kwa jenereta. Nthawi zambiri, njira yopangira maginito mu rotor ya jenereta molingana ndi mfundo ya electromagnetic induction imatchedwa excitation. Dongosolo losangalatsa limatanthawuza zida zomwe zimapereka chisangalalo chamakono kwa jenereta yolumikizana. Ndi gawo lofunikira la jenereta ya synchronous. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magawo awiri akulu: gawo lamagetsi osangalatsa komanso chowongolera chokomera. Chigawo champhamvu champhamvu chimapereka chisangalalo chamakono kwa rotor ya synchronous jenereta, ndipo chowongolera chotsitsimutsa chimayang'anira kutulutsa kwa mphamvu yachisangalalo molingana ndi chizindikiro cholowera ndi malamulo omwe adapatsidwa.
2. Ntchito ya dongosolo lachisangalalo Dongosolo lachisangalalo lili ndi ntchito zazikuluzikulu zotsatirazi: (1) Pansi pazikhalidwe zoyendetsera ntchito, zimapereka mphamvu yothamangitsa jenereta, ndikusintha mphamvu yamagetsi molingana ndi lamulo loperekedwa molingana ndi magetsi amagetsi a jenereta ndi zinthu zonyamula katundu kuti asunge bata. Chifukwa chiyani kukhazikika kwamagetsi kungasungidwe posintha mphamvu yamagetsi? Pali ubale wapafupi pakati pa kuthekera komwe kumapangitsa (mwachitsanzo, kuthekera kopanda katundu) Ed wa ma generator stator windings, terminal voltage Ug, reactive load panopa Ir ya jenereta, ndi longitudinal synchronous reactance Xd:
Zomwe zimapangitsa Ed ndizofanana ndi maginito, ndipo kusinthasintha kwa maginito kumadalira kukula kwachisangalalo chapano. Pamene chisangalalo chamakono sichinasinthe, kusinthasintha kwa maginito ndi zomwe zingatheke Ed sizisintha. Kuchokera pamndandanda womwe uli pamwambapa, zitha kuwoneka kuti magetsi omaliza a jenereta adzachepa ndi kuchuluka kwaposachedwa. Komabe, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za wogwiritsa ntchito pamtundu wamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ya jenereta iyenera kukhala yosasinthika. Mwachiwonekere, njira yokwaniritsira izi ndikusintha mayendedwe osangalatsa a jenereta monga momwe Ir yosinthira ikusintha (ndiko kuti, katundu akusintha). (2) Malingana ndi momwe zimakhalira zolemetsa, phokoso lachisangalalo limasinthidwa molingana ndi lamulo loperekedwa kuti lisinthe mphamvu yogwira ntchito. N'chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira kusintha mphamvu yogwira ntchito? Zida zambiri zamagetsi zimagwira ntchito potengera mfundo ya ma elekitiromagineti induction, monga ma transfoma, ma motors, makina owotcherera, ndi zina zambiri. Onse amadalira kukhazikitsidwa kwa maginito osinthasintha kuti atembenuke ndikusamutsa mphamvu. Mphamvu yamagetsi yofunikira kuti ikhazikitse mphamvu ya maginito yosinthira ndi induced maginito flux imatchedwa reactive power. Zida zonse zamagetsi zokhala ndi ma coil a electromagnetic zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zokhazikika kuti zikhazikitse maginito. Popanda mphamvu yogwira ntchito, galimotoyo siizungulira, thiransifoma sichitha kusintha magetsi, ndipo zida zambiri zamagetsi sizigwira ntchito. Choncho, mphamvu yogwira ntchito si mphamvu yopanda ntchito. Nthawi zonse, zida zamagetsi sizimangopeza mphamvu zogwira ntchito kuchokera ku jenereta, komanso zimafunikanso kupeza mphamvu zowonongeka kuchokera ku jenereta. Ngati mphamvu yogwira ntchito mu gridi yamagetsi ikusoweka, zida zamagetsi sizikhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti zikhazikitse malo abwinobwino amagetsi. Kenako zida zamagetsi izi sizingasunge magwiridwe antchito, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imatsika, zomwe zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito amagetsi. Choncho, m'pofunika kusintha mphamvu yogwira ntchito molingana ndi katundu weniweni, ndipo mphamvu yowonongeka ndi jenereta ikugwirizana ndi kukula kwaposachedwa. Mfundo yeniyeni sidzafotokozedwa apa. (3) Pakachitika ngozi yachidule yamagetsi mumagetsi kapena zifukwa zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti voteji ya jenereta igwe kwambiri, jenereta imatha kusangalatsidwa mokakamiza kuti ipititse patsogolo malire okhazikika amagetsi komanso kulondola kwachitetezo cha relay. (4) Pamene jenereta overvoltage zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhetsa mwadzidzidzi katundu ndi zifukwa zina, jenereta akhoza mokakamiza demagnetized kuchepetsa kuchulukirachulukira kwa voteji otsiriza jenereta. (5) Kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwadongosolo lamagetsi. (6) Pamene gawo ndi gawo lalifupi limachitika mkati mwa jenereta ndipo pamawaya ake otsogolera kapena voteji ya jenereta ndiyokwera kwambiri, demagnetization imachitika mwachangu kuti achepetse kukula kwa ngoziyo. (7) Mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya ma jenereta ofanana akhoza kugawidwa momveka bwino.
3. Gulu la machitidwe okondweretsa Malingana ndi momwe jenereta imapezera mphamvu zowonjezera (ndiko kuti, njira yoperekera mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu), dongosolo lachisangalalo likhoza kugawidwa kukhala kutengeka kwakunja ndi kudzipangitsa kudzikonda: mphamvu yowonjezera yomwe imapezeka kuchokera kuzinthu zina zamagetsi imatchedwa excitation yakunja; kusangalatsa komwe kumachokera ku jenereta komwe kumatchedwa kudzikonda. Malinga ndi njira yokonzanso, imatha kugawidwa kukhala chisangalalo chozungulira komanso chisangalalo chokhazikika. Dongosolo la static excitation liribe makina apadera osangalatsa. Ngati ipeza mphamvu yosangalatsa kuchokera ku jenereta yokha, imatchedwa kudzikonda kosangalatsa kwa static excitation. Self-excitation malo osangalatsa akhoza kugawidwa kudzikonda kufanana kukokera ndi kudzikonda compounding chisangalalo.
Chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chokometsedwa ndi chodzidzimutsa chokhazikika chokhazikika, monga momwe tawonetsera pachithunzichi. Imapeza mphamvu yachisangalalo kudzera mu chosinthira chowongolera cholumikizidwa ndi potulutsa jenereta, ndikupereka chisangalalo cha jenereta pambuyo pokonzanso.
Mawaya chithunzi cha self-parallel excitation static rectifier dongosolo excitation
Dongosolo lodziyimira pawokha lodzisangalatsa lokhazikika lomwe lili ndi magawo otsatirawa: chosinthira chokomera, chowongolera, chipangizo cha demagnetization, chowongolera ndi chipangizo choteteza kupitilira mphamvu. Magawo asanuwa amamaliza ntchito zotsatirazi:
(1) Chosinthira chosangalatsa: Chepetsani voteji kumapeto kwa makina kukhala voteji yofananira ndi chowongolera.
(2) Wokonzanso: Ndilo gawo lalikulu la dongosolo lonse. Magawo atatu omwe amayendetsedwa bwino ndi mlatho nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaliza ntchito yotembenuza kuchokera ku AC kupita ku DC.
(3) Chida cha demagnetization: Chipangizo cha demagnetization chimakhala ndi magawo awiri, chosinthira cha demagnetization ndi chopinga cha demagnetization. Chipangizochi chimapangitsa kuti maginito awonongeke mwachangu pakachitika ngozi.
(4) Woyang'anira malamulo: Chipangizo chowongolera chowongolera chimasintha mayendedwe osangalatsa poyang'anira mawonekedwe amtundu wa thyristor wa chipangizo chowongolera kuti akwaniritse zotsatira za kuwongolera mphamvu yogwira ntchito ndi voteji ya jenereta.
(5) Chitetezo cha overvoltage: Pamene dera la jenereta la rotor lili ndi overvoltage, dera limatsegulidwa kuti lidye mphamvu yowonjezera, kuchepetsa mtengo wa overvoltage, ndi kuteteza jenereta yozungulira mafunde ndi zida zake zogwirizanitsa.
Ubwino wodziyimira pawokha wopatsa chidwi wokhazikika ndi: mawonekedwe osavuta, zida zochepa, ndalama zochepa komanso kukonza pang'ono. Choyipa ndichakuti jenereta kapena kachitidwe kakafupika kafupika, mphamvu yakusangalatsidwa idzazimiririka kapena kutsika kwambiri, pomwe chisangalalo chikuyenera kuchulukitsidwa kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kukakamiza) panthawiyi. Komabe, poganizira kuti mayunitsi akuluakulu amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mabasi otsekedwa, ndipo ma gridi othamanga kwambiri amakhala ndi chitetezo chofulumira komanso chodalirika kwambiri, chiwerengero cha mayunitsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosangalatsayi chikuwonjezeka, ndipo iyi ndi njira yosangalatsa yomwe ikulimbikitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi ndondomeko. 4. Magetsi amagetsi a unit Pamene unit imatulutsidwa ndi kutsekedwa, gawo la mphamvu zamakina limasungidwa chifukwa cha inertia yaikulu yozungulira ya rotor. Mbali iyi ya mphamvu imatha kuyimitsidwa kwathunthu ikasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu ya kutentha kwamphamvu ya thrust bear, kalozera ndi mpweya. Popeza kutayika kwa mlengalenga kumakhala kofanana ndi lalikulu la liwiro la mzere wozungulira, liwiro la rotor limatsika mwachangu poyamba, ndiyeno limakhala lopanda ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pa liwiro lotsika. Pamene unit ikuyenda kwa nthawi yaitali pa liwiro lotsika, chitsamba chowombera chikhoza kutenthedwa chifukwa filimu yamafuta pakati pa galasi la galasi pansi pa mutu woponderezedwa ndi chitsamba chonyamula sichingakhazikitsidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, panthawi yotseka, pamene liwiro la unit likutsika kufika pamtengo wotchulidwa, unit braking system iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. The braking unit imagawidwa mu braking magetsi, mechanical braking ndi kuphatikiza mabuleki. Magetsi braking ndi yochepa-wagawo atatu gawo jenereta stator pa makina kubwereketsa pambuyo jenereta decoupled ndi demagnetized, ndi kudikira kuti unit liwiro kutsika pafupifupi 50% mpaka 60% ya liwiro oveteredwa. Kupyolera mu mndandanda wa ntchito zomveka, mphamvu ya braking imaperekedwa, ndipo chowongolera chotsitsimutsa chimasinthira kumayendedwe amagetsi opangira magetsi kuti awonjezere chisangalalo chaposachedwa pakuyenda kwa jenereta. Chifukwa jenereta imazungulira, stator imapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yachidule yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi maginito a rotor. Mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi ma elekitiroma imasiyana kwambiri ndi momwe rotor imayendera, yomwe imagwira ntchito yopumira. Pozindikira kuphulika kwa magetsi, mphamvu ya braking iyenera kuperekedwa kunja, yomwe ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi dongosolo lalikulu la dera lachisangalalo. Njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera mphamvu yamagetsi ya brake yamagetsi zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzi pansipa.
Njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera mphamvu yamagetsi ya brake yamagetsi
Mwa njira yoyamba, chipangizo chosangalatsa ndi njira yolumikizirana yodziyimira payokha. Pamene mapeto a makina ndi ofupikitsidwa, thiransifoma yosangalatsa ilibe mphamvu. Mphamvu ya braking imachokera ku transfoma yodzipatulira ya brake, ndipo chosinthira cha brake chimalumikizidwa ndi magetsi. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mapulojekiti ambiri opangira mphamvu yamadzi amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosangalatsa yodziyimira payokha, ndipo ndizopanda ndalama zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mlatho wowongolera pamayendedwe osangalatsa komanso mabuleki amagetsi. Chifukwa chake, njira iyi yopezera mphamvu yamagetsi ya brake yamagetsi ndiyofala kwambiri. Mayendedwe amagetsi a braking a njirayi ndi awa:
(1) Chowotcha chamagetsi chimatsegulidwa ndipo dongosolo limachotsedwa.
(2) Mapiritsi a rotor amakhala opanda maginito.
(3) Kusintha kwamphamvu kumbali yachiwiri ya chosinthira chosangalatsa kumatsegulidwa.
(4) Chophimba chamagetsi chamagetsi chatsekedwa chatsekedwa.
(5) Kusintha kwamagetsi kumbali yachiwiri ya thiransifoma yamagetsi kumatsekedwa.
(6) The rectifier mlatho thyristor anayambitsa kuchititsa, ndi wagawo amalowa boma ananyema magetsi.
(7) Pamene liwiro la unit liri zero, kuphulika kwa magetsi kumatulutsidwa (ngati kuphatikizika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene liwiro likufika pa 5% mpaka 10% ya liwiro lovomerezeka, makina amawotchi amagwiritsidwa ntchito). 5. Intelligent excitation system Intelligent hydropower plant imatanthawuza malo opangira magetsi a hydropower kapena gulu la hydropower station yokhala ndi chidziwitso cha digito, maukonde olankhulana, kukhazikika kophatikizana, kuyanjana kwa bizinesi, kukhathamiritsa kwa ntchito, komanso kupanga zisankho mwanzeru. Zomera zanzeru za hydropower zimagawidwa molunjika kukhala wosanjikiza, wosanjikiza wagawo, ndi gawo lowongolera, pogwiritsa ntchito 3-wosanjikiza 2-network ya process layer network (GOOSE network, SV network) ndi network control layer network (MMS network). Zomera zanzeru zopangira mphamvu yamadzi zimafunikira kuthandizidwa ndi zida zanzeru. Monga dongosolo lolamulira la seti ya jenereta ya hydro-turbine, chitukuko chaukadaulo chadongosolo lachisangalalo chimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pomanga zomera zanzeru za hydropower.
Mu zomera wanzeru hydropower, kuwonjezera pomaliza ntchito zofunika monga kuyambira ndi kuyimitsa chopangira makina jenereta akonzedwa, kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zotakasika, ndi shutdown mwadzidzidzi, dongosolo masangalalo ayeneranso kukumana ndi IEC61850 deta chitsanzo ndi ntchito kulankhulana, ndi kuthandizira kulankhulana ndi siteshoni ulamuliro wosanjikiza maukonde (MMS network) ndi ndondomeko wosanjikiza maukonde (GOOSE maukonde). Chisangalalo dongosolo chipangizo anakonza pa unit wosanjikiza wa wanzeru hydropower siteshoni dongosolo dongosolo, ndi kuphatikizika wagawo, otsiriza wanzeru, wagawo ulamuliro wothandiza ndi zipangizo zina kapena zipangizo wanzeru anakonza pa ndondomeko wosanjikiza. Mapangidwe a dongosolo akuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi pansipa.
Dongosolo lanzeru losangalatsa
Makompyuta omwe ali ndi gawo loyang'anira siteshoni yamagetsi anzeru a hydropower amakwaniritsa zofunikira za mulingo wolumikizirana wa IEC61850, ndikutumiza chizindikiro cha pulogalamu yosangalatsa ku kompyuta yomwe imayang'anira makinawo kudzera pa netiweki ya MMS. Dongosolo losangalatsa lanzeru liyenera kulumikizana ndi netiweki ya GOOSE ndi masiwichi a netiweki a SV kuti asonkhanitse deta panjira. Njira yosanjikiza imafunikira kuti kutulutsa kwa data ndi CT, PT ndi zigawo zakomweko zonse zili mu digito. CT ndi PT zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chigawo chogwirizanitsa (zosintha zamagetsi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zingwe za kuwala, ndipo ma electromagnetic transformers amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zingwe). Pambuyo pazidziwitso zapano ndi zamagetsi zimalumikizidwa, zimalumikizidwa ndi switch network ya SV kudzera pazingwe zowonera. Zigawo zakomweko zimafunikira kuti zilumikizidwe ku terminal yanzeru kudzera pa zingwe, ndipo chosinthira kapena ma analogi amasinthidwa kukhala ma digito ndikutumizidwa ku GOOSE network switch kudzera pazingwe zowunikira. Pakalipano, dongosolo lachisangalalo liri ndi ntchito yolankhulirana ndi siteshoni yolamulira wosanjikiza MMS network ndi ndondomeko wosanjikiza GOOSE/SV network. Kuphatikiza pakukwaniritsa kulumikizana kwa zidziwitso zapaintaneti za mulingo wolumikizirana wa IEC61850, njira yosangalatsira yanzeru iyeneranso kukhala ndi kuwunika kwathunthu kwapaintaneti, kuzindikira zolakwika mwanzeru komanso kuyezetsa kosavuta komanso kukonza. Kagwiridwe kake ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kachipangizo kamene kamagwira ntchito bwino kakusangalatsani kayenera kuyesedwa m'ntchito zenizeni zamtsogolo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-09-2024
