Nkhani 10 Zapamwamba Zamphamvu Zapadziko Lonse za 2023

Dziko mu 2023 likupunthwabe poyang'anizana ndi mayesero aakulu. Kuchitika pafupipafupi kwa nyengo yoipa, kufalikira kwa moto wolusa m’mapiri ndi m’nkhalango, ndi zivomezi zadzaoneni ndi kusefukira kwa madzi…Ndikofunikira kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo; Mkangano wa Russia ndi Ukraine sunathe, mkangano wa Palestine Israel wayambanso, ndipo vuto la geopolitical layambitsa kusinthasintha kwa msika wamagetsi.
Pakati pa zosintha, kusintha kwa mphamvu ku China kwapeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimathandizira pakukula kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi komanso chitukuko chobiriwira padziko lonse lapansi.
Dipatimenti ya akonzi ya China Energy Daily idasankha nkhani khumi zapamwamba zamphamvu zapadziko lonse za 2023, idasanthula momwe zinthu ziliri, ndikuwona momwe zinthu zilili.
Mgwirizano waku China waku US ukutsogolera mwachangu anzawo padziko lonse lapansi pakuwongolera nyengo
Mgwirizano wa China waku US ukuyambitsa chipwirikiti chatsopano pazochitika zanyengo padziko lonse lapansi. Pa Novembara 15, atsogoleri a mayiko a China ndi United States adakumana kuti akambirane moona mtima pankhani zazikulu zokhudzana ndi ubale ndi mtendere padziko lonse lapansi; Patsiku lomwelo, mayiko awiriwa adapereka chikalata cha Sunlight Town pakulimbikitsa mgwirizano kuti athetse vuto la nyengo. Njira zingapo zothandiza zimapereka uthenga wa mgwirizano wozama pakati pa mbali ziwirizi pa nkhani za kusintha kwa nyengo, komanso zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi chidaliro pa kayendetsedwe ka nyengo padziko lonse.
Kuyambira pa Novembara 30 mpaka Disembala 13th, Msonkhano wa 28 wa Zipani za United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change unachitikira ku Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Maphwando 198 omwe adachita makontrakitala adakwaniritsa mgwirizano wofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza koyamba kwapadziko lonse kwa Pangano la Paris, kutayika kwanyengo ndi ndalama zowonongeka, komanso kusintha koyenera ndi kofanana. China ndi United States zikukulitsa mgwirizano ndikusonkhanitsa mphamvu pankhani zakusintha kwanyengo, ndikutumiza zizindikiro zabwino padziko lonse lapansi.
Mavuto a Geopolitical Akupitilira, Mawonekedwe a Msika Wamagetsi Osamveka
Mkangano wa Russia ndi Ukraine unapitirira, nkhondo ya Palestine ya Israeli inayambiranso, ndipo vuto la Nyanja Yofiira linayamba. Kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa chaka chino, mkhalidwe wa geopolitical wakula, ndipo njira yapadziko lonse yopezera mphamvu ndi kufunikira kwathandizira kukonzanso kwake. Momwe mungatsimikizire chitetezo champhamvu chakhala funso la nthawi.
Banki Yadziko Lonse ikunena kuti kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa chaka chino, zotsatira za mikangano pakati pa mayiko pamitengo yazinthu zakhala zochepa, zomwe zitha kuwonetsa kuthekera kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi kuthana ndi kugwedezeka kwamitengo yamafuta. Komabe, mikangano yapakati pa mayiko ikakula, malingaliro amitengo yazinthu adzadetsedwa mwachangu. Zinthu monga mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi, kutsika kwachuma, kukwera kwamitengo ndi ziwongola dzanja zipitilira kukhudza kupezeka kwamafuta ndi gasi padziko lonse lapansi ndi mitengo mpaka 2024.
Great Power Diplomacy Ikuwonetsa Chithumwa ndi Kugwirizana kwa Mphamvu
Chaka chino, zokambirana zaku China monga dziko lalikulu lokhala ndi mawonekedwe achi China zalimbikitsidwa kwambiri, zikuwonetsa kukongola kwake, komanso kulimbikitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa mphamvu ndi maubwino owonjezera ndi phindu logwirizana pamiyeso ingapo komanso mwakuya. M'mwezi wa Epulo, China ndi France zidasaina mapangano atsopano ogwirizana pamafuta ndi gasi, mphamvu ya nyukiliya, ndi "wind solar hydrogen". M'mwezi wa May, msonkhano woyamba wa China ku Asia unachitika, ndipo mayiko a China ndi Central Asia anapitiriza kumanga "mafuta ndi gasi + mphamvu zatsopano" zosintha mphamvu. M'mwezi wa Ogasiti, China ndi South Africa zidapitilira kukulitsa mgwirizano m'magawo angapo ofunikira monga mphamvu zamagetsi ndi chitukuko chobiriwira. Mu October, msonkhano wachitatu wa "Belt and Road" International Cooperation Summit Forum unachitikira bwino, kupanga zopambana za 458; M'mwezi womwewo, 5th China Russia Energy Business Forum idachitika, kusaina mapangano pafupifupi 20.
Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti chaka chino ndi chaka cha 10 cha ntchito yomanga pamodzi "Belt ndi Road". Monga njira yofunikira yolimbikitsira kutsegulira kwa China komanso njira yothandiza yolimbikitsira ntchito yomanga gulu lomwe lili ndi tsogolo logawana la anthu, zomwe akwaniritsa pomanga pamodzi "Lamba ndi Njira" pazaka 10 zapitazi zayamikiridwa kwambiri ndipo zakhudza kwambiri. Mgwirizano wa mphamvu pansi pa ndondomeko ya "Belt and Road" wakhala ukukula ndikupeza zotsatira zabwino pazaka zapitazi za 10, kupindulitsa anthu a mayiko ndi zigawo zomwe zimamanga pamodzi, ndikuthandizira kumanga tsogolo lamphamvu lobiriwira komanso lophatikizana.
Kutuluka kwa madzi owonongeka a nyukiliya ku Japan m'nyanja akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mayiko
Kuyambira pa August 24th, madzi oipitsidwa kuchokera ku Fukushima Daiichi nyukiliya ku Japan adzatulutsidwa m'nyanja, ndi kutayidwa kwa pafupifupi matani a 31200 a nyukiliya ya nyukiliya ndi 2023. Ndondomeko ya ku Japan yotulutsa madzi owonongeka a nyukiliya m'nyanja yakhala ikupitirira kwa zaka 30 kapena kuposerapo, ndikuyika zoopsa zobisika.
Japan yasintha chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kuchokera ku ngozi ya nyukiliya ya Fukushima kupita kumayiko oyandikana nawo ndi malo ozungulira, zomwe zikuyambitsa vuto lachiwiri kudziko lapansi, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwamtendere mphamvu za nyukiliya ndipo sizingathetse kufalikira kwa nyukiliya. Anzeru apadziko lonse lapansi anena kuti Japan sayenera kungoyang'ana mozama za anthu ake, komanso kuyang'anizana ndi nkhawa zamagulu amitundu yonse, makamaka mayiko oyandikana nawo. Ndi malingaliro odalirika komanso olimbikitsa, dziko la Japan liyenera kulumikizana ndi omwe akukhudzidwa ndikuwona mozama zomwe akufuna kuti azindikire zowonongeka ndi kubweza.
Kukula kofulumira kwa mphamvu zoyera ku China, kutengera mphamvu yake yochita upainiya
Pansi pamutu wa zobiriwira komanso zotsika kaboni, mphamvu zoyera zapitilira kukula kwambiri chaka chino. Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la International Energy Agency linanena, mphamvu zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi zamphamvu zongowonjezedwanso zikuyembekezeka kukwera ndi magigawati 107 kumapeto kwa chaka chino, ndi mphamvu yoyikidwa yopitilira 440 gigawatts, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu m'mbiri.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zikuyembekezeka kukhala pafupifupi madola 2.8 thililiyoni a US chaka chino, ndi ndalama zaukadaulo wamagetsi zopitilira 1.7 thililiyoni za US, kupitilira ndalama zopangira mafuta oyaka mafuta monga mafuta.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti China, yomwe nthawi zonse yakhala pamalo oyamba padziko lapansi molingana ndi mphamvu yoyika mphepo ndi dzuwa kwa zaka zambiri, ikuchita upainiya komanso kutsogolera.
Mpaka pano, makina opangira mphepo aku China atumizidwa kumayiko ndi zigawo 49, ndipo kupanga makina opangira magetsi akupitilira 50% ya msika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwa mabizinesi khumi apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, 6 akuchokera ku China. Makampani opanga ma photovoltaic aku China ndiwodziwika kwambiri pamalumikizidwe akulu monga zowotcha za silicon, ma cell a batri, ndi ma module, omwe amatenga 80% ya msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, kuwonetsa bwino kuzindikira kwa msika kwaukadaulo waku China.
Makampaniwa amalosera kuti pofika chaka cha 2030, mphamvu zapadziko lonse lapansi zidzasintha kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zowonjezera zidzawerengera pafupifupi 50% yamagetsi apadziko lonse lapansi. Kuyimirira patsogolo, China Zhengyuanyuan mosalekeza imapereka mphamvu zobiriwira kuti zisinthe mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusintha kwamphamvu ku Europe ndi America kumakumana ndi zopinga, zopinga zamalonda zimadzetsa nkhawa
Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zowonjezeredwa padziko lonse lapansi zikukula mofulumira, chitukuko cha mafakitale a mphamvu zoyera m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi America nthawi zambiri chimalephereka, ndipo nkhani za chain chain zikupitirizabe kusokoneza mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi America.
Kusokonekera kwamitengo yokwera komanso kusokonezeka kwa makina operekera zida kwadzetsa kutayika kwa opanga makina opangira magetsi aku Europe ndi ku America, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti kukula kwapang'onopang'ono ndikuchulukitse mapulojekiti amagetsi akunyanja ku United States ndi United Kingdom.
M'munda wa mphamvu ya dzuwa, m'miyezi isanu ndi itatu yoyambirira ya chaka chino, opanga 15 akuluakulu a ku Ulaya adapanga gigawatt ya 1 ya ma modules a dzuwa, 11% yokha ya nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha.
Nthawi yomweyo, akuluakulu a EU alankhula poyera kuti akhazikitse kafukufuku wotsutsana ndi ndalama zothandizira magetsi aku China. Lamulo la Kuchepetsa Kukwera kwa Ndalama lokhazikitsidwa ndi United States limaletsanso zinthu zakunja zopangira magetsi kuti zilowe mumsika wa US, kuchedwetsa kusungitsa ndalama, kumanga, ndi kulumikizidwa kwa grid yamapulojekiti amagetsi adzuwa ku United States.
Kulimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kukwaniritsa kusintha kwa mphamvu sikungathe kulekanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America akupitirizabe kukhazikitsa zopinga zamalonda, zomwe kwenikweni “zimavulaza ena m’malo mongofuna kudzikonda.” Pokhapokha posunga kutseguka kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi tingathe kulimbikitsa pamodzi kuchepetsa mtengo wa mphepo ndi dzuwa ndikupeza phindu lopambana kwa maphwando onse.
Kufunika kofunikira kwa mineral kumawonjezeka, chitetezo chamagetsi chimakhudzidwa kwambiri
Kukula kwa mchere wofunikira m'mwamba kwatentha kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Kukula kwamphamvu pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamagetsi oyera kwadzetsa kufunikira kwa mchere wofunikira womwe umayimiridwa ndi lithiamu, faifi tambala, cobalt, ndi mkuwa. Kukula kwachuma kwa migodi yofunika kwambiri kwakula kwambiri, ndipo mayiko afulumizitsa kwambiri kukula kwa migodi ya mdziko.
Kutengera mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku 2017 mpaka 2022, kufunikira kwa lithiamu padziko lonse lapansi kudakwera pafupifupi katatu, kufunikira kwa cobalt kumawonjezeka ndi 70%, ndipo kufunikira kwa faifi takwera ndi 40%. Kuchuluka kwa madzi otsika m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo kwachititsa kuti anthu azikonda kufufuza zinthu m'madera a m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo, moti nyanja zamchere, migodi, pansi pa nyanja, ngakhalenso ziboliboli za mapiri a mapiri kukhala chuma chamtengo wapatali.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mayiko ambiri opangira mchere padziko lonse lapansi asankha kukhwimitsa mfundo zawo zachitukuko. Chile itulutsa "National Lithium Strategy" ndipo idzakhazikitsa kampani yamigodi ya boma; Mexiko maganizo nationalize lifiyamu migodi chuma; Dziko la Indonesia likulimbitsa ulamuliro wake wa boma pa chuma cha nickel ore. Chile, Argentina, ndi Bolivia, omwe ndi oposa theka la chuma chonse cha lifiyamu padziko lonse lapansi, akuyambanso kusinthanitsa, ndipo "OPEC Lithium Mine" yatsala pang'ono kuonekera.
Zida zazikulu zamchere zakhala "mafuta atsopano" pamsika wamagetsi, ndipo chitetezo chamchere chakhalanso chinsinsi cha chitukuko chokhazikika cha mphamvu zoyera. Kulimbitsa chitetezo cha mchere wofunikira ndikofunikira.
Ena amasiyidwa, ena amalimbikitsidwa, ndipo mkangano wokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya ukupitirirabe
Mu Epulo chaka chino, Germany idalengeza kutsekedwa kwa malo ake atatu omaliza opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya, kulowa mwalamulo “nthawi yaulere ya zida za nyukiliya” ndikukhala chochitika chofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga mphamvu zanyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe dziko la Germany lasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi nkhawa yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha nyukiliya, chomwe ndi vuto lalikulu lomwe makampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya akukumana nawo pakali pano. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, fakitale yamagetsi ya nyukiliya ya Monticello, yomwe idakhala ikugwira ntchito ku United States kwazaka zopitilira theka, idatsekedwanso chifukwa chachitetezo.
Kukwera mtengo kwa ntchito zomanga zatsopano ndi "chotchinga" panjira yopangira mphamvu za nyukiliya. Kukwera mtengo kwa ntchito za Unit 3 ndi Unit 4 ku Vogt ö hler Nuclear Power Plant ku United States ndizochitika zenizeni.
Ngakhale pali zovuta zambiri, mawonekedwe oyera komanso otsika kwambiri amagetsi a nyukiliya amapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Mkati mwa chaka chino, dziko la Japan, lomwe lakumana ndi ngozi zoopsa za mphamvu za nyukiliya, linalengeza za kuyambiranso kwa mafakitale a nyukiliya kuti akhazikitse magetsi; Dziko la France, lomwe limadalira kwambiri mphamvu ya nyukiliya, linalengeza kuti lipereka ndalama zokwana mayuro oposa 100 miliyoni pazaka 10 zikubwerazi; Finland, India, ndipo ngakhale United States onse anena kuti adzatukula mwamphamvu bizinesi ya nyukiliya.
Mphamvu za nyukiliya zoyera ndi zochepa za carbon nthawi zonse zimaonedwa ngati chida chofunika kwambiri chothandizira kusintha kwa nyengo, komanso momwe mungapangire mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi khalidwe lapamwamba lakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwamphamvu kwa dziko.
Nyengo ya zinthu zakale zokhala ndi zinthu zakale zophatikizana mobwerezabwereza komanso kupeza mafuta ndi gasi sinathe
ExxonMobil, kampani yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta ku United States, Chevron, kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta, ndi Western Oil Company zonse zidaphatikizana ndi kugula chaka chino, zomwe zidabweretsa kuchuluka kwa kuphatikiza kwakukulu ndikugula pamsika wamafuta ndi gasi ku North America ku $ 124.5 biliyoni. Makampaniwa akuyembekeza kuphatikizika kwatsopano komanso kupezeka kwamafuta ndi gasi.
Mu Okutobala, ExxonMobil idalengeza za kupeza kwawo kwa wopanga shale Vanguard Natural Resources pafupifupi $ 60 biliyoni, zomwe zikuwonetsa kugula kwake kwakukulu kuyambira 1999. Chevron idalengeza mwezi womwewo kuti idzagulitsa $ 53 biliyoni kuti ipeze wopanga mafuta ndi gasi waku America Hess, yomwe ilinso yogula kwambiri m'mbiri. Mu Disembala, makampani amafuta aku Western adalengeza kuti apeza kampani yamafuta ndi gasi yaku US kwa $ 12 biliyoni.
Opanga mafuta ndi gasi akuluakulu nthawi zonse akukulitsa bizinesi yawo yakumtunda, zomwe zikuyambitsa mgwirizano watsopano. Makampani opanga magetsi ochulukirachulukira adzakulitsa mpikisano wawo wopeza zinthu zabwino kwambiri zamafuta ndi gasi kuti awonetsetse kuti pazaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi. Ngakhale kuti pakhala pali zokambirana zopitirirabe ngati kufunikira kwa mafuta kwafika pachimake, tingakhale otsimikiza kuti nthawi ya zokwiriridwa pansi pano sinathebe.
Kusintha kwa mbiri ya kufunikira kwa malasha kufika pachimake chatsopano kungabwere
Mu 2023, kufunikira kwa malasha padziko lonse lapansi kudafika pachimake chatsopano, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kupitilira matani 8.5 biliyoni.
Ponseponse, kutsindika kwa mphamvu zoyera ndi maiko pa ndondomeko ya ndondomeko kwachepetsa kukula kwa kufunikira kwa malasha padziko lonse, koma malasha amakhalabe "mwala wa ballast" wa machitidwe amphamvu a mayiko ambiri.
Malinga ndi momwe msika ukuyendera, msika wa malasha wachoka panthawi yakusintha kwamphamvu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mliri, mikangano ya Russia-Ukraine ndi zinthu zina, ndipo kuchuluka kwamitengo yamalasha padziko lonse lapansi kwatsika. Kuchokera kumbali yoperekera, malasha aku Russia amatha kulowa mumsika pamtengo wotsika chifukwa cha zilango zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi mayiko aku Europe ndi America; Kuchuluka kwa mayiko omwe amapanga malasha monga Indonesia, Mozambique, ndi South Africa kwawonjezeka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa malasha ku Indonesia komwe akutumiza ku Indonesia kukuyandikira matani 500 miliyoni, zomwe zikuwonetsa mbiri yatsopano.
Malinga ndi bungwe la International Energy Agency, kufunika kwa malasha padziko lonse lapansi kwafika pachimake chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwa njira zochepetsera mpweya wa kaboni m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Pamene mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa ya mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ikupitilira kukula kwa kufunikira kwa magetsi, kufunikira kwa magetsi a malasha kumatha kuwonetsa kutsika, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malasha ngati mafuta oyambira kukuyembekezeka kutsika "mwadongosolo".