Mu gawo la mphamvu lomwe likusintha nthawi zonse, kufunafuna ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera kwakhala kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Pamene dziko lapansi likulimbana ndi mavuto awiriwa okhudzana ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu zomwe zikukula komanso kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa carbon, magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso akhala patsogolo. Pakati pa izi, mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi zimadziwika ngati njira yodalirika komanso yokhazikika, yopereka gawo lalikulu la magetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Turbine ya Francis, yomwe ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale opanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwa mphamvu zoyera kumeneku. Yopangidwa ndi James B. Francis mu 1849, mtundu uwu wa turbine wakhala umodzi mwamagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kufunika kwake m'dera lamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi sikunganyalanyazidwe, chifukwa imatha kusintha bwino mphamvu ya madzi oyenda kukhala mphamvu yamakina, yomwe kenako imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndi jenereta. Ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono opanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi akumidzi mpaka kufakitale zazikulu zamalonda, turbine ya Francis yakhala yankho lodalirika komanso lodalirika logwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya madzi.
Kugwira Ntchito Mwachangu Pakusintha Mphamvu
Turbine ya Francis imadziwika chifukwa cha luso lake lapamwamba losintha mphamvu ya madzi oyenda kukhala mphamvu yamakina, yomwe kenako imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndi jenereta. Kugwira ntchito bwino kumeneku ndi chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kapadera komanso mfundo zogwirira ntchito.
1. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kinetic ndi Mphamvu Yotheka
Ma turbine a Francis apangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mokwanira mphamvu ya kinetic ndi potential ya madzi. Madzi akalowa mu turbine, amayamba kudutsa mu spiral casing, yomwe imagawa madzi mofanana mozungulira wothamanga. Masamba othamanga amapangidwa mosamala kuti atsimikizire kuti madzi akuyenda bwino komanso moyenera. Pamene madzi akuyenda kuchokera m'mimba mwake wa wothamanga kupita pakati (mu mawonekedwe a radial - axial flow), mphamvu ya madzi yomwe imachokera ku mutu wake (kusiyana kwa kutalika pakati pa gwero la madzi ndi turbine) imasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kukhala mphamvu ya kinetic. Mphamvu ya kinetic iyi imasamutsidwira ku wothamanga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azungulire. Njira yoyendera bwino komanso mawonekedwe a masamba othamanga zimathandiza turbine kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri kuchokera m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvuyo ikhale yogwira ntchito bwino.
2. Kuyerekeza ndi Mitundu Ina ya Turbine
Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya ma turbine amadzi, monga turbine ya Pelton ndi turbine ya Kaplan, turbine ya Francis ili ndi ubwino wosiyana pankhani ya magwiridwe antchito mkati mwa mikhalidwe ina yogwirira ntchito.
Pelton Turbine: Turbine ya Pelton ndi yoyenera kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yamphamvu kwambiri. Imagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi ya ndege yamadzi yothamanga kwambiri kuti igunde zidebe pa wothamanga. Ngakhale kuti imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamikhalidwe yamphamvu kwambiri, siigwira ntchito bwino ngati turbine ya Francis pamikhalidwe yamphamvu kwambiri. Turbine ya Francis, yokhala ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi komanso mphamvu zake komanso momwe imayendera bwino magwero amadzi apakatikati, imatha kuchita bwino kwambiri pamlingo uwu. Mwachitsanzo, mu malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi gwero lamadzi lamphamvu kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, mamita 50 - 200), turbine ya Francis imatha kusintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina yokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi pafupifupi 90% kapena kupitirira apo m'mikhalidwe ina yopangidwa bwino, pomwe turbine ya Pelton yomwe imagwira ntchito pansi pamikhalidwe yofanana yamagetsi ingakhale ndi mphamvu yochepa.
Kaplan Turbine: Turbine ya Kaplan idapangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito poyendetsa magetsi otsika - mutu ndi pamwamba. Ngakhale kuti imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamagetsi otsika - mutu, pamene mutu ukukwera kufika pamlingo wapakati - mutu, turbine ya Francis imapambana pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino. Masamba othamanga a turbine ya Kaplan amatha kusinthidwa kuti agwire bwino ntchito pamagetsi otsika - mutu, pamwamba -, koma kapangidwe kake sikoyenera kusintha mphamvu bwino pamagetsi apakati - mutu monga turbine ya Francis. Mu fakitala yamagetsi yokhala ndi mutu wa mamita 30 - 50, turbine ya Kaplan ikhoza kukhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu, koma pamene mutu ukupitirira mamita 50, turbine ya Francis imayamba kuwonetsa kupambana kwake pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu - kusintha mphamvu.
Mwachidule, kapangidwe ka turbine ya Francis kamalola kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu ya madzi m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri m'mapulojekiti ambiri opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusinthasintha kwa Mikhalidwe Yosiyanasiyana ya Madzi
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa za turbine ya Francis ndi kuthekera kwake kusinthasintha kwambiri ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chogwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana pa ntchito zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Kusinthasintha kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa madzi amasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi mutu (mtunda womwe madzi amagwera) ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi m'malo osiyanasiyana.
1. Kusinthasintha kwa Mutu ndi Kuthamanga kwa Mafunde
Ma turbine a Francis amatha kugwira ntchito bwino pa mtunda wautali wa mutu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ntchito zapakati ndi mutu, nthawi zambiri ndi mitu kuyambira mamita 20 mpaka 300. Komabe, ndi kusintha koyenera kwa kapangidwe, angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazochitika zapansi ndi mutu kapena kupitirira. Mwachitsanzo, pazochitika zapansi ndi mutu, tiyerekeze kuti mamita 20 mpaka 50, turbine ya Francis ikhoza kupangidwa ndi mawonekedwe enieni a tsamba lothamanga ndi geometries ya njira yoyendera kuti ikwaniritse kutulutsa mphamvu. Ma turbine amapangidwira kuti atsimikizire kuti kuyenda kwa madzi, komwe kuli ndi liwiro lotsika chifukwa cha mutu wotsika, kumathabe kusamutsa mphamvu zake kupita kwa wothamanga. Pamene mutu ukuwonjezeka, kapangidwe kake kakhoza kusinthidwa kuti kagwire kuyenda kwa madzi kothamanga kwambiri. Pa ntchito zapamwamba ndi mutu zomwe zikuyandikira mamita 300, zigawo za turbine zimapangidwa kuti zipirire madzi othamanga kwambiri ndikusintha mphamvu zambiri zomwe zingatheke kukhala mphamvu zamakanika bwino.
Kusinthasintha kwa Kuthamanga kwa Madzi: Turbine ya Francis imathanso kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi osiyanasiyana. Imatha kugwira ntchito bwino pansi pa mikhalidwe yokhazikika - kuyenda kwa madzi ndi kusintha - kuyenda. M'malo ena opangira magetsi, kuchuluka kwa madzi kumatha kusintha nyengo chifukwa cha zinthu monga momwe mvula imakhalira kapena kusungunuka kwa chipale chofewa. Kapangidwe ka turbine ya Francis kamalola kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu zambiri ngakhale kuchuluka kwa madzi kukusintha. Mwachitsanzo, pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi kuli kwakukulu, turbine imatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa madzi poyendetsa bwino madzi kudzera m'zigawo zake. Chophimba chozungulira ndi ma vani otsogolera zimapangidwa kuti zigawire madzi mofanana mozungulira chothamanga, kuonetsetsa kuti masamba othamanga amatha kuyanjana bwino ndi madzi, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa madzi. Pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi kutsika, turbine ikhoza kugwirabe ntchito mokhazikika, ngakhale kuti mphamvu yotulutsa madzi idzachepa mwachibadwa poyerekeza ndi kuchepa kwa kuyenda kwa madzi.
2. Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito M'malo Osiyanasiyana a Malo
Madera a Mapiri: M'madera amapiri, monga Himalayas ku Asia kapena Andes ku South America, pali mapulojekiti ambiri amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Francis. Madera amenewa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi madzi okwera chifukwa cha malo otsetsereka. Mwachitsanzo, Damu la Nurek ku Tajikistan, lomwe lili m'mapiri a Pamir, lili ndi madzi okwera. Ma turbine a Francis omwe adayikidwa ku Nurek Hydropower Station adapangidwa kuti azitha kuthana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa madzi (damuli lili ndi kutalika kwa mamita opitilira 300). Ma turbinewa amasintha bwino mphamvu yayikulu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakupereka mphamvu mdziko muno. Kusintha kwa mapiri okwera kwambiri kumapereka mphamvu yofunikira kuti ma turbine a Francis agwire ntchito bwino, ndipo kusinthasintha kwawo kumadera okwera kwambiri kumawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri pamapulojekiti otere.
Zigwa za Mtsinje: M'zigwa za m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, komwe mutu wake ndi wochepa koma kuthamanga kwa madzi kungakhale kwakukulu, ma turbine a Francis amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri. Damu la Three Gorges ku China ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Lili pa Mtsinje wa Yangtze, damuli lili ndi mutu womwe uli mkati mwa mtsinje woyenera ma turbine a Francis. Ma turbine ku Three Gorges Hydropower Station amafunika kuthana ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi ambiri kuchokera ku Mtsinje wa Yangtze. Ma turbine a Francis adapangidwa kuti asinthe bwino mphamvu ya madzi akuluakulu - voliyumu, otsika - kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Kusinthasintha kwa ma turbine a Francis ku kuthamanga kwa madzi kosiyanasiyana kumawathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi a mumtsinjewo, ndikupanga magetsi ambiri kuti akwaniritse zosowa za mphamvu za gawo lalikulu la China.
Malo Okhala Zilumba: Zilumba nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, m'zilumba zina za Pacific, komwe kuli mitsinje yaying'ono mpaka yapakatikati yokhala ndi madzi osinthasintha malinga ndi nyengo yamvula ndi youma, ma turbine a Francis amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi. Ma turbine awa amatha kusintha momwe madzi amasinthira, kupereka magetsi odalirika kwa anthu am'deralo. Mu nyengo yamvula, pamene madzi amatuluka kwambiri, ma turbine amatha kugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo mu nyengo youma, amatha kugwirabe ntchito ndi madzi ocheperako, ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi azikhala okhazikika.
Kudalirika ndi Kugwira Ntchito Kwa Nthawi Yaitali
Turbine ya Francis imalemekezedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kudalirika kwake komanso mphamvu zake zogwirira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga magetsi omwe amafunika kusunga magetsi okhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.
1. Kapangidwe Kolimba ka Kapangidwe
Turbine ya Francis ili ndi kapangidwe kolimba komanso kokonzedwa bwino. Runner, yomwe ndi gawo lozungulira la turbine, nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba kwambiri monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena zitsulo zapadera. Zipangizozi zimasankhidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zabwino kwambiri zamakanika, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yayikulu yogwira, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kukana kutopa. Mwachitsanzo, m'ma turbine akuluakulu a Francis omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale akuluakulu opangira magetsi, masamba a runner amapangidwa kuti azitha kupirira kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kupsinjika kwa makina komwe kumachitika panthawi yozungulira. Kapangidwe ka runner kamakonzedwa bwino kuti katsimikizire kufalikira kwa kupsinjika kofanana, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha malo opsinjika omwe angayambitse ming'alu kapena kulephera kwa kapangidwe.
Chikwama chozungulira, chomwe chimatsogolera madzi kupita ku chothamanga, chimapangidwanso poganizira kulimba. Nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi mbale zokhuthala zachitsulo zomwe zimatha kupirira kuthamanga kwa madzi komwe kumalowa mu turbine. Kulumikizana pakati pa chikwama chozungulira ndi zinthu zina, monga ma vane okhazikika ndi ma vane otsogolera, kwapangidwa kuti kukhale kolimba komanso kodalirika, kuonetsetsa kuti kapangidwe kake konse kakhoza kugwira ntchito bwino pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yogwirira ntchito.
2. Zofunikira Zochepa Zosamalira
Chimodzi mwa zabwino zazikulu za turbine ya Francis ndichakuti sizimafunikira kukonza kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta komanso kogwira mtima, pali zigawo zochepa zosuntha poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya ma turbine, zomwe zimachepetsa mwayi woti zigawo zilephereke. Mwachitsanzo, ma guide vanes, omwe amawongolera kuyenda kwa madzi kulowa mu runner, ali ndi njira yolumikizirana yolunjika. Dongosololi ndi losavuta kulipeza kuti liwunikidwe komanso kukonzedwa. Ntchito zosamalira nthawi zonse zimaphatikizapo kudzoza ziwalo zosuntha, kuyang'ana zisindikizo kuti madzi asatuluke, komanso kuyang'anira momwe makina onse a turbine alili.
Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga turbine zimathandizanso kuti ikhale yosafunikira kwambiri pakukonza. Zipangizo zomwe sizingawonongeke zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi madzi zimachepetsa kufunika kosinthidwa pafupipafupi chifukwa cha dzimbiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma turbine amakono a Francis ali ndi makina apamwamba owunikira. Makinawa amatha kuyang'anira nthawi zonse magawo monga kugwedezeka, kutentha, ndi kupanikizika. Mwa kusanthula deta iyi, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuzindikira mavuto omwe angakhalepo pasadakhale ndikuchita kukonza koteteza, zomwe zimachepetsanso kufunika kotseka kosayembekezereka pakukonza kwakukulu.
3. Moyo Wautali wa Utumiki
Ma turbine a Francis amakhala ndi moyo wautali, nthawi zambiri amakhala kwa zaka zambiri. M'mafakitale ambiri opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ma turbine a Francis omwe adayikidwa zaka zambiri zapitazo akugwirabe ntchito ndipo amapanga magetsi moyenera. Mwachitsanzo, ena mwa ma turbine a Francis omwe adayikidwa kale ku United States ndi Europe akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 50. Ndi kukonza bwino komanso kusinthidwa nthawi zina, ma turbine awa amatha kupitiliza kugwira ntchito moyenera.
Moyo wautali wa turbine ya Francis siwothandiza kokha pamakampani opanga magetsi pankhani ya mtengo wake komanso pakukhala bwino kwa magetsi. Turbine yokhalitsa imatanthauza kuti mafakitale amagetsi amatha kupewa ndalama zambiri komanso kusokonezeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ma turbine pafupipafupi. Zimathandizanso kuti magetsi amadzi azikhala olimba kwa nthawi yayitali ngati gwero lodalirika komanso lokhazikika la mphamvu, kuonetsetsa kuti magetsi oyera amatha kupangidwa mosalekeza kwa zaka zambiri.
Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mtengo nthawi yayitali
Poganizira mtengo ndi mphamvu ya ukadaulo wopanga magetsi, turbine ya Francis yatsimikizira kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mafakitale opangira magetsi amadzi.
1. Ndalama Yoyambira ndi Ndalama Zogwirira Ntchito Kwa Nthawi Yaitali
Ndalama Zoyambira: Ngakhale kuti ndalama zoyambira mu pulojekiti ya Francis turbine yochokera ku madzi zitha kukhala zokwera, ndikofunikira kuganizira za nthawi yayitali. Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula, kukhazikitsa, ndi kukhazikitsa koyamba kwa Francis turbine, kuphatikiza wothamanga, chozungulira, ndi zina, komanso kumanga zomangamanga za fakitole yamagetsi, ndizofunika kwambiri. Komabe, ndalama zoyambira izi zimachepetsedwa ndi phindu la nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo, mu fakitole yamagetsi yapakatikati yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 50 - 100 MW, ndalama zoyambira za seti ya ma turbine a Francis ndi zida zina zokhudzana nazo zitha kukhala madola mamiliyoni ambiri. Koma poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo wina wopanga magetsi, monga kumanga fakitole yatsopano yopangira magetsi yamalasha yomwe imafuna ndalama zopitilira mu kugula malasha ndi zida zovuta zoteteza chilengedwe kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yotulutsa mpweya, kapangidwe ka mtengo wa nthawi yayitali ka pulojekiti ya Francis turbine yochokera ku turbine ndi kokhazikika kwambiri.
Mtengo Wogwirira Ntchito Kwa Nthawi Yaitali: Mtengo wogwirira ntchito wa turbine ya Francis ndi wotsika. Turbine ikangoyikidwa ndipo chomera chamagetsi chikayamba kugwira ntchito, ndalama zazikulu zomwe zimapitilira zimagwirizana ndi antchito oyang'anira ndi kukonza, komanso mtengo wosintha zinthu zina zazing'ono pakapita nthawi. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa turbine ya Francis kumatanthauza kuti imatha kupanga magetsi ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa. Izi zimachepetsa mtengo pa unit yamagetsi opangidwa. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zomera zamagetsi zotentha, monga zomera zamagetsi zotentha kapena gasi, zimakhala ndi mtengo waukulu wamafuta womwe umawonjezeka pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha zinthu monga kukwera kwa mitengo yamafuta ndi kusinthasintha kwa msika wamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, chomera chamagetsi chotentha ndi malasha chingawone mtengo wake wamafuta ukukwera ndi peresenti inayake chaka chilichonse chifukwa mitengo ya malasha imadalira mphamvu zoperekera - ndi - kufunikira, ndalama zogulira, ndi ndalama zoyendera. Mu chomera chamagetsi chothamanga ndi turbine cha Francis, mtengo wamadzi, womwe ndi "mafuta" a turbine, ndi waulere, kupatula ndalama zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi - zinthu ndi ndalama zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito - ufulu wamadzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa kuposa mtengo wamafuta a zomera zamagetsi zotentha.
2. Kuchepetsa Ndalama Zonse Zopangira Mphamvu Pogwiritsa Ntchito Moyenera Kwambiri komanso Kusamalira Kochepa
Kugwira Ntchito Mwachangu: Mphamvu yosinthira mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya turbine ya Francis imathandizira mwachindunji kuchepetsa ndalama. Turbine yogwira ntchito bwino imatha kupanga magetsi ambiri kuchokera ku madzi omwewo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati turbine ya Francis ili ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito ya 90% posintha mphamvu ya madzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina (yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi), poyerekeza ndi turbine yogwira ntchito bwino ya 80%, pa kayendedwe ka madzi ndi mutu, turbine ya Francis yogwira ntchito bwino ya 90% ipanga magetsi ochulukirapo ndi 12.5%. Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti ndalama zokhazikika zokhudzana ndi ntchito ya fakitole yamagetsi, monga mtengo wa zomangamanga, oyang'anira, ndi antchito, zimagawidwa pamagetsi ambiri. Zotsatira zake, mtengo pa unit iliyonse yamagetsi (mtengo wofanana wamagetsi, LCOE) umachepetsedwa.
Kusamalira Kochepa: Kusamalira kochepa kwa turbine ya Francis kumachitanso gawo lofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama. Popeza pali zida zochepa zosunthika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zolimba, nthawi zambiri kukonza kwakukulu ndi kusintha zigawo kumakhala kochepa. Ntchito zosamalira nthawi zonse, monga mafuta ndi kuwunika, ndizotsika mtengo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mitundu ina ya ma turbine kapena zida zopangira magetsi ingafunike kukonza pafupipafupi komanso kokwera mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, turbine ya mphepo, ngakhale kuti ndi gwero la mphamvu yongowonjezwdwanso, ili ndi zigawo monga bokosi la gearbox zomwe zimatha kusweka ndipo zingafunike kukonzanso kokwera mtengo kapena kusintha zaka zingapo zilizonse. Mu fakitale yamagetsi yamadzi ya Francis - turbine, nthawi yayitali pakati pa ntchito zazikulu zosamalira zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zonse zosamalira pa moyo wonse wa turbine ndi zochepa kwambiri. Izi, pamodzi ndi moyo wake wautali, zimachepetsanso ndalama zonse zopangira magetsi pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimapangitsa turbine ya Francis kukhala chisankho chotsika mtengo kwambiri popanga magetsi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ubwino wa Zachilengedwe
Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito turbine ya Francis kumapereka ubwino waukulu pa chilengedwe poyerekeza ndi njira zina zambiri zopangira mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kupita ku tsogolo la mphamvu zokhazikika.
1. Kuchepa kwa Utsi wa Kaboni
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'ma turbine a Francis ndi kuwononga mpweya m'chilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi kupanga mphamvu zochokera ku zinthu zakale - mafuta, monga magetsi ochokera ku malasha - oyaka ndi gasi -, mafakitale opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Francis sawotcha mafuta akale akamagwira ntchito. Makampani opangira magetsi ochokera ku malasha ndi omwe amatulutsa kwambiri carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)), ndipo fakitale yogwiritsa ntchito malasha ambiri - imatulutsa matani mamiliyoni ambiri a \(CO_2\) pachaka. Mwachitsanzo, fakitale yamagetsi yogwiritsa ntchito malasha ya 500 - MW - imatha kutulutsa matani pafupifupi 3 miliyoni a \(CO_2\) pachaka. Poyerekeza, fakitale yamagetsi yamadzi yokhala ndi mphamvu yofanana yokhala ndi ma turbine a Francis siimatulutsa mpweya woipa mwachindunji \(CO_2\) ikagwira ntchito. Chizindikiro ichi cha mafakitale opangira magetsi ochokera ku Francis - oyaka ndi turbine chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuyesetsa padziko lonse lapansi kuchepetsa mpweya woipa komanso kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwa kusintha mphamvu zochokera ku zinthu zakale - mafuta ndi mphamvu yamadzi, mayiko angathandize kwambiri kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zochepetsera mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko monga Norway, omwe amadalira kwambiri magetsi ochokera ku madzi (ndi ma turbine a Francis omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri), ali ndi mpweya wochepa wa carbon pa munthu aliyense poyerekeza ndi mayiko omwe amadalira kwambiri magwero a mphamvu zochokera ku zinthu zakale ndi mafuta.
2. Mpweya Wochepa - Utsi Woipa
Kuwonjezera pa mpweya woipa wa carbon, mafakitale opangira magetsi ochokera ku zinthu zakale ndi mafuta amatulutsanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zoipitsa mpweya, monga sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), nitrogen oxides (\(NO_x\)), ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Zinthu zoipitsa zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri ubwino wa mpweya ndi thanzi la anthu. \(SO_2\) zimatha kuyambitsa mvula ya asidi, yomwe imawononga nkhalango, nyanja, ndi nyumba. \(NO_x\) imathandizira kupanga utsi ndipo ingayambitse mavuto opuma. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono, makamaka tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono (PM2.5), timagwirizanitsidwa ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo, kuphatikizapo matenda a mtima ndi mapapo.
Koma mafakitale opangira magetsi ochokera ku Francis – turbine – satulutsa mpweya woipawu panthawi yogwira ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madera omwe ali ndi mafakitale opangira magetsi ochokera ku madzi akhoza kukhala ndi mpweya woyera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thanzi la anthu likhale labwino. M'madera omwe magetsi ochokera ku madzi alowa m'malo mwa magetsi ochokera ku zinthu zakale ndi mafuta, pakhala kusintha kwakukulu kwa mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena a China komwe mapulojekiti akuluakulu opangira magetsi ochokera ku madzi ndi ma turbine a Francis apangidwa, kuchuluka kwa \(SO_2\), \(NO_x\), ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono mumlengalenga kwatsika, zomwe zachititsa kuti matenda opuma ndi a mtima ndi ochepa pakati pa anthu am'deralo.
3. Kuchepetsa Kukhudzidwa kwa Zachilengedwe
Ngati atapangidwa bwino ndikusamalidwa bwino, malo opangira magetsi ochokera ku Francis - turbine - amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa chilengedwe chozungulira poyerekeza ndi mapulojekiti ena opanga magetsi.
Njira Yodutsa Nsomba: Malo ambiri opangira magetsi amakono okhala ndi ma turbine a Francis adapangidwa ndi malo olowera nsomba. Malo awa, monga makwerero a nsomba ndi ma elevator a nsomba, amamangidwa kuti athandize nsomba kusuntha kupita kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mtsinje. Mwachitsanzo, mu Mtsinje wa Columbia ku North America, malo opangira magetsi amadzi ayika njira zamakono zodutsa nsomba. Machitidwe awa amalola nsomba za salimoni ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zosamuka kudutsa madamu ndi ma turbine, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zifike pamalo awo oberekera. Kapangidwe ka malo opangira nsomba awa kumaganizira momwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba imakhalira komanso momwe nsomba zimasambira, kuonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa nsomba zosamuka kumakhala kokwanira.
Kusamalira Ubwino wa Madzi: Kugwira ntchito kwa ma turbine a Francis nthawi zambiri sikubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pa ubwino wa madzi. Mosiyana ndi ntchito zina zamafakitale kapena mitundu ina ya magetsi omwe angadetse magwero a madzi, mafakitale opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Francis nthawi zambiri amasunga ubwino wachilengedwe wa madzi. Madzi omwe amadutsa m'ma turbine sasinthidwa ndi mankhwala, ndipo kusintha kwa kutentha nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa. Izi ndizofunikira kuti chilengedwe cha m'madzi chikhale ndi thanzi, chifukwa zamoyo zambiri zam'madzi zimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa ubwino wa madzi ndi kutentha. M'mitsinje komwe kuli mafakitale opangira magetsi amadzi okhala ndi ma turbine a Francis, ubwino wa madzi umakhalabe woyenera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zam'madzi, kuphatikizapo nsomba, nyama zopanda mafupa, ndi zomera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-21-2025
