Dziko lapansi mu 2023 likulepherabe ngakhale likuvutika ndi mayesero aakulu. Kuchitika kawirikawiri kwa nyengo yoipa, kufalikira kwa moto m'mapiri ndi m'nkhalango, komanso zivomerezi ndi kusefukira kwa madzi… Ndikofunikira kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo; Mkangano wa Russia ndi Ukraine sunathe, mkangano wa Palestine Israel wayambiranso, ndipo vuto la ndale lachititsa kuti msika wamagetsi usinthe kwambiri.
Pakati pa kusinthaku, kusintha kwa mphamvu ku China kwapeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zapereka chithandizo chabwino pakubwezeretsa chuma cha dziko lonse komanso chitukuko chobiriwira padziko lonse lapansi.
Dipatimenti yolemba nkhani ya China Energy Daily inakonza nkhani khumi zapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi zokhudzana ndi mphamvu za 2023, inasanthula momwe zinthu zilili, ndikuwona momwe zinthu zikuyendera.
Mgwirizano wa US ukutsogolera makampani apadziko lonse lapansi pankhani yokhudza kayendetsedwe ka nyengo
Mgwirizano wa China ndi US wabweretsa mphamvu zatsopano pakuchitapo kanthu pa kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse. Pa Novembala 15, atsogoleri a mayiko a China ndi United States adakumana kuti asinthane maganizo awo pankhani zazikulu zokhudzana ndi ubale wa mayiko awiriwa komanso mtendere ndi chitukuko cha dziko lonse; Tsiku lomwelo, mayiko awiriwa adatulutsa chikalata cha Sunshine Town cholimbikitsa mgwirizano kuti athetse vuto la kusintha kwa nyengo. Njira zingapo zothandiza zimapereka uthenga wa mgwirizano wozama pakati pa mbali ziwirizi pankhani ya kusintha kwa nyengo, komanso kuyika chidaliro chachikulu mu kayendetsedwe ka nyengo padziko lonse.
Kuyambira pa 30 Novembala mpaka 13 Disembala, Msonkhano wa 28 wa Zipani ku Msonkhano wa United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change unachitikira ku Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Zipani 198 zomwe zinagwirizana zinagwirizana kwambiri pankhani yoyamba yapadziko lonse ya Paris Agreement, ndalama zolipirira kuwonongeka kwa nyengo, komanso kusintha koyenera komanso koyenera. China ndi United States zikukulitsa mgwirizano ndikusonkhanitsa mphamvu pa nkhani za kusintha kwa nyengo, kutumiza zizindikiro zabwino padziko lonse lapansi.
Mavuto a Zandale Akupitirira, Chiyembekezo cha Msika wa Mphamvu Sichikudziwika
Mkangano wa Russia ndi Ukraine unapitirira, mkangano wa Palestina wa Israeli unayambiranso, ndipo vuto la Nyanja Yofiira linayamba kuonekera. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha chaka chino, mkhalidwe wa ndale wakula kwambiri, ndipo njira yopezera mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi komanso momwe magetsi amafunidwira yathandizira kukonzanso kwake. Momwe mungatsimikizire chitetezo cha mphamvu yakhala nkhani ya nthawi zonse.
Banki Yapadziko Lonse ikunena kuti kuyambira chaka chino, mavuto a mikangano ya ndale za dziko lapansi pamitengo ya zinthu akhala ochepa, zomwe zingasonyeze kuthekera kwa chuma cha dziko lonse lapansi kuthana ndi mavuto a mitengo ya mafuta. Komabe, mikangano ya ndale za dziko ikayamba kukwera, chiyembekezo cha mitengo ya zinthu chidzachepa msanga. Zinthu monga mikangano ya ndale za dziko, kuchepa kwa chuma, kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu ndi chiwongola dzanja zidzapitirira kukhudza kupezeka kwa mafuta ndi gasi padziko lonse lapansi komanso mitengo mpaka 2024.
Ukadaulo Wamphamvu Kwambiri Ukuwonetsa Kukweza Mgwirizano Wabwino ndi Mphamvu
Chaka chino, zokambirana za China monga dziko lalikulu lokhala ndi makhalidwe aku China zakwezedwa mokwanira, kuwonetsa kukongola kwake, ndikulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa mphamvu ndi maubwino owonjezera komanso maubwino onse pamlingo wosiyanasiyana komanso wozama. Mu Epulo, China ndi France zidasainirana mapangano atsopano ambiri ogwirizana pa mafuta ndi gasi, mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ndi "hydrogen ya dzuwa ya mphepo". Mu Meyi, Msonkhano woyamba wa China Asia unachitika, ndipo China ndi mayiko a Central Asia adapitiliza kumanga mgwirizano wosintha mphamvu wa "mafuta ndi gasi + mphamvu zatsopano". Mu Ogasiti, China ndi South Africa zidapitiliza kukulitsa mgwirizano m'magawo ofunikira ambiri monga mphamvu ndi chitukuko chobiriwira. Mu Okutobala, Msonkhano wachitatu wa "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit unachitika bwino, ndikupanga zopambana 458; Mu mwezi womwewo, Msonkhano wachisanu wa China Russia Energy Business Forum unachitika, ndikusaina mapangano pafupifupi 20.
Ndikoyenera kunena kuti chaka chino ndi chaka cha chikumbutso cha zaka 10 kuchokera pamene bungweli linayamba kumanga "Belt and Road". Monga njira yofunika kwambiri yolimbikitsira kutsegulidwa kwa China komanso njira yothandiza yolimbikitsira kumanga dera lomwe lili ndi tsogolo logawana la anthu, zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha bungweli m'zaka 10 zapitazi zakhala zikuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndipo zili ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu. Mgwirizano wa mphamvu pansi pa dongosolo la "Belt and Road" wakhala ukukulirakulira ndikupeza zotsatira zabwino m'zaka 10 zapitazi, kupindulitsa anthu a m'maiko ndi madera omwe akumanga pamodzi, komanso kuthandiza kumanga tsogolo la mphamvu zobiriwira komanso zophatikizana.
Anthu apadziko lonse lapansi akuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi kutayira kwa madzi oipitsidwa ndi nyukiliya ku Japan m'nyanja
Kuyambira pa Ogasiti 24, madzi oipitsidwa ochokera ku fakitale yamagetsi ya nyukiliya ya Fukushima Daiichi ku Japan adzatayidwa m'nyanja, ndipo akuti madzi otayidwa a nyukiliya okwana matani 31200 adzatayidwa pofika chaka cha 2023. Dongosolo la ku Japan lotayira madzi oipitsidwa ndi nyukiliya m'nyanja lakhala likupitilira kwa zaka 30 kapena kuposerapo, zomwe zimabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu komanso zoopsa zobisika.
Japan yasintha chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kuchokera ku ngozi ya nyukiliya ya Fukushima kupita ku mayiko oyandikana nawo ndi chilengedwe chozungulira, zomwe zayambitsa kuvulaza kwina padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe sizingathandize kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nyukiliya mwamtendere ndipo sizingathe kuwongolera kufalikira kwa kuipitsidwa kwa nyukiliya. Akatswiri apadziko lonse lapansi anena kuti Japan siyenera kungoganizira kwambiri nkhawa za anthu ake, komanso kuyang'anizana ndi nkhawa zazikulu za anthu apadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka mayiko oyandikana nawo. Ndi malingaliro odalirika komanso omanga, Japan iyenera kulankhulana ndi omwe akukhudzidwa ndikutenga mozama zomwe akufuna kuti adziwe kuwonongeka ndi kulipidwa.
Kufalikira mwachangu kwa mphamvu zoyera ku China, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zoyambira
Pansi pa mutu wa kubiriwira ndi mpweya wochepa, mphamvu yoyera yapitirira kukula kwambiri chaka chino. Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku International Energy Agency, mphamvu yowonjezeredwa padziko lonse lapansi ikuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka ndi ma gigawatts 107 pofika kumapeto kwa chaka chino, ndi mphamvu yonse yoyikidwa yoposa ma gigawatts 440, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu m'mbiri.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndalama zomwe dziko lonse limagwiritsa ntchito pa mphamvu zikuyembekezeka kukhala pafupifupi madola 2.8 thililiyoni aku US chaka chino, pomwe ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paukadaulo wa mphamvu zoyera zipitilira madola 1.7 thililiyoni aku US, zomwe zikuposa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta monga mafuta.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti China, yomwe yakhala ikutsogolera padziko lonse lapansi pankhani ya mphamvu ya mphepo ndi dzuwa kwa zaka zambiri, ikuchita bwino kwambiri.
Mpaka pano, ma turbine a mphepo aku China atumizidwa kumayiko ndi madera 49, ndipo kupanga ma turbine a mphepo kumachititsa kuti pakhale gawo loposa 50% la msika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa mabizinesi khumi apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, 6 ndi ochokera ku China. Makampani opanga ma photovoltaic aku China ndi otchuka kwambiri m'malumikizidwe akuluakulu monga ma silicon wafers, ma batri cell, ndi ma module, zomwe zimatenga gawo loposa 80% la msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikuwonetsa bwino kuzindikira kwa msika waukadaulo waku China.
Makampaniwa akuneneratu kuti pofika chaka cha 2030, mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi zidzasintha kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso zimayimira pafupifupi 50% ya mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi. Poyima patsogolo, China Zhengyuanyuan imapereka mphamvu zobiriwira kuti pakhale kusintha kwa mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kusintha kwa mphamvu ku Europe ndi America kukukumana ndi zopinga, zopinga zamalonda zikubweretsa nkhawa
Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zongowonjezwdwa padziko lonse lapansi zikukula mofulumira, chitukuko cha makampani opanga mphamvu zoyera m'maiko aku Europe ndi America nthawi zambiri chimalepheretsedwa, ndipo mavuto okhudzana ndi unyolo woperekera zinthu akupitilizabe kusokoneza mitima ya mayiko aku Europe ndi America.
Kukwera mtengo komanso kusokonekera kwa zida zoperekera magetsi kwapangitsa kuti opanga ma turbine amphepo aku Europe ndi America awonongeke, zomwe zachititsa kuti mphamvu yamagetsi ikule pang'onopang'ono komanso kuti opanga mapulogalamu ambiri achotsedwe m'mapulojekiti amagetsi amphepo ku United States ndi United Kingdom.
Pankhani ya mphamvu ya dzuwa, m'miyezi isanu ndi itatu yoyambirira ya chaka chino, opanga akuluakulu 15 aku Europe adapanga ma module a solar okwana gigawatt imodzi, 11% yokha ya nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha.
Nthawi yomweyo, akuluakulu a EU alankhula poyera kuti ayambe kufufuza zotsutsana ndi ndalama zothandizira zinthu zamagetsi amphepo aku China. Lamulo Lochepetsa Kukwera kwa Mitengo lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi United States limaletsanso zinthu zamagetsi akunja kulowa mumsika wa US, zomwe zimachepetsa ndalama, zomangamanga, komanso liwiro lolumikizira mapulojekiti amagetsi a dzuwa ku United States.
Kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kukwaniritsa kusintha kwa mphamvu sikungalekanitsidwe ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Mayiko aku Europe ndi America nthawi zonse amakhazikitsa zopinga zamalonda, zomwe kwenikweni "zimavulaza ena osati zofuna zawo." Pokhapokha posunga kutseguka kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi pomwe tingalimbikitse kuchepetsa mtengo wa mphepo ndi dzuwa ndikukwaniritsa zomwe aliyense angachite kuti onse apindule.
Kufunika kwa mchere kukukwera, chitetezo cha zinthu zopezeka chikukhudzidwa kwambiri
Kukula kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'migodi kukuchulukirachulukira kuposa kale lonse. Kukula kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamagetsi oyera kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi lithiamu, nickel, cobalt, ndi mkuwa. Kukula kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'migodi yofunika kwambiri kwakula mofulumira, ndipo mayiko afulumizitsa kwambiri kukula kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'migodi.
Potengera zipangizo zopangira mabatire a lithiamu mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2022, kufunikira kwa lithiamu padziko lonse lapansi kunawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi katatu, kufunikira kwa cobalt kunawonjezeka ndi 70%, ndipo kufunikira kwa nickel kunawonjezeka ndi 40%. Kufunika kwakukulu kwa madzi otsika kwalimbikitsa chidwi chofufuza zinthu zakumtunda, zomwe zapangitsa kuti nyanja zamchere, migodi, pansi pa nyanja, komanso ngakhale mabowo a mapiri zikhale chuma chambiri.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mayiko ambiri opanga mchere padziko lonse lapansi asankha kulimbitsa mfundo zawo zachitukuko. Chile yatulutsa "Ndondomeko Yadziko Lonse ya Lithium" ndipo idzakhazikitsa kampani yamigodi ya boma; lingaliro la Mexico lokhazikitsa chuma cha migodi ya lithiamu m'dziko lonse; Indonesia ikulimbitsa ulamuliro wa boma pa chuma cha nickel ore. Chile, Argentina, ndi Bolivia, zomwe zili ndi zoposa theka la chuma chonse cha lithiamu padziko lonse lapansi, zikuchita nawo kwambiri m'misika, ndipo "Mgodi wa OPEC Lithium" watsala pang'ono kutuluka.
Zinthu zofunika kwambiri za mchere zakhala "mafuta atsopano" pamsika wamagetsi, ndipo chitetezo cha kupezeka kwa mchere chakhalanso chinsinsi cha chitukuko chokhazikika cha mphamvu zoyera. Kulimbitsa chitetezo cha kupezeka kwa mchere ndikofunikira.
Zina zimasiyidwa, zina zimakwezedwa pantchito, ndipo mkangano wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya ukupitirirabe
Mu Epulo chaka chino, Germany idalengeza kuti yatseka malo ake atatu omaliza opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya, kulowa mwalamulo mu "nthawi yopanda mphamvu za nyukiliya" ndipo yakhala chochitika chofunikira kwambiri mumakampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe Germany yasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi nkhawa yokhudza chitetezo cha nyukiliya, chomwe chilinso vuto lalikulu lomwe makampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi akukumana nalo pakadali pano. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, malo opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya a Monticello, omwe akhala akugwira ntchito ku United States kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu, nawonso adatsekedwa chifukwa cha mavuto achitetezo.
Mtengo wokwera wa mapulojekiti atsopano omanga ndi "cholepheretsa" panjira yopangira mphamvu za nyukiliya. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mapulojekiti a Unit 3 ndi Unit 4 a Vogt öhler Nuclear Power Plant ku United States ndi chitsanzo cha nthawi zonse.
Ngakhale pali mavuto ambiri, mphamvu zopangira mphamvu za nyukiliya zomwe sizimawononga mpweya wabwino komanso sizimawononga mpweya wabwino, zimapangitsa kuti zigwire ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Mkati mwa chaka chino, Japan, yomwe yakumana ndi ngozi zazikulu za mphamvu za nyukiliya, yalengeza kuti yayambanso ntchito zomanga magetsi a nyukiliya kuti ikhazikitse mphamvu zamagetsi; France, yomwe imadalira kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya, yalengeza kuti ipereka ndalama zoposa ma euro 100 miliyoni zothandizira makampani ake amagetsi a nyukiliya m'dziko muno pazaka 10 zikubwerazi; Finland, India, komanso United States onse anena kuti apititsa patsogolo kwambiri makampani opanga magetsi a nyukiliya.
Mphamvu ya nyukiliya yoyera komanso yopanda mpweya woipa nthawi zonse imaonedwa ngati chida chofunikira pothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, ndipo momwe mungapangire mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi yapamwamba kwambiri yakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwa mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi ya zinthu zakale zogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta ndi gasi mobwerezabwereza sinathe
ExxonMobil, kampani yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta ku United States, Chevron, kampani yachiwiri yayikulu yamafuta, ndi Western Oil Company zonse zachita mgwirizano waukulu ndi kugula chaka chino, zomwe zapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano waukulu ndi kugula mumakampani amafuta ndi gasi ku North America kufika pa $124.5 biliyoni. Makampaniwa akuyembekeza kuti pakhale mgwirizano watsopano ndi kugula mumakampani amafuta ndi gasi.
Mu Okutobala, ExxonMobil idalengeza kugula kampani yopanga mafuta a shale Vanguard Natural Resources yomwe ili ndi mwini wake pamtengo wa pafupifupi $60 biliyoni, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale yayikulu kwambiri kuyambira mu 1999. Chevron idalengeza mwezi womwewo kuti idzayika $53 biliyoni kuti igule kampani yopanga mafuta ndi gasi yaku America ya Hess, yomwe ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri yogula mafuta ndi gasi m'mbiri. Mu Disembala, makampani opanga mafuta aku Western adalengeza kugula kampani ya mafuta ndi gasi yaku US pamtengo wa $12 biliyoni.
Opanga mafuta ndi gasi akuluakulu akukulitsa bizinesi yawo nthawi zonse, zomwe zikuyambitsa mgwirizano watsopano. Makampani ambiri opanga mphamvu adzakulitsa mpikisano wawo pa chuma chabwino kwambiri cha mafuta ndi gasi kuti atsimikizire kuti mafuta ndi gasi akupezeka bwino kwa zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi. Ngakhale kuti pakhala kukambirana kopitilira ngati kufunika kwa mafuta kwakukulu kwafika, zitha kukhala zotsimikizika kuti nthawi ya zinthu zakale sinathe.
Kusintha kwa mbiri yakale kwa kufunika kwa malasha kufika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri kungabwere
Mu 2023, kufunika kwa malasha padziko lonse lapansi kunafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri m'mbiri, ndipo kuchuluka konse kunapitirira matani 8.5 biliyoni.
Ponseponse, kutsindika kwakukulu pa mphamvu zoyera komwe mayiko omwe ali pa mfundo zandale aika kwachepetsa kukula kwa kufunikira kwa malasha padziko lonse lapansi, koma malasha akadali "mwala wokhazikika" wa machitidwe amagetsi a mayiko ambiri.
Malinga ndi momwe msika ulili, msika wa malasha wapita kutali ndi nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu kwa zinthu zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha mliri, mikangano pakati pa Russia ndi Ukraine ndi zina, ndipo mitengo ya malasha padziko lonse yatsika. Malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, malasha aku Russia akuyembekezeka kulowa pamsika pamtengo wotsika chifukwa cha zilango zomwe mayiko aku Europe ndi America adapereka; Kuchuluka kwa malasha ochokera kunja monga Indonesia, Mozambique, ndi South Africa kwawonjezeka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa malasha ochokera kunja ku Indonesia kwafika matani 500 miliyoni, zomwe zakhazikitsa mbiri yatsopano.
Malinga ndi International Energy Agency, kufunika kwa malasha padziko lonse lapansi mwina kwafika pachimake chifukwa cha momwe njira zochepetsera mpweya ndi mfundo zochepetsera mpweya m'maiko osiyanasiyana zimakhudzira. Popeza mphamvu yokhazikika ya mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ikupitirira kukula kwa kufunikira kwa magetsi, kufunikira kwa magetsi a malasha kungasonyeze kutsika, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito malasha ngati mafuta achilengedwe kukuyembekezeka kuchepa "kapangidwe".
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-02-2024
