Kupanga magetsi amadzi, monga gwero la mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, zopanda kuipitsidwa ndi zoyera, kwakhala kofunikira kwa anthu kuyambira kale. Masiku ano, malo opangira magetsi amadzi akulu komanso apakatikati akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso matekinoloje okhwima ongowonjezera mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, malo opangira magetsi a Three Gorges ku China ndiye malo opangira mphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, malo opangira magetsi amadzi akulu ndi apakatikati ali ndi zovuta zambiri pa chilengedwe, monga madamu omwe amatsekereza kuyenda bwino kwa mitsinje yachilengedwe, kutsekereza kutulutsa kwamatope, ndikusintha chilengedwe; Kumanganso malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kumafunanso kuti nthaka isasefukire, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale anthu ambiri obwera.
Monga gwero lamphamvu latsopano, mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono imakhala ndi mphamvu yaying'ono kwambiri pazachilengedwe, motero ikuyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi anthu. Malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono, monga malo opangira magetsi amadzi akulu komanso apakatikati, onse ndi malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi. Zomwe zimatchedwa "magetsi ang'onoang'ono" zimatanthawuza malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi kapena makina opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu zawo zoyika zimasiyana malinga ndi momwe dziko lilili.
Ku China, "magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangira madzi" amatanthauza malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi komanso kuthandizira ma gridi amagetsi am'deralo okhala ndi mphamvu ya 25MW kapena kuchepera, omwe amathandizidwa ndi ndalama ndi kuyendetsedwa ndi mabungwe am'deralo, gulu, kapena aliyense payekha. Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono ndi yamphamvu yopanda mpweya, yomwe ilibe vuto la kuchepa kwa zinthu komanso sikuwononga chilengedwe. Ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa njira yaku China yachitukuko chokhazikika.
Kupanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa monga magetsi ang'onoang'ono malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'derali ndikusintha mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi kukhala magetsi apamwamba kwathandiza kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti chuma ndi chitukuko cha dziko chitukuke, kupititsa patsogolo moyo wa anthu, kuthetsa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'madera opanda magetsi ndi kusowa kwa magetsi, kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka mitsinje, chitukuko cha chilengedwe, kuteteza chilengedwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
China ili ndi nkhokwe zambiri za magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi, okhala ndi mphamvu zoyerekeza 150 miliyoni kW komanso mphamvu yoyikapo yopitilira 70000 MW kuti itukuke. Ndichisankho chosapeŵeka kupanga mwamphamvu mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yamadzi kuti ipititse patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi poteteza chilengedwe cha mpweya wochepa, kasungidwe ka mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa utsi, ndi chitukuko chokhazikika. Malinga ndi dongosolo la Unduna wa Zamadzi, pofika chaka cha 2020, dziko la China lidzamanga zigawo 10 zamphamvu zopangira magetsi opangira madzi opitilira 5 miliyoni, zoyambira 100 zazikulu zopangira magetsi opangira madzi opitilira 200000 kW, ndi madera ang'onoang'ono a 300 opangira mphamvu yamadzi okhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 100000 kW. Pofika chaka cha 2023, monga momwe Unduna wa Zamadzimadzi unakonzera, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yaying'ono sidzangokwaniritsa cholinga cha 2020, komanso kukhala ndi chitukuko chachikulu pazifukwa izi.
Malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi njira yopangira magetsi yomwe imasintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala magetsi kudzera mu turbine yamadzi, ndipo makina opangira jenereta amadzi ndiye chida chachikulu chokwaniritsira kutembenuka kwamphamvu muzinthu zazing'ono zamagetsi zamagetsi. Njira yosinthira mphamvu ya jenereta ya hydroelectric imagawidwa m'magawo awiri.
Gawo loyamba limasintha mphamvu yamadzi kuti ikhale mphamvu yamakina amagetsi amadzi. Kuthamanga kwa madzi kumakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyana pazitali ndi madera osiyanasiyana. Pamene madzi akuyenda kuchokera pamalo apamwamba amakhudza turbine pamalo otsika, mphamvu yomwe imatha kupangidwa ndi kusintha kwa madzi kumasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina a turbine.
Mu gawo lachiwiri, mphamvu yamakina a turbine yamadzi imasinthidwa koyamba kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi, yomwe imatumizidwa ku zida zamagetsi kudzera mumizere yotumizira magetsi. Pambuyo pakukhudzidwa ndi kutuluka kwa madzi, makina opangira madzi amayendetsa jenereta yolumikizidwa ndi coaxial kuti izungulira. Wozungulira jenereta rotor amayendetsa chisangalalo maginito kuti azungulire, ndi stator mapiringidzo a jenereta amadula chisangalalo maginito mizere kupanga anachititsa electromotive mphamvu. Kumbali imodzi, imatulutsa mphamvu yamagetsi, ndipo kumbali ina, imapanga torque yamagetsi yamagetsi mosiyana ndi kuzungulira kwa rotor. Kuyenda kwamadzi kumakhudza mosalekeza kachipangizo ka turbine yamadzi, ndipo torque yozungulira yomwe imatengedwa ndi turbine yamadzi kuchokera mumayendedwe amadzi imapambana mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yopangidwa mu rotor ya jenereta. Ziwirizi zikafika pamlingo wofanana, gawo la makina opangira madzi lidzagwira ntchito pa liwiro lokhazikika kuti lipangitse magetsi komanso kutembenuza mphamvu kwathunthu.
Seti ya jenereta ya hydroelectric ndi chida chofunikira chosinthira mphamvu chomwe chimasintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi turbine yamadzi, jenereta, chowongolera liwiro, makina osangalatsa, makina ozizira, ndi zida zowongolera magetsi. Chidule chachidule cha mitundu ndi ntchito za zida zazikulu mu seti ya jenereta ya hydroelectric ndi motere:
1) Makina opangira madzi. Pali mitundu iwiri ya makina opangira madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri: zokopa ndi zotakataka.
2) Jenereta. Majenereta ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito majenereta osakanikirana ndi magetsi.
3) Dongosolo losangalatsa. Chifukwa chakuti ma jenereta nthawi zambiri amakhala okondwa ndi ma synchronous majenereta, ndikofunikira kuwongolera makina osangalatsa a DC kuti akwaniritse kuwongolera kwamagetsi, kuwongolera mphamvu zamagetsi, kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu yamagetsi.
4) Kuwongolera liwiro ndi chipangizo chowongolera (kuphatikiza chowongolera liwiro ndi chipangizo chamafuta). Kazembeyo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera liwiro la turbine yamadzi, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi kumakwaniritsa zofunikira zamagetsi.
5) Kuzirala dongosolo. Majenereta ang'onoang'ono a hydro makamaka amagwiritsa ntchito kuziziritsa kwa mpweya, pogwiritsa ntchito makina olowera mpweya kuti athetse kutentha ndikuziziritsa pamwamba pa stator, rotor, ndi chitsulo pakati pa jenereta.
6) Chipangizo cha braking. Majenereta a Hydraulic okhala ndi mphamvu zovoteledwa kuposa mtengo wina amakhala ndi zida zamabuleki.
7) Zida zoyendetsera magetsi. Zida zambiri zoyang'anira malo opangira magetsi zimatengera kuwongolera kwa digito kuti zikwaniritse ntchito monga kulumikizana ndi gridi, kuwongolera pafupipafupi, kuwongolera ma voliyumu, kuwongolera mphamvu, chitetezo, ndi kulumikizana kwamagetsi opangira magetsi amadzi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono imatha kugawidwa m'mitundu yosinthira, mtundu wamadamu, ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa kutengera njira yamutu wokhazikika. Malo ambiri ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi ku China ndi malo ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu zamagetsi.
Makhalidwe amagetsi ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono omanga masiteshoni, uinjiniya wosavuta, kugula zida zosavuta, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nokha, osatumiza magetsi kumadera akutali ndi siteshoni; Magetsi ang'onoang'ono amagetsi opangira magetsi amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, ndipo mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ndi yaying'ono. Kukana kwamagetsi ang'onoang'ono amagetsi kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu am'deralo komanso misa.
Monga gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu, magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi athandizira pomanga midzi yamphamvu ya socialist ku China. Tikukhulupirira kuti kuphatikiza kwaukadaulo waung'ono wamagetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kupangitsa kuti chitukuko chamagetsi ang'onoang'ono a hydropower chikhale chowoneka bwino m'tsogolomu!
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-11-2023
