Ngakhale kuti dziko la Uzbekistan likuyesetsa kupeza njira zopezera mphamvu zokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi, lawonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu mu gawo la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, makamaka m'magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, chifukwa cha madzi ake ambiri.
Madzi a ku Uzbekistan ndi ambiri, kuphatikizapo mapiri oundana, mitsinje, nyanja, malo osungiramo madzi, mitsinje yodutsa malire, ndi madzi apansi panthaka. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kolondola kwa akatswiri am'deralo, mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi ya mitsinje ya dzikolo imafika 88.5 biliyoni kWh pachaka, pomwe mphamvu yamagetsi yaukadaulo ndi 27.4 biliyoni kWh pachaka, ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yoposa 8 miliyoni kW. Pakati pa izi, Mtsinje wa Pskem ku Tashkent Province umadziwika kuti ndi "chuma chamagetsi chamadzi," chokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 1.324 miliyoni kW, yomwe imapanga 45.3% ya mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi yomwe ilipo ku Uzbekistan. Kuphatikiza apo, mitsinje monga To'polondaryo, Chatqol, ndi Sangardak ilinso ndi mphamvu yayikulu yopangira magetsi amadzi.
Kukula kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Uzbekistan kwakhala ndi mbiri yakale. Kuyambira pa 1 Meyi, 1926, siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi madzi mdzikolo, Bo'zsuv GES – 1, inayamba kugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu yoyikidwa ya 4,000 kW. Chorvoq Hydropower Plant, yomwe ndi chomera chachikulu kwambiri chamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi mdzikolo, idayamba kugwira ntchito pakati pa 1970 ndi 1972. Mphamvu yake yoyikidwa idakwezedwa kuchoka pa 620,500 kW kufika pa 666,000 kW pambuyo pa kusintha kwamakono. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2023, mphamvu yonse yamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Uzbekistan idafika pa 2.415 miliyoni kW, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi 30% ya mphamvu yake yogwiritsidwa ntchito mwaukadaulo. Mu 2022, mphamvu yonse yamagetsi ku Uzbekistan inali 74.3 biliyoni kWh, ndipo mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso zimapanga 6.94 biliyoni kWh. Mwa izi, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amapanga 6.5 biliyoni kWh, zomwe zimapangitsa 8.75% ya magetsi onse opanga ndipo ndi omwe amapanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ndi gawo la 93.66%. Komabe, poganizira mphamvu yamagetsi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madzi mdziko muno ya 27.4 biliyoni kWh pachaka, pafupifupi 23% yokha ndi yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zikusonyeza mwayi waukulu wokulira m'gawoli.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, Uzbekhydroenergo yakhala ikutsatira kwambiri chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, ndikuyambitsa mapulojekiti ambiri. Mu February 2023, Uzbekhydroenergo idasaina chikalata chogwirizana (MOU) ndi Zhejiang Jinlun Electromechanical Industry kuti ipange zida zazing'ono zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Mu June chaka chomwecho, mgwirizano unafikiridwa ndi China Southern Power Grid International kuti apange malo atatu opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mu July 2023, Uzbek Hydrogenergo idalengeza za mgwirizano womanga malo asanu atsopano opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi mphamvu yonse ya 46.6 MW, omwe akuyembekezeka kupanga 179 miliyoni kWh pachaka pamtengo wa $106.9 miliyoni. Mu June 2023, Uzbekistan ndi Tajikistan adayambitsa limodzi pulojekiti yomanga malo awiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi pa Mtsinje wa Zeravshan. Gawo loyamba limakhudza Yavan Hydropower Plant ya 140 MW, yomwe imafuna ndalama zokwana $282 miliyoni ndipo ikuyembekezeka kupanga 700–800 miliyoni kWh pachaka. Chida china cha 135 MW pa Mtsinje wa Fandarya chikukonzekera, chomwe chikuyembekezeka kuyika ndalama zokwana $270 miliyoni komanso mphamvu zopangira mphamvu ya 500–600 miliyoni kWh pachaka. Mu Juni 2024, Uzbekistan idavumbulutsa dongosolo lake lopanga mphamvu zamagetsi, cholinga chake ndi mphamvu ya 6 GW pofika chaka cha 2030. Ntchito yayikuluyi ikuphatikizapo kumanga mafakitale atsopano komanso kuyesetsa kwamakono, mogwirizana ndi njira yayikulu yamphamvu yongowonjezwdwanso ya dzikolo kuti iwonjezere gawo la mphamvu zobiriwira kufika pa 40% ya kapangidwe ka mphamvu zonse pofika chaka cha 2030.
Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo gawo la magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, boma la Uzbek lakhazikitsa mfundo zothandizira komanso malamulo oyendetsera ntchito. Mapulani okonza magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo ndipo amakonzedwa mosalekeza poyankha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Bungwe la Nduna linavomereza "Ndondomeko Yopanga Magetsi Opangidwa ndi Madzi ya 2016–2020" mu Novembala 2015, yomwe ikufotokoza za kumangidwa kwa malo atsopano asanu ndi anayi opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Pamene njira ya "Uzbekistan-2030" ikupita patsogolo, boma likuyembekezeka kuyambitsa mfundo ndi malamulo ena kuti akope ndalama zakunja mu magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi magawo ena a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso. Malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Uzbekistan adamangidwa munthawi ya Soviet pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya Soviet. Komabe, dzikolo likupitilira kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi kuti lisinthe gawoli. Malamulo aposachedwa a purezidenti akufuna kuti pakhale miyezo yomanga yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikupanga mwayi watsopano wogwirizana kwa mabizinesi apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza makampani aku China, kuti apereke luso lawo ndikukhazikitsa ukadaulo wawo ku Uzbekistan.
Poganizira za mgwirizano, China ndi Uzbekistan zili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwirizana mu gawo la magetsi amadzi. Pamene Belt and Road Initiative ikupita patsogolo, mayiko onsewa agwirizana kwambiri pa mgwirizano wamagetsi. Kuyambitsidwa bwino kwa pulojekiti ya sitima yapamadzi pakati pa China ndi Kyrgyzstan ndi Uzbekistan kumalimbitsanso maziko awo a mgwirizano wamagetsi amadzi. Mabizinesi aku China ali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu pakupanga magetsi amadzi, kupanga zida, ndi kupanga zatsopano zaukadaulo, limodzi ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso kuthekera kwamphamvu pazachuma. Pakadali pano, Uzbekistan imapereka mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi amadzi, malo abwino oyendetsera zinthu, komanso kufunikira kwakukulu pamsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wabwino. Mayiko awiriwa akhoza kuchita mgwirizano waukulu m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kumanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi, kupereka zida, kusamutsa ukadaulo, ndi kuphunzitsa antchito, kulimbikitsa maubwino onse awiri komanso kukula kogawana.
Poganizira zamtsogolo, makampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Uzbekistan akukonzekera tsogolo labwino. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulojekiti ofunikira, mphamvu zokhazikitsidwa zidzapitirira kukwera, kukwaniritsa zosowa za mphamvu zapakhomo komanso kupanga mwayi wotumiza magetsi kunja ndikupanga phindu lalikulu pazachuma. Kuphatikiza apo, chitukuko cha gawo la magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi chidzalimbikitsa kukula kwa mafakitale ogwirizana, kupanga mwayi wantchito, ndikuyendetsa chuma cha m'chigawo. Monga gwero lamphamvu loyera komanso lobwezerezedwanso, chitukuko chachikulu cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi chidzathandiza Uzbekistan kuchepetsa kudalira kwake mafuta opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale, kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wa carbon, komanso kuthandizira bwino pakuyesetsa kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-12-2025
