Mu mphamvu yoyera, mphamvu yamadzi imayima ngati mzati wofunikira kwambiri pakusintha mphamvu, chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zongowonjezedwanso, mtengo wotsika, komanso mphamvu zolimba zowongolera katundu. Kuchokera ku ma turbine akuluakulu a Three Gorges Dam mpaka kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa zomera zazing'ono zamadzi m'mapiri, kuzungulira kwa turbine nthawi zonse kumayenderana ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu kuchokera ku "mphamvu yamadzi → mphamvu yamakina → mphamvu yamagetsi." Kukongola kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yamadzi kuli mu kusinthasintha kwabwino kwa unit ya turbine-generator yamadzi pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yamadzi ndi kayendedwe ka madzi. Chitsanzo chowonetsera champhamvu ichi, kudzera mu kubwerezabwereza kolondola kwa mitundu yayikulu ya ma turbine monga ma reaction turbine ndi ma impulse turbine, chikuwonetsa luso lapadera la kuyanjana pakati pa turbine ndi kayendedwe ka madzi. (1) Chitsanzo cha Reaction Turbine: Kusinthana kwa Mphamvu "Kolandira" Pakati pa Kuyenda kwa Madzi ndi Masamba Chitsanzo cha turbine cha Francis ndicho "chozungulira" chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chitsanzochi chikuwonetsa kapangidwe kapakati ka unit ya 700MW ku Three Gorges Power Station pa sikelo ya 1:25. Chothamangacho chili ndi mainchesi 30 ndipo chili ndi masamba 13 ozungulira (15° inlet angle, 20° outlet angle) okonzedwa mozungulira; mozungulira chothamangacho muli mavane owongolera osinthika (mavane 24, opangidwa ndi pulasitiki ya ABS ndi chitsulo chophatikizika), olumikizidwa ku "gavana mphete," yomwe imatha kusintha kutsegula kwa vane yowongolera (0-30°). Chikwama chowonekera bwino chimapangidwa ndi acrylic yopangidwa ndi cast acrylic. Madzi (ochokera ku dongosolo lamadzi lozungulira loyendetsedwa ndi pampu yaying'ono) amayenda mofanana mu casing kuchokera mbali zonse, motsogozedwa ndi mavane owongolera, ndipo amakhudza masamba othamanga pa liwiro loyerekeza la 20m/s, zomwe zimapangitsa wothamangayo kuzungulira (150 rpm, yofanana ndi 125 rpm ya unit yeniyeni). Pakati pa chiwonetsero champhamvu chili mu kusintha kwa mphamvu kwa "kulowa kwa madzi ozungulira": Pamene kutsegula kwa vane yowongolera kwasinthidwa kukhala 20°, mita yoyendera imawonetsa "kuthamanga koyeserera 5L/s", mita yoyendera liwiro imakhazikika pa 150 rpm, ndipo chitsanzo cha jenereta chimatulutsa 220V. Poyerekeza "kuchuluka kwa madzi nthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi" (guide vane yotseguka kwathunthu), liwiro la turbine limawonjezeka kufika pa 180 rpm, ndipo magetsi amakwera kufika pa 240V. Chophimbacho chikuwonetsa nthawi yomweyo kuti "ma turbine a Francis ndi oyenera mitu ya madzi ya 50-700m ndipo amatha kuchita bwino ndi 95%. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti mfundo ya "kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi mbali zonse ziwiri za masamba omwe akuyendetsa turbine" ikhale yomveka bwino, kufotokozera bwino chifukwa chake ma turbine a Francis ndi omwe amasankhidwa kwambiri pamutu wamadzi wambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda. Chitsanzo cha turbine yoyenda ya axial chikuwonetsa zabwino za "kulowa kwa madzi a axial" mitu yamadzi otsika, yokhala ndi mitundu yonse ya masamba okhazikika komanso osinthika. Chitsanzo cha tsamba losinthika chili ndi rotor ya mainchesi 40cm yokhala ndi masamba 6 omwe amazungulira malinga ndi momwe madzi amayendera (olamulidwa ndi mota ya micro servo), yokhala ndi kusintha kwa ngodya ya tsamba kuyambira -10° mpaka +15°. Guide vane ndi rotor zimakonzedwa mozungulira, ndipo madzi amayenda mozungulira mu rotor. Masamba amazungulira motsatira mphamvu yophatikizana ya kupondereza madzi ndi kuzungulira kwawo. Mbali yolumikizirana ya "kusintha mutu wa madzi" ya chitsanzochi ndi yapadera: Pamene omvera asankha "mutu wa madzi wotsika 3-5m" (monga mtsinje womwe uli pamalo otsetsereka), ngodya ya tsamba imasinthidwa kufika pa +15° (kuwonjezera malo olumikizirana ndi madzi), kutsegula kwa vane yotsogolera ndi 30°, ndipo liwiro la rotor ndi 60 rpm; kusintha kukhala "mutu wa madzi wapakati 10-30m", ngodya ya tsamba imasinthidwa kufika pa 0°, liwiro limawonjezeka kufika pa 100 rpm, ndipo chophimba chikuwonetsa "Ma turbine oyenda a axial amatha kuchita bwino ndi 92% pamlingo wothamanga kwambiri komanso mitu yotsika ya madzi". Kuwonetsera kofananira kwa ma turbine oyenda a adjustable-pitch ndi fixed-pitch kuli ndi phindu lalikulu lophunzitsira: Pansi pa liwiro lomwelo la kuyenda, turbine yoyenda a adjustable-pitch, posintha ngodya ya tsamba, imapeza mphamvu yogwira ntchito ndi 8-10% kuposa turbine yoyenda a fixed-pitch (njira yogwirira ntchito imawonetsedwa nthawi yeniyeni pazenera), kuwonetsa mwachidwi ubwino waukadaulo wa "ma turbine oyenda a adjustable-pitch omwe amatha kusintha kuti agwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi." Kuyerekeza kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri pophunzitsa za mphamvu yamagetsi yaing'ono m'madera othirira, kuthandiza ophunzira kumvetsetsa "chifukwa chake ma turbine oyenda pansi pa madzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono akumidzi." Chitsanzo cha turbine yoyenda pansi ndi "katswiri wosintha mutu," ndi mzere wake wothamanga pa ngodya ya 45° kupita ku shaft yayikulu (pakati pa mixed-flow ndi axial-flow turbine). Masamba a chitsanzocho amatha kusinthidwa molumikizana (kuyambira -5° mpaka +25°), ndi ma guide vanes ndi runner akusintha pamodzi. Pamene mutu woyeserera ukukwera kuchokera pa 40m mpaka 120m, ngodya ya tsamba imasintha yokha kuchokera pa +25° mpaka -5°, kusunga liwiro lokhazikika la runner la 120 rpm, kusonyeza khalidwe la "kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pa kusiyana kwa mutu katatu." Chivundikiro chowonekera chimalola kuwona bwino njira yapadera yoyenda, ndipo mapu owonetsera momwe zinthu zilili pazenera amathandiza owonera kumvetsetsa "kusinthasintha kwake pakati pa ma turbine oyenda pansi ndi oyenda pansi."
(2) Mtundu wa Impulse Turbine: Mphamvu ya “Mtundu wa Kugundana” Kutulutsa kwa Madzi ndi Masamba
Chitsanzo cha Pelton turbine ndi "champion champhamvu" pakugwiritsa ntchito mitu yayitali, kutsanzira kapangidwe kakale ka siteshoni yamagetsi ya Leonhard ku Switzerland. Mabaketi 12 okhala ndi mawonekedwe a chikho (aliyense wokhala ndi mphamvu ya 50mL, opangidwa ndi mkuwa wopakidwa chrome) amagawidwa mofanana mozungulira runner (25cm m'mimba mwake); "nozzle" (0.5cm m'mimba mwake) imazungulira 360°. Madzi othamanga kwambiri (operekedwa ndi plunger pump, yomwe imatsanzira mutu wa 500-1000m) amapanga jet yothamanga kwambiri (50m/s) yomwe imakhudza "splitter" ya mabaketi, kusintha mphamvu ya kinetic ya madzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina ya runner yozungulira. Chofunika kwambiri pa chiwonetsero cha mphamvu ndi kusamutsa mphamvu kudzera mu "jet impact": Pamene nozzle imodzi yayatsidwa, jet yamadzi yomwe imakhudza gudumu la turbine imapanga "mphamvu yochitira" yodziwika bwino (kuthamanga kwa rotor nthawi yomweyo), kufika 300 rpm ndi mphamvu yotulutsa jenereta yoyerekeza ya 500W. Ndi ma nozzle awiri (okonzedwa mofanana), liwiro limawonjezeka kufika pa 580 rpm ndi mphamvu kufika pa 980W. Chinsalucho chikuwonetsa kuti "mphamvu ya mtundu uwu wa turbine ikhoza kufika 90% pansi pa mutu wamadzi wambiri, ndipo madzi salowa m'chikwama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera madzi okhala ndi sediment yambiri." Kapangidwe kameneka kakuwonetsa bwino mfundo yakuti "kusuntha mphamvu ya kinetic sikudalira kuthamanga kwa madzi, koma kokha pa mphamvu ya madzi othamanga kwambiri," kufotokozera bwino chifukwa chake ndi koyenera "malo opangira magetsi amadzi okhala ndi mutu woposa 100m." Chitsanzo cha turbine chokhazikika chikuwonetsa kusinthasintha kosinthika kwa "impact ya oblique jet," ndi nozzle yokhotakhota 22.5° ku turbine wheel plane, madzi akukhudza masamba ooneka ngati scoop (masamba 18). Mbali yolumikizirana imalola owonera kusintha ngodya ya nozzle, kuwona kusintha kwa liwiro la rotor - kuchepa kwa 10-15% pamene ngodyayo yapatuka kuchokera ku 22.5°, kuwonetsa momwe kulondola kwa ngodya kumakhudzira magwiridwe antchito. Mtundu uwu wa chitsanzo nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokozera "magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi m'mapiri," oyenera "makina ogawa mphamvu okhala ndi mutu wa 20-300m ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi pang'ono." Mtundu wa turbine wokhudza kawiri umawonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mwa "madzi kukhudza masamba kawiri." Gudumu la turbine lili ndi zigawo ziwiri za masamba; pambuyo pa kugunda koyamba, madzi amadutsa mu gudumu kuti akakhudze gawo la pansi. Gudumu lowonekera limalola owonera kuwona njira ya "kukhudza kawiri". Chinsalucho chikuwonetsa kuti "ngakhale kuti magwiridwe antchito a kapangidwe kake kakuchepa pang'ono (75-85%), kapangidwe kake kosavuta komanso mtengo wotsika zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera magetsi ang'onoang'ono akumidzi." Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa "nzeru zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu m'mapangidwe osavuta" kuonekera mosavuta. (3) Mitundu Yapadera ya Ma Hydro Turbine Models: Mapangidwe Atsopano a Mikhalidwe Yaikulu
Chitsanzo cha turbine ya babu ndi njira yothetsera "yosalala" ya mafakitale amphamvu zamadzi otsika. Ili ndi kapangidwe "kofanana ndi babu" - jenereta imakhala mkati mwa chivundikiro chooneka ngati babu munjira yoyenda madzi, ndipo chozungulira cha turbine chimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ku shaft ya jenereta (yopanda chivundikiro chozungulira). Madzi amayenda mozungulira kudzera mu chipangizocho. Pa kutalika kwa mutu koyerekeza kwa 2-8m (monga, mafakitale amphamvu amadzi), chozungulira (m'mimba mwake 40cm, masamba 8 opindika) chimazungulira pa 80 rpm. Chinsalucho chikuwonetsa "Ma turbine a babu amatha kuchita bwino mpaka 88%, oyenera mafakitale amphamvu a m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, ndi ndalama zochepa zaukadaulo wa zomangamanga." Chivundikiro chowonekera chikuwonetsa bwino momwe "madzi oyenda molunjika" amagwirira ntchito, kufotokoza momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale otsika monga njira zoyendera madzi ndi kuthirira. Chitsanzo cha turbine yamadzi chikuwonetsa kupanga mphamvu ziwiri. Masamba ake a rotor ali ndi kapangidwe ka "S-shape", kulola rotor kuzungulira mosasamala kanthu kuti madzi akuyenda kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja kapena kumanja kupita kumanzere (60 rpm). Chitsanzochi chikugwirizanitsidwa ndi "thanki yoyeserera ya mafunde," yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito madzi okwera ndi otsika kuti ipange kuyenda kobwerezabwereza, kusonyeza kayendedwe ka "kupanga mphamvu panthawi ya mafunde akuluakulu → kupanga mphamvu panthawi ya mafunde otsika → kutseka nthawi ya mafunde osagwedezeka." Chinsalucho chikuwonetsa "Ma turbine a Tidal amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka ya mwezi, amathanso kubwezeretsedwanso, ndipo amatha kudziwikiratu." Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti mgwirizano pakati pa "mphamvu yoyera ndi kayimbidwe kachilengedwe" uwonekere bwino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-10-2025
