1. Chiyambi Mphamvu ya hydropower kwa nthawi yayitali yakhala gawo lalikulu lamphamvu ku Balkan. Chifukwa chokhala ndi madzi ochulukirapo, derali lili ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito magetsi amadzi kuti apange mphamvu zokhazikika. Komabe, kakulidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu zamagetsi kumayiko a Balkan zimatengera kuphatikizika kwa zinthu, kuphatikiza malo, chilengedwe, zachuma, ndi ndale. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kupereka chithunzithunzi chatsatanetsatane cha momwe mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zikuyendera ku Balkan, ziyembekezo zake zamtsogolo, ndi zopinga zomwe zingalepheretse kukula kwake. 2. Mmene Mukhalire Mphamvu ya Mphamvu ya Madzi ku Balkan 2.1 Kuyika kwa Mphamvu ya Hydropower komwe kulipo Madera aku Balkan ali kale ndi malo ambiri opangira mphamvu zamagetsi. Monga za [zidziwitso zaposachedwa], kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yayikidwa kudera lonselo. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ngati Albania amadalira pafupifupi mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi pakupanga magetsi. M'malo mwake, mphamvu yamagetsi imathandizira pafupifupi 100% pamagetsi aku Albania, ndikuwunikira gawo lake lofunikira pakusakanikirana kwamagetsi mdzikolo. Mayiko ena a ku Balkan, monga Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, ndi North Macedonia, alinso ndi gawo lalikulu la mphamvu yamadzi popanga mphamvu zawo. Ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, mphamvu zamagetsi zimatengera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a magetsi onse, pomwe ku Montenegro ndi pafupifupi 50%, ku Serbia pafupifupi 28%, ndipo ku North Macedonia pafupifupi 25%. Zomera zopangira mphamvu zamadzi zimasiyanasiyana kukula ndi mphamvu. Pali ntchito zazikulu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi zomwe zakhala zikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa mu nthawi ya sosholisti ku Yugoslavia wakale. Zomera izi zili ndi mphamvu zoyikika kwambiri ndipo zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakukwaniritsa zofunikira - kufunikira kwa magetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, m'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala chiwonjezeko chamakampani ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi (SHPs), makamaka omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoyika osakwana 10 megawatts (MW). M'malo mwake, pofika [chaka cha data], 92% ya mapulojekiti opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Balkan anali ang'onoang'ono, ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono omwe adakonzedwa akuyenera kukwaniritsidwa. 2.2 Ma projekiti a Mphamvu ya Hydropower Akumangidwa Ngakhale pali maziko opangira mphamvu yamadzi, pali ma projekiti ambiri opangira mphamvu yamadzi omwe akumangidwa ku Balkan. Pofika pa [zaposachedwa], mapulojekiti ozungulira [X] opangira mphamvu yamadzi akugwira ntchito yomanga. Ntchito zomwe zikuchitikazi ndi cholinga choonjezera mphamvu ya mphamvu ya madzi m'derali. Mwachitsanzo, ku Albania, mapulojekiti angapo atsopano opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi akumangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu za dzikolo komanso kuti athe kutumiza magetsi ochulukirapo. Komabe, ntchito yomanga mapulojekitiwa ilibe mavuto. Ma projekiti ena akukumana ndi kuchedwa chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga njira zololeza zovuta, zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe anthu amderalo ndi mabungwe azachilengedwe amakumana nazo, komanso mavuto azachuma. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina, opanga mapulojekiti amavutika kuti apeze ndalama zokwanira zomangira nyumba zazikulu zopangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi, makamaka m'nyengo yachuma yomwe ilipo pomwe kupeza ndalama kumakhala kovuta. 2.3 Ntchito Zopangira Mphamvu za Hydropower M'malo Otetezedwa Chokhudza chitukuko cha mphamvu ya madzi ku Balkan ndi kuchuluka kwa mapulojekiti omwe akukonzedwa kapena akumangidwa m'malo otetezedwa. Pafupifupi 50% ya ntchito zonse zopangira mphamvu yamadzi (zonse zomwe zakonzedwa komanso zomwe zikumangidwa) zili m'malo omwe alipo kapena otetezedwa. Izi zikuphatikiza madera monga mapaki amtundu komanso malo a Natura 2000. Mwachitsanzo, ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Mtsinje wa Neretva, womwe umadutsa m'madera otetezedwa, ukuwopsezedwa ndi ntchito zambiri zazing'ono - ndi zazikulu - zopangira magetsi. Mapulojekitiwa ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu pazachilengedwe komanso zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zomwe madera otetezedwawa akuyenera kuwateteza. Kukhalapo kwa mapulojekiti opangira mphamvu zamagetsi m'malo otetezedwa kwadzetsa mikangano yayikulu pakati pa omwe amalimbikitsa chitukuko cha mphamvu ndi oteteza chilengedwe. Ngakhale mphamvu yamadzi imatengedwa ngati gwero la mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, kumanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madamu ndi malo opangira magetsi m'malo ovuta kwambiri okhala ndi chilengedwe kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pazachilengedwe za mitsinje, kuchuluka kwa nsomba, ndi malo okhala nyama zakuthengo. 3. Chiyembekezo cha Mphamvu ya Hydropower ku Balkan 3.1 Zolinga za Kusintha kwa Mphamvu ndi Zanyengo Kukankhira kwapadziko lonse pakusintha kwamphamvu komanso kufunikira kokwaniritsa zolinga zanyengo kumapereka mwayi waukulu wopangira mphamvu zamagetsi kumayiko a Balkan. Pamene mayiko a m'derali akuyesetsa kuchepetsa mpweya wotenthetsera mpweya wawo ndikusunthira ku mphamvu zowonjezera, mphamvu yamadzi imatha kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mphamvu ya Hydropower ndi yongowonjezedwanso komanso yotsika - gwero lamphamvu la kaboni poyerekeza ndi mafuta oyambira pansi. Powonjezera gawo lamagetsi opangira magetsi pamagetsi, maiko aku Balkan atha kuthandizira kudzipereka kwawo kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, zoyambitsa za European Union za Green Deal zimalimbikitsa mayiko omwe ali mamembala ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo kuti afulumizitse kusintha kwa chuma chochepa cha carbon. Mayiko a ku Balkan, monga chigawo choyandikana ndi EU, akhoza kugwirizanitsa mfundo zake za mphamvu ndi zolinga izi ndikukopa ndalama za chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi. Izi zitha kubweretsanso kusinthika kwa mafakitale omwe alipo kale opangira mphamvu zamagetsi, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito awo komanso chilengedwe 3.2 Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wamagetsi opangira magetsi kumapereka chiyembekezo chabwino kwa mayiko aku Balkan. Umisiri watsopano ukupangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu zopangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi, kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe, ndikuthandizira kupanga mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono komanso ogawidwa kwambiri amagetsi amadzi. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga nsomba - turbine turbine ochezeka kungathandize kuchepetsa kuonongeka kwa mafakitale opangira mphamvu yamadzi pazambiri za nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chokhazikika chakukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wopopera - wosungirako mphamvu yamagetsi wamadzi ungathe kutenga gawo lofunikira ku Balkan. Zopopera - zosungirako zimatha kusunga mphamvu panthawi yomwe magetsi akusowa (popopera madzi kuchokera kumalo otsika kupita kumalo apamwamba) ndikumasula panthawi yomwe ikufunika kwambiri. Izi zingathandize kulinganiza chikhalidwe chapakati cha mphamvu zina zowonjezera mphamvu monga dzuwa ndi mphepo, zomwe zikukulanso m'deralo. Ndi kukula komwe kukuyembekezeka kuyika magetsi adzuwa ndi mphepo ku Balkan, mphamvu yamagetsi yopopera - yosungirako imatha kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa gridi yamagetsi. 3.3 Regional Energy Market Integration Kuphatikizika kwa misika yamagetsi ku Balkan kumsika waukulu wamagetsi waku Europe kumapereka mwayi wopanga mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Pamene misika yamagetsi ya m'derali ikulumikizana kwambiri, pali mwayi wochuluka wotumizira kunja kwa madzi magetsi - magetsi opangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, panthaŵi ya kupezeka kwa madzi ochuluka ndi kupangira mphamvu zopangira magetsi ochulukirapo, maiko a Balkan amatha kutumiza magetsi kumaiko oyandikana nawo, motero amawonjezera ndalama zawo ndikuthandizira ku chitetezo champhamvu m’madera. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikizika kwa msika wamagetsi kudera kungayambitse kugawana njira zabwino kwambiri pakukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi, magwiridwe antchito, ndi kasamalidwe. Ithanso kukopa ndalama zakunja zamapulojekiti opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, popeza osunga ndalama padziko lonse lapansi akuwona kuthekera kobweza pamsika wophatikizika komanso wokhazikika wamagetsi. 4. Zolepheretsa Kupititsa patsogolo Mphamvu ya Hydropower ku Balkan 4.1 Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kusintha kwanyengo ndizovuta kwambiri pakukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi ku Balkan. Derali layamba kale kukumana ndi mavuto chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kuphatikizapo chilala chochulukirachulukira komanso champhamvu, kusintha kwa nyengo yamvula, komanso kukwera kwa kutentha. Kusintha kumeneku kumakhudza mwachindunji kupezeka kwa madzi, omwe ndi ofunikira pakupanga mphamvu zamagetsi M’zaka zaposachedwapa, mayiko monga Albania, North Macedonia, ndi Serbia akumana ndi chilala choopsa chimene chachititsa kuti madzi achuluke m’mitsinje ndi m’malo osungiramo madzi, zomwe zinachititsa kuti mafakitale opangira magetsi achepetse mphamvu ya magetsi. Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo kukupita patsogolo, mikhalidwe ya chilala imeneyi ikuyembekezeka kuchulukirachulukira komanso yokulirakulira, zomwe zitha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu pakukula kwanthawi yayitali kwa ntchito zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi m'derali. Kuonjezera apo, kusintha kwa mvula kungapangitse kuti mitsinje isayende bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zomera zopangira magetsi. 4.2 Zokhudza Zachilengedwe Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe pakukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi kwakhala vuto lalikulu ku Balkan. Kumanga madamu ndi malo opangira magetsi kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe cha mitsinje. Madamu amatha kusokoneza kayendedwe ka mitsinje, kusintha kayendedwe ka dothi, komanso kusokonekera kwa nsomba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, kusefukira kwa madera akuluakulu kuti apange malo osungiramo madzi kungathe kuwononga malo okhala nyama zakuthengo ndikuchotsa madera akumaloko. Kuchuluka kwa mapulojekiti opangira mphamvu zamagetsi m'malo otetezedwa kwachititsa kuti mabungwe azachilengedwe azidzudzula. Ntchitozi nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati kuphwanya zolinga zachitetezo cha madera otetezedwa. Zotsatira zake, anthu akutsutsa kwambiri ntchito zopangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi m'madera ena a ku Balkan, zomwe zingayambitse kuchedwa kapena kuthetsedwa kwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ku Albania, ntchito zopangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi mumtsinje wa Vjosa, womwe unasankhidwa kukhala malo osungira nyama zakutchire ku Ulaya, zinatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi osamalira zachilengedwe ndi anthu akumaloko. 4.3 Mavuto azachuma ndiukadaulo Kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kumafuna ndalama zambiri zandalama, zomwe zitha kukhala chopinga chachikulu ku Balkan. Kumanga nyumba zazikulu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi, makamaka, kumakhudza kukwera mtengo kwachitukuko, kugula zida, ndikukonzekera ntchito. Mayiko ambiri a ku Balkan, omwe mwina akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma, amavutika kuti apeze ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zazikulu ngati zimenezi. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zovuta zaukadaulo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi chitukuko cha hydropower. Zomangamanga zakale zamafakitale ena opangira mphamvu yamadzi ku Balkan zimafunikira ndalama zambiri kuti zisinthidwe ndikusintha kuti zitheke bwino komanso kuti zikwaniritse zomwe zikuchitika komanso chitetezo. Komabe, kusowa kwa ukatswiri waukadaulo ndi zida m'maiko ena kungalepheretse izi. Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga mapulojekiti atsopano opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, makamaka omwe ali kumadera akutali kapena kumapiri, kungakumane ndi zovuta zaukadaulo pankhani yomanga, kuyendetsa, ndi kukonza. 5. Mapeto Mphamvu ya Hydropower pakali pano ili ndi udindo waukulu pazamphamvu za ku Balkan, ndi mphamvu zomwe zilipo komanso ntchito zomanga zomwe zikupitilira. Komabe, tsogolo la mphamvu zamagetsi m'derali ndizovuta kwambiri zomwe zikuyembekezeka komanso zopinga zazikulu. Kufunitsitsa kwa kusintha kwa mphamvu ndi zolinga zanyengo, limodzi ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kuphatikiza msika wamagetsi m'madera, kumapereka mwayi wopititsa patsogolo chitukuko ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. ku Komabe, kusintha kwa nyengo, kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe, mavuto azachuma ndi luso ali ndi mavuto aakulu. Pofuna kuthana ndi mavutowa, mayiko a ku Balkan akuyenera kutsata njira yokhazikika komanso yophatikizira yopititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Izi zikuphatikiza kuyikapo ndalama pazanyengo - zomangamanga zotha mphamvu zamadzi, kuthana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe kudzera mukukonzekera bwino ndiukadaulo, ndikupeza njira zatsopano zothetsera mavuto azachuma. Pochita izi, mayiko a ku Balkan amatha kukulitsa mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zamadzi ngati gwero lamphamvu komanso longowonjezedwanso pomwe akuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe komanso anthu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-03-2025
