Kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, monga gwero la mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, zopanda kuipitsa komanso zoyera, kwakhala kukukondedwa ndi anthu kwa nthawi yayitali. Masiku ano, malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu ndi apakatikati amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso ukadaulo wamakono wa mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, malo opangira magetsi a Three Gorges ku China ndi malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu ndi apakatikati ali ndi zotsatirapo zoipa zambiri pa chilengedwe, monga madamu oletsa kuyenda bwino kwa mitsinje yachilengedwe, kuletsa kutuluka kwa dothi, komanso kusintha chilengedwe; Kumanga malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kumafunanso kuti nthaka ilowe madzi ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azitha kulowa m'dzikolo.
Monga gwero latsopano la mphamvu, mphamvu yamagetsi yaing'ono yochokera ku madzi imakhudza pang'ono chilengedwe, motero anthu akuiona kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri. Malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi, monga malo akuluakulu ndi apakatikati opangira magetsi, onse ndi malo opangira magetsi ochokera ku madzi. Malo omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "mphamvu yamagetsi yaing'ono" amatanthauza malo opangira magetsi ochokera ku madzi kapena malo opangira magetsi ochokera ku madzi ndi makina opangira magetsi okhala ndi mphamvu yochepa yoyikidwa, ndipo mphamvu zawo zoyikidwa zimasiyana malinga ndi momwe dziko lilili.
Ku China, "magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi" amatanthauza malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi othandizira ma gridi amagetsi am'deralo okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 25MW kapena kuchepera, omwe amathandizidwa ndi mabungwe am'deralo, ogwirizana, kapena anthu pawokha. Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yopangidwa ndi madzi ndi ya mphamvu yosakhala ya kaboni, yomwe ilibe vuto la kuchepa kwa zinthu ndipo siyimayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe. Ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko chokhazikika ku China.
Kupanga mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso monga mphamvu yamagetsi yaing'ono yochokera kumadzi malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'deralo komanso kusintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala magetsi abwino kwambiri kwakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakutsimikizira chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu m'dziko, kukonza moyo wabwino wa anthu, kuthetsa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'madera opanda magetsi ndi kusowa kwa magetsi, kulimbikitsa kayendetsedwe ka mitsinje, kukonza zachilengedwe, kuteteza chilengedwe, komanso chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi zachuma m'deralo.
China ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi, ndi mphamvu yosungira yoyerekeza ya 150 miliyoni kW ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yoposa 70000 MW yopangidwira chitukuko. Ndi chisankho chosapeŵeka kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi kuti akonze mphamvu poteteza chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wochepa, kusunga mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa utsi, komanso chitukuko chokhazikika. Malinga ndi dongosolo la Unduna wa Zamadzi, pofika chaka cha 2020, China idzamanga madera 10 ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yoposa 5 miliyoni kW, maziko akuluakulu 100 ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yoposa 200000 kW, ndi madera ang'onoang'ono 300 opangidwa ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yoposa 100000 kW. Pofika chaka cha 2023, monga momwe Unduna wa Zamadzi unakonzera, kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi sikudzangokwaniritsa cholinga cha 2020, komanso kudzakhala ndi chitukuko chachikulu pamaziko awa.
Siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ndi njira yopangira magetsi yomwe imasintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala magetsi kudzera mu turbine yamadzi, ndipo seti ya jenereta yamadzi ndiye chida chachikulu chosinthira mphamvu m'makina ang'onoang'ono amagetsi amadzi. Njira yosinthira mphamvu ya seti ya jenereta yamadzi imagawidwa m'magawo awiri.
Gawo loyamba limasintha mphamvu ya madzi kukhala mphamvu ya makina ya turbine yamadzi. Kuyenda kwa madzi kumakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana pamapiri ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Pamene kuyenda kwa madzi kuchokera pamalo apamwamba kukakhudza turbine pamalo otsika, mphamvu yomwe imabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa madzi imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu ya makina ya turbine.
Mu gawo lachiwiri, mphamvu ya makina ya turbine yamadzi imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi, yomwe imatumizidwa ku zida zamagetsi kudzera mu mizere yotumizira ya gridi yamagetsi. Pambuyo poti madzi ayenda, turbine yamadzi imayendetsa jenereta yolumikizidwa ndi coaxial kuti izungulire. Rotor yozungulira ya jenereta imayendetsa mphamvu ya maginito yoyambitsa kuti izungulire, ndipo kuzungulira kwa stator kwa jenereta kumadula mizere ya mphamvu ya maginito yoyambitsa kuti ipange mphamvu yamagetsi. Kumbali imodzi, imatulutsa mphamvu yamagetsi, ndipo kumbali ina, imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi yoyambitsa maginito kumbali ina yozungulira pa rotor. Kuyenda kwa madzi kumakhudza chipangizo cha turbine yamadzi nthawi zonse, ndipo mphamvu yozungulira yomwe imapezeka ndi turbine yamadzi kuchokera ku kuyenda kwa madzi imapambana mphamvu yamagetsi yoyambitsa maginito yopangidwa mu rotor ya jenereta. Ziwirizi zikafika pamlingo woyenera, gawo la turbine yamadzi lidzagwira ntchito pa liwiro lokhazikika kuti lipange magetsi mokhazikika ndikutembenuza mphamvu kwathunthu.
Seti ya jenereta yamagetsi yamadzi ndi chipangizo chofunikira chosinthira mphamvu chomwe chimasintha mphamvu zomwe zingatheke kuchokera m'madzi kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Kawirikawiri chimakhala ndi turbine yamadzi, jenereta, chowongolera liwiro, makina osonkhezera, makina ozizira, ndi zida zowongolera fakitole yamagetsi. Chidule chachidule cha mitundu ndi ntchito za zida zazikulu mu seti ya jenereta yamagetsi yamadzi ndi motere:
1) Turbine yamadzi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma turbine amadzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: impulse ndi reactive.
2) Jenereta. Majenereta ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito majenereta ogwirizana ndi magetsi.
3) Dongosolo losonkhezera. Chifukwa chakuti majenereta nthawi zambiri amakhala majenereta ogwirizana ndi magetsi, ndikofunikira kuwongolera dongosolo losonkhezera la DC kuti likwaniritse malamulo a magetsi, malamulo amagetsi ogwira ntchito komanso ogwirizana, kuti akonze mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimatulutsa.
4) Chipangizo chowongolera liwiro ndi chowongolera liwiro (kuphatikiza chowongolera liwiro ndi chipangizo chowongolera kuthamanga kwa mafuta). Gavana amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera liwiro la turbine yamadzi, kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimatulutsa zikwaniritse zofunikira zamagetsi.
5) Makina oziziritsira. Makina ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuziziritsira mpweya, pogwiritsa ntchito makina opumira mpweya kuti athandize kuchotsa kutentha ndikuziziritsa pamwamba pa stator, rotor, ndi chitsulo cha jenereta.
6) Chipangizo chopangira mabuleki. Majenereta a hydraulic okhala ndi mphamvu yoposa mtengo winawake ali ndi zida zoyendetsera mabuleki.
7) Zipangizo zowongolera magetsi. Zipangizo zambiri zowongolera magetsi zimagwiritsa ntchito makina owongolera makompyuta kuti zikwaniritse ntchito monga kulumikizana kwa gridi, kulamulira ma frequency, kulamulira magetsi, kulamulira mphamvu, kuteteza, ndi kulumikizana kwa kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yaing'ono yamadzi ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: mtundu wa diversion, mtundu wa damu, ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa kutengera njira ya concentrated head. Malo ambiri ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi amadzi ku China ndi malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi amadzi amitundu yosiyanasiyana omwe ndi otsika mtengo.
Makhalidwe a magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi ndi monga kumanga malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi, uinjiniya wosavuta, kupeza zida mosavuta, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nokha, popanda kutumiza magetsi kumalo akutali ndi siteshoni; Gridi yaying'ono yamagetsi opangira magetsi ili ndi mphamvu yochepa, ndipo mphamvu yopanga magetsi nayonso ndi yochepa. Kukana magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi kumakhala ndi mphamvu zapakhomo komanso zazikulu.
Monga gwero la mphamvu yoyera, magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi athandiza kumanga midzi yatsopano ya mphamvu yachisosholisti ku China. Tikukhulupirira kuti kuphatikiza kwa ukadaulo wamagetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi ndi ukadaulo wosungira mphamvu kudzapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi chikhale chokopa kwambiri mtsogolo!
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-11-2023
