M'malo omwe akusintha nthawi zonse a gawo lamagetsi, kufunafuna mphamvu zamagetsi - matekinoloje opangira magetsi kwakhala kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale. Pamene dziko lapansi likulimbana ndi zovuta ziwiri zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon, magwero a mphamvu zowonjezereka afika patsogolo. Mwa izi, mphamvu ya hydropower imadziwika ngati njira yodalirika komanso yokhazikika, yomwe imapereka gawo lalikulu lamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Makina opangira magetsi a Francis, omwe ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamafakitale opangira mphamvu zamadzi, amatenga gawo lofunikira pakusintha kwamphamvu kumeneku. Wopangidwa ndi James B. Francis mu 1849, mtundu uwu wa turbine wakhala umodzi mwa makina ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kufunika kwake mu hydropower domain sikungatheke, chifukwa imatha kutembenuza bwino mphamvu yamadzi oyenda kukhala mphamvu yamakina, yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndi jenereta. Ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono akumidzi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi mpaka ku malo akuluakulu ogulitsa magetsi, makina opangira magetsi a Francis atsimikizira kuti ndi njira yodalirika komanso yodalirika yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yamadzi.
Kuchita Bwino Kwambiri pa Kusintha kwa Mphamvu
Francis turbine imadziwika chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri potembenuza mphamvu yamadzi oyenda kukhala mphamvu yamakina, yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndi jenereta. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kumeneku ndi chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake apadera komanso mfundo zogwirira ntchito.
1. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu za Kinetic ndi Zomwe Zingatheke
Ma turbines a Francis adapangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zonse za kinetic komanso mphamvu zamadzi. Madzi akalowa mu turbine, poyamba amadutsa muzitsulo zozungulira, zomwe zimagawa madzi mofanana mozungulira wothamanga. Masamba othamanga amapangidwa mosamala kuti atsimikizire kuti madzi akuyenda bwino komanso ogwirizana nawo. Pamene madzi akuyenda kuchokera kunja kwake kwa wothamanga kupita kukatikati (mu radial - axial flow pattern), mphamvu yomwe imatha madzi chifukwa cha mutu wake (kusiyana kwa msinkhu pakati pa gwero la madzi ndi turbine) imasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono kukhala mphamvu ya kinetic. Mphamvu ya kinetic imeneyi imasamutsidwa kwa wothamanga, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yozungulira. Njira yoyendetsera bwino komanso mawonekedwe a masamba othamanga amathandiza kuti turbine itulutse mphamvu zambiri m'madzi, kukwaniritsa kutembenuka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu.
2. Kuyerekeza ndi Mitundu Ina ya Turbine
Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya ma turbines amadzi, monga turbine ya Pelton ndi Kaplan turbine, turbine ya Francis ili ndi maubwino ake odziwika bwino mkati mwazinthu zina zogwirira ntchito.
Pelton Turbine: Pelton turbine ndiyoyenera kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mutu wapamwamba. Imagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic ya jet yamadzi yothamanga kwambiri kuti ikanthe zidebe pa wothamanga. Ngakhale imakhala yothandiza kwambiri pamitu yapamwamba, sizothandiza ngati turbine ya Francis pakatikati - kugwiritsa ntchito mutu. Makina opangira magetsi a Francis, omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse za kinetic komanso mphamvu komanso mawonekedwe ake oyenda bwino apakati - magwero amadzi ammutu, amatha kuchita bwino kwambiri pamtunduwu. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi gwero lamadzi am'mutu (mwachitsanzo, 50 - 200 metres), turbine ya Francis imatha kusintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina ndi mphamvu yozungulira 90% kapena kupitilira apo pamilandu yopangidwa bwino, pomwe turbine ya Pelton yomwe imagwira ntchito pansi pamitu yomweyi imatha kukhala yocheperako.
Kaplan Turbine: The Kaplan turbine lakonzedwa kuti otsika - mutu ndi mkulu - otaya ntchito. Ngakhale kuti zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri pazigawo zochepa - mutu, pamene mutu ukuwonjezeka mpaka pakati - mutu wa mutu, turbine ya Francis imapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri. Masamba othamanga a Kaplan turbine amatha kusinthika kuti azitha kuchita bwino m'mikhalidwe yotsika - yamutu, yothamanga kwambiri, koma kapangidwe kake sikoyenera kutembenuka kwamphamvu kwapakatikati - pamutu ngati turbine ya Francis. M'malo opangira magetsi omwe ali ndi mutu wa 30 - 50 mamita, makina opangira magetsi a Kaplan angakhale abwino kwambiri, koma pamene mutu umadutsa mamita 50, turbine ya Francis imayamba kusonyeza mphamvu zake - kutembenuka mtima.
Mwachidule, mapangidwe a turbine ya Francis amalola kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zamadzi pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yapakatikati, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho chokondedwa m'mapulojekiti ambiri opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusintha kwa Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana za Madzi
Chimodzi mwazinthu zochititsa chidwi za turbine ya Francis ndikutha kusinthasintha kwamadzi ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chosunthika pamapulojekiti opangira mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Kusinthasintha kumeneku ndikofunikira chifukwa madzi amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mutu (kutalika komwe madzi amagwera) komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi m'malo osiyanasiyana.
1. Mutu ndi Flow Rate Adaptability
Mutu: Ma turbines a Francis amatha kugwira ntchito bwino pamutu waukulu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magulu apakati - pamutu, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitu yoyambira pafupifupi 20 mpaka 300 metres. Komabe, ndi kusintha koyenera kwa mapangidwe, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngakhale pansi - pamutu kapena pamwamba - pamutu. Mwachitsanzo, m'mitu yotsika, tinene mozungulira 20 - 50 metres, turbine ya Francis imatha kupangidwa ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wothamanga komanso kuyenda - ma geometries kuti akwaniritse kutulutsa mphamvu. Mabala othamanga amapangidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti madzi othamanga, omwe ali ndi liwiro lochepa chifukwa cha mutu wochepa, amathabe kupititsa mphamvu zake kwa wothamanga. Pamene mutu ukuwonjezeka, mapangidwewo akhoza kusinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi othamanga kwambiri. M'mapulogalamu apamwamba akuyandikira mamita 300, zigawo za turbine zimapangidwira kuti zipirire madzi othamanga kwambiri komanso kuti zisinthe mphamvu zambiri zomwe zingatheke kukhala mphamvu zamakina bwino.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa Mtengo Woyenda: The turbine ya Francis imathanso kuthana ndi ma mayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Ikhoza kugwira ntchito bwino pansi pa nthawi zonse - kuyenda ndi kusintha - kuyenda. M'mafakitale ena opangira magetsi amadzi, kuchuluka kwa madzi kumasiyana malinga ndi nyengo chifukwa cha mvula kapena kusungunuka kwa chipale chofewa. Mapangidwe a turbine ya Francis amalola kuti ikhalebe yogwira ntchito kwambiri ngakhale kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe kakusintha. Mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kwa madzi kukakwera kwambiri, makina opangira magetsi amatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa madzi powatsogolera bwino madzi kudzera m'zigawo zake. Ma spiral casing ndi mayendedwe owongolera amapangidwa kuti azigawira madzi mozungulira mozungulira wothamanga, kuonetsetsa kuti masamba othamanga amatha kulumikizana bwino ndi madzi, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga. Kuthamanga kukachepa, turbine imatha kugwirabe ntchito mokhazikika, ngakhale mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu mwachibadwa idzachepetsedwa malinga ndi kuchepa kwa madzi.
2. Zitsanzo Zogwiritsa Ntchito M'malo Osiyanasiyana
Madera Amapiri: M'madera amapiri, monga Himalayas ku Asia kapena Andes ku South America, pali ntchito zambiri zopangira mphamvu zamadzi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Francis. Maderawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magwero amadzi apamwamba kwambiri chifukwa cha malo otsetsereka. Mwachitsanzo, Damu la Nurek ku Tajikistan, lomwe lili kumapiri a Pamir, lili ndi madzi okwera kwambiri. Ma turbines a Francis omwe adayikidwa ku Nurek Hydropower Station adapangidwa kuti azitha kuthana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwamutu (damuli liri ndi kutalika kwa 300 metres). Ma turbines amasintha bwino mphamvu yamadzi yomwe ingakhale yokwera kwambiri kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri kuti dziko lipeze mphamvu zamagetsi. Kusintha kotsetsereka kwa mapiri kumapereka mutu wofunikira kuti ma turbines a Francis azigwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, ndipo kusinthika kwawo kumayendedwe apamwamba kumawapangitsa kukhala chisankho choyenera pantchito zotere.
Zigwa za Mitsinje: M'zigwa za mitsinje, komwe mutu ndi wochepa kwambiri koma kuthamanga kwake kumakhala kokulirapo, ma turbines a Francis amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri. Damu la Three Gorges ku China ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Damuli lili pamtsinje wa Yangtze, ndipo lili ndi mutu womwe umagwera m'malo oyenera ma turbines a Francis. Ma turbines a pa Three Gorges Hydropower Station amafunika kuyendetsa madzi ambiri kuchokera kumtsinje wa Yangtze. Ma turbines a Francis adapangidwa kuti azitha kutembenuza bwino mphamvu yamadzi akulu - voliyumu, otsika - akuyenda pamutu kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Kusinthasintha kwa ma turbines a Francis kuti azitha kuyenda mosiyanasiyana kumawathandiza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi a mtsinjewo, kupanga magetsi ochuluka kuti akwaniritse zofuna za mphamvu za gawo lalikulu la China.
Malo a Zilumba: Zilumba nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera amadzi. Mwachitsanzo, m'zilumba zina za Pacific, komwe kuli mitsinje yaying'ono - mpaka - yapakatikati - yoyenda mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo yamvula ndi nyengo yowuma, ma turbines a Francis amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi. Ma turbines awa amatha kutengera kusintha kwa madzi, kupereka gwero lodalirika lamagetsi kwa anthu amderalo. M'nyengo yamvula, pamene kuthamanga kuli kwakukulu, makina opangira magetsi amatha kugwira ntchito pamagetsi apamwamba, ndipo m'nyengo yamvula, amatha kugwirabe ntchito ndi kuchepa kwa madzi, ngakhale pamlingo wochepa wa mphamvu, kuonetsetsa kuti magetsi akugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza.
Kudalirika ndi Kugwira Ntchito Kwanthawi yayitali
Makina opangira magetsi a Francis amalemekezedwa kwambiri chifukwa chodalirika komanso kuthekera kwake kwanthawi yayitali, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamagetsi opangira magetsi omwe amafunikira kuti magetsi azikhala okhazikika pakanthawi yayitali.
1. Mapangidwe Olimba Olimba
The Francis turbine imakhala ndi mawonekedwe olimba komanso opangidwa bwino. Wothamanga, womwe ndi gawo lapakati lozungulira la turbine, nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zida zamphamvu monga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kapena ma alloys apadera. Zidazi zimasankhidwa chifukwa cha makina awo abwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza mphamvu zolimba kwambiri, kukana dzimbiri, komanso kukana kutopa. Mwachitsanzo, ma turbines akuluakulu a Francis omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale akuluakulu opangira mphamvu yamadzi, masamba othamanga amapangidwa kuti athe kupirira kuthamanga kwa madzi othamanga komanso kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumachitika pakasinthasintha. Mapangidwe a othamangawo amakonzedwa kuti awonetsetse kugawa kwapang'onopang'ono, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kupsinjika komwe kungayambitse ming'alu kapena kulephera kwamapangidwe.
Chophimba chozungulira, chomwe chimatsogolera madzi kwa othamanga, chimamangidwanso ndi kukhazikika m'maganizo. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zitsulo zolimba - zokhala ndi mipanda zomwe zimatha kupirira kuthamanga kwamadzi othamanga kulowa mu turbine. Kugwirizana pakati pa spiral casing ndi zigawo zina, monga zotsalira zotsalira ndi zowongolera, zimapangidwira kuti zikhale zolimba komanso zodalirika, kuonetsetsa kuti dongosolo lonse likhoza kugwira ntchito bwino pansi pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito.
2. Zofunikira Zosamalira Zochepa
Ubwino umodzi wofunikira wa turbine ya Francis ndikufunika kwake kocheperako. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta komanso kothandiza, pali magawo ochepa osuntha poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya ma turbines, zomwe zimachepetsa kuthekera kwa kulephera kwa zigawo. Mwachitsanzo, mavane owongolera, omwe amawongolera kutuluka kwa madzi kulowa mu othamanga, amakhala ndi njira yolumikizirana yolunjika. Dongosololi ndi losavuta kupeza kuti liwunikenso ndikuwongolera. Ntchito zosamalira nthawi zonse zimaphatikizapo kuthira mafuta azinthu zosuntha, kuyang'anira zosindikizira kuti madzi asatayike, ndikuwunika momwe makina onse amagwirira ntchito.
Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga turbine zimathandizanso kuti pakhale zosowa zake zochepa. Zida zowonongeka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothamanga ndi zigawo zina zomwe zimawonekera m'madzi zimachepetsa kufunikira kosinthidwa pafupipafupi chifukwa cha dzimbiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma turbine amakono a Francis ali ndi machitidwe apamwamba owunikira. Makinawa amatha kuwunika mosalekeza magawo monga kugwedezeka, kutentha, komanso kuthamanga. Posanthula izi, ogwira ntchito amatha kuzindikira mavuto omwe angakhalepo pasadakhale ndikukonza zodzitetezera, ndikuchepetsanso kufunika kozimitsa mosayembekezereka kuti akonzenso zazikulu.
3. Moyo Wautumiki Wautali
Francis turbines amakhala ndi moyo wautali wautumiki, nthawi zambiri umatenga zaka makumi angapo. M'mafakitale ambiri opangira mphamvu yamadzi padziko lonse lapansi, makina opangira magetsi a Francis omwe adakhazikitsidwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo akugwirabe ntchito komanso kupanga magetsi moyenera. Mwachitsanzo, ena mwa ma turbines oyambirira omwe anaikidwa a Francis ku United States ndi ku Ulaya akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 50. Ndi kukonza koyenera komanso kukweza kwakanthawi, ma turbines awa amatha kupitiliza kugwira ntchito modalirika.
Moyo wautali wautumiki wa turbine ya Francis sizothandiza kokha kwa makampani opangira magetsi - kutengera mtengo - kuchita bwino komanso kukhazikika kwamagetsi. Makina opangira magetsi kwa nthawi yayitali amatanthauza kuti zopangira magetsi zimatha kupewa kukwera mtengo komanso kusokoneza komwe kumakhudzana ndi kusinthidwa pafupipafupi. Zimathandiziranso kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zizitha kukhazikika kwanthawi yayitali ngati gwero lodalirika komanso lokhazikika lamagetsi, kuwonetsetsa kuti magetsi abwino azitha kupangidwa mosalekeza kwa zaka zambiri.
Mtengo - Kuchita bwino mu Long Run
Poganizira za mtengo - mphamvu zopangira magetsi - makina opangira magetsi, makina opangira magetsi a Francis akuwoneka kuti ndi njira yabwino pakugwira ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kwa mafakitale opangira magetsi.
1. Malipiro Oyamba ndi Mtengo Wogwira Ntchito Wanthawi yayitali
Ndalama Zoyamba: Ngakhale ndalama zoyambilira mu pulojekiti ya Francis turbine - zochokera ku hydropower zitha kukhala zochulukirapo, ndikofunikira kuganizira za nthawi yayitali. Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula, kuyika, ndi kukhazikitsa koyambirira kwa turbine ya Francis, kuphatikizapo wothamanga, spiral casing, ndi zigawo zina, komanso kumanga mphamvu - zomangamanga za zomera, ndizofunikira. Komabe, ndalama zoyamba izi zimathetsedwa ndi phindu la nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo, pamalo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi apakati pa 50 - 100 MW, ndalama zoyamba zopangira makina opangira magetsi a Francis ndi zida zofananira zitha kukhala madola mamiliyoni ambiri. Koma poyerekeza ndi mphamvu zina - njira zamakono zopangira magetsi, monga kumanga malo atsopano opangira malasha - magetsi oyaka moto omwe amafunikira ndalama zosalekeza pogula malasha ndi zipangizo zotetezera zachilengedwe - zotetezera kuti zikwaniritse miyezo yotulutsa mpweya, ndondomeko ya nthawi yayitali ya Francis - turbine - based hydropower project ndi yokhazikika.
Mtengo Wogwira Ntchito Wanthawi yayitali: Mtengo wa turbine ya Francis ndiotsika. Makina opangira magetsi akayikidwa ndipo makina opangira magetsi ayamba kugwira ntchito, ndalama zomwe zikupitilira zimayenderana ndi ogwira ntchito powunikira ndi kukonza, komanso mtengo wosinthira zida zazing'ono pakapita nthawi. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kwa turbine ya Francis kumatanthauza kuti imatha kupanga magetsi ambiri ndi madzi ochepa. Izi zimachepetsa mtengo wamagetsi omwe amapangidwa. Mosiyana ndi izi, malo opangira magetsi oyaka moto, monga malasha - oyaka moto kapena gasi - amakhala ndi ndalama zambiri zamafuta zomwe zimakwera pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha zinthu monga kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta komanso kusinthasintha kwa msika wamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, malo opangira magetsi a malasha amatha kuwona kuti mtengo wake wamafuta ukukwera ndi gawo linalake chaka chilichonse chifukwa mitengo yamalasha imayenera kuperekedwa - ndi - mphamvu zofunidwa, mtengo wamigodi, ndi mtengo wamayendedwe. Mu Francis - turbine - powered hydropower plant, mtengo wa madzi, omwe ndi "mafuta" a turbine, kwenikweni ndi aulere, kupatulapo mtengo uliwonse wokhudzana ndi madzi - kasamalidwe kazinthu ndi madzi omwe angathe - malipiro a ufulu, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika kwambiri kuposa mtengo wamafuta amagetsi opangira magetsi.
2. Kuchepetsa Mphamvu Zonse - Mtengo wa m'badwo kupyolera mu Kuchita bwino - Kuchita bwino ndi Kusamalira Pang'ono
Kuchita bwino kwambiri: Mphamvu zapamwamba - zogwira mtima - kutembenuza mphamvu ya turbine ya Francis mwachindunji kumathandizira kuchepetsa mtengo. Makina opangira mphamvu amatha kupanga magetsi ochulukirapo kuchokera kumadzi omwewo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati turbine ya Francis ili ndi mphamvu ya 90% potembenuza mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina (yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi), poyerekeza ndi makina opangira magetsi ocheperapo - osagwira ntchito bwino a 80%, chifukwa cha madzi operekedwa ndi mutu, 90% - yogwira ntchito ya Francis turbine idzatulutsa magetsi owonjezera 12.5%. Kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti ndalama zokhazikika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu - ntchito yamagetsi, monga mtengo wa zomangamanga, kasamalidwe, ndi ogwira ntchito, zimafalikira pa kuchuluka kwa magetsi. Zotsatira zake, mtengo wamagetsi pagawo lililonse (mtengo wokhazikika wamagetsi, LCOE) umachepetsedwa.
Kusamalira Pang'onopang'ono: Kutsika - kukonza kwa turbine ya Francis kumathandizanso kwambiri pamtengo - kuchita bwino. Pokhala ndi magawo ochepa osuntha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zolimba, nthawi zambiri zokonzekera zazikulu ndi zosintha zigawo zimakhala zochepa. Ntchito zosamalira nthawi zonse, monga kuthira mafuta ndi kuyendera, zimakhala zotsika mtengo. Mosiyana ndi izi, mitundu ina ya ma turbines kapena zida zopangira magetsi zingafunike kukonza pafupipafupi komanso kokwera mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, makina opangira magetsi, ngakhale ndi ongowonjezedwanso - gwero lamphamvu, lili ndi zinthu monga gearbox yomwe imakonda kung'ambika komanso kung'ambika ndipo ingafunike kukonzanso kokwera mtengo kapena kusinthidwa zaka zingapo zilizonse. Mu fakitale ya Francis - turbine - based hydropower, nthawi yayitali pakati pa ntchito zazikulu zokonzetsera zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wonse wokonzanso pa nthawi ya moyo wa turbine ndiyotsika kwambiri. Izi, kuphatikizapo moyo wake wautali wautumiki, zimachepetsanso mtengo wamagetsi opangira magetsi pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Francis turbine ikhale yotsika mtengo - kusankha kothandiza kwa nthawi yayitali - kutulutsa mphamvu.
Ubwenzi Wachilengedwe
The Francis turbine - potengera mphamvu yamadzi yopangira mphamvu yamadzi imapereka zabwino zambiri zachilengedwe poyerekeza ndi njira zina zambiri zopangira mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kupita ku tsogolo lokhazikika lamphamvu.
1. Kuchepetsa Kutulutsa kwa Carbon
Chimodzi mwazabwino kwambiri zachilengedwe za ma turbines a Francis ndi mawonekedwe awo ochepa a kaboni. Mosiyana ndi mafuta opangira mafuta - mafuta opangira magetsi, monga malasha - kuyatsa ndi gasi - magetsi opangira magetsi, mafakitale opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Francis samawotcha mafuta oyaka moto panthawi yogwira ntchito. Malo opangira magetsi a malasha ndi omwe amatulutsa mpweya woipa kwambiri (\(CO_2\)), wokhala ndi chomera chachikulu - chowotchedwa ndi malasha chomwe chimatulutsa mamiliyoni a matani a \(CO_2\) pachaka. Mwachitsanzo, malo opangira magetsi oyaka 500 - MW - amatha kutulutsa pafupifupi matani 3 miliyoni a \(CO_2\) pachaka. Poyerekeza, fakitale yopangira mphamvu yamadzi yamphamvu yofananira yokhala ndi ma turbines a Francis imatulutsa pafupifupi mpweya \(CO_2\) wachindunji pakugwira ntchito. Zomera za Francis - turbine - zopangira mphamvu zamadzi zomwe zimagwira ntchito paziro zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya woipa komanso kuchepetsa kusintha kwanyengo. Posintha mphamvu zopangira mafuta opangira mafuta potengera mphamvu yamadzi, mayiko atha kuthandiza kwambiri kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo zochepetsera mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ngati Norway, omwe amadalira kwambiri mphamvu yamadzi (yomwe ma turbines a Francis akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri), ali ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri pa - capita carbon carbon kuyerekeza ndi mayiko omwe amadalira kwambiri mafuta opangira mafuta.
2. Mpweya Wochepa - Kutulutsa Kodetsa
Kuphatikiza pa kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni, zotsalira zamafuta - mafuta - zotengera mphamvu zamagetsi zimatulutsanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zowononga mpweya, monga sulfure dioxide (\(SO_2\)), nitrogen oxides (\(NO_x\)), ndi particulate matter. Zoipitsa izi zimawononga kwambiri mpweya komanso thanzi la anthu. \(SO_2\) ikhoza kuyambitsa mvula ya asidi, yomwe imawononga nkhalango, nyanja, ndi nyumba. \(NO_x\) imathandizira kupanga utsi ndipo imatha kuyambitsa zovuta za kupuma. Particulate matter, makamaka fine particulate matter (PM2.5), imakhudzana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo matenda a mtima ndi mapapo.
Francis - turbine - zochokera ku hydropower zomera, Komano, musatulutse zinthu zowononga mpweya izi pakugwira ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madera omwe ali ndi magetsi opangira magetsi amatha kusangalala ndi mpweya wabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi thanzi labwino. M'madera omwe mphamvu yamadzi yalowa m'malo mwa gawo lalikulu la magetsi opangira mafuta opangira mafuta, pakhala kusintha kowoneka bwino kwa mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena ku China kumene mapulojekiti akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira madzi ndi Francis turbines apangidwa, milingo ya \(SO_2\), \(NO_x\), ndi zinthu zomwe zili mumlengalenga zatsika, zomwe zachititsa kuti odwala matenda a kupuma ndi amtima achepe pakati pa anthu am'deralo.
3. Zochepa Zochepa pa Ecosystem
Akapangidwa bwino ndi kuyendetsedwa bwino, malo opangira magetsi a Francis - turbine - opangidwa ndi madzi amatha kukhudza pang'ono chilengedwe chozungulira poyerekeza ndi ntchito zina zachitukuko.
Kudutsa Nsomba: Zomera zambiri zamakono zopangira mphamvu yamadzi zokhala ndi ma turbine a Francis zidapangidwa ndi malo olowera nsomba. Malowa, monga makwerero a nsomba ndi ma elevator a nsomba, amamangidwa kuti athandize nsomba kupita kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mtsinje. Mwachitsanzo, mu Mtsinje wa Columbia ku North America, zomera za hydropower zaika nsomba zamakono - njira zodutsamo. Njira zimenezi zimathandiza kuti nsomba za salimoni ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zosamukasamuka zilambalale madamu ndi makina opangira magetsi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zifike kumene zimaswana. Mapangidwe a nsombazi - malo odutsamo amaganizira za khalidwe ndi kusambira kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, kuonetsetsa kuti moyo wa nsomba zomwe zimasamuka ukuwonjezeka.
Madzi - Kusamalira Bwino: Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ma turbines a Francis nthawi zambiri samayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwamadzi. Mosiyana ndi zochitika zamafakitale kapena mitundu ina yopangira magetsi yomwe imatha kuwononga magwero amadzi, zopangira magetsi opangira madzi pogwiritsa ntchito ma turbine a Francis nthawi zambiri zimasunga madzi abwino. Madzi omwe amadutsa mu makina opangira magetsi sasinthidwa ndi mankhwala, ndipo kusintha kwa kutentha kumakhala kochepa. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri kuti zamoyo za m’madzi zikhale zathanzi, chifukwa zamoyo zambiri za m’madzi zimakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa madzi ndi kutentha. M'mitsinje momwe malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi okhala ndi ma turbines a Francis amakhala, madziwo amakhalabe oyenera pazamoyo zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza nsomba, zamoyo zopanda msana, ndi zomera.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-21-2025
