Ndili ndi mnzanga yemwe ali pachimake ndipo ali wathanzi. Ngakhale kuti sindinamvepo kwa inu kwa masiku ambiri, zikuyembekezeka kukhala bwino. Lero ndinakumana naye mwamwayi, koma amaoneka wosasangalala. Sindinalephere kudandaula za iye. Ndinapita patsogolo kuti ndifunse zambiri.
Anapumira ndi kunena pang'onopang'ono, "Ndili ndi chibwenzi ndi mtsikana posachedwa." Tinganene kuti “kumwetulira kokongola ndi maso okongola” kumakhudza mtima wanga. Komabe, makolo kunyumba akadali m’kalasi ndipo amakayikira, choncho sanalembedwe ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali. "Lamba wanga ukukulirakulira ndipo sindidzanong'oneza bondo, ndipo ndidzakhala wofooka chifukwa cha Iraq", zomwe zimandipangitsa kumva chonchi lero. Nthawi zonse ndikudziwa kuti mumadziwa zambiri. Tsopano kuti mukumane lero, ndikufuna ndikufunseni kuti muthandize ogwira ntchito. Ngati tsoka likutsimikiziridwa ndi chilengedwe, popeza Mipingo isanu ndi umodzi yakhala ikukumana, mayina awiriwa adzakwatirana ndi kupanga mgwirizano m'nyumba imodzi. Ubale wabwino sudzatha, kufanana ndi dzina lomwelo. Ndi lonjezo la mutu woyera, lembani ku Hongjian, kuti mgwirizano wa masamba ofiira ulembedwe mumtengo wa Chimandarini. Ngati pali kusagwirizana kulikonse, tiyeneranso “kuthetsa madandaulo ndi kumasula mfundo, osaleka kudana wina ndi mnzake; kulekana ndi wina kukhululukirana, ndipo aliyense ali wokondwa.” Mwa njira, msungwana uyu ali ndi dzina lachiwiri la kupopera madzi ndi dzina lachiwiri la kusunga mphamvu.
Nditamva izi, sindimakwiya ngakhale pang’ono. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mtsogoleri wanu ndi amene adakufunsani kuti muweruze ngati malo opangira magetsi opopera ali ndi mtengo wandalama, koma mwanena kuti ndi yatsopano komanso yokonzedwa bwino. "Banja labwino limapangidwa mwachilengedwe, ndipo banja labwino limapangidwa mwachilengedwe". Sindinganene kalikonse zakumverera. Koma pankhani ya malo opangira magetsi opopera, ndidangofunsa munthu wamkulu za njira yowunikira "kuphatikiza kwamitundu isanu" pambuyo pomanga ntchito zopitilira 100 zosungira. Iwo ndi malo, mikhalidwe yomanga, mikhalidwe yakunja, kapangidwe ka uinjiniya ndi zizindikiro zachuma. Ngati inu mukufuna kutero, ingomvetserani kwa ine kwa inu.
1, Malo
Pali mawu akale mu malonda ogulitsa nyumba kuti "malo, malo, malo" ndi "malo, malo, kapena malo". Mwambi wotchuka uwu wa Wall Street unafalikira kwambiri atagwidwa mawu ndi Li Ka-shing.
Pakuwunika mwatsatanetsatane ntchito zosungirako zopopera, malo alinso oyamba. Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo osungira amapopa makamaka kumathandizira gululi yamagetsi kapena kukulitsa maziko amphamvu atsopano. Choncho, malo a malo opangira magetsi opopera amakhala makamaka mfundo ziwiri: imodzi ili pafupi ndi malo olemetsa, ndipo ina ili pafupi ndi mphamvu yatsopano.
Pakadali pano, malo ambiri opangira magetsi opopera omwe adamangidwa kapena akumangidwa ku China ali pakatikati pa gridi komwe amakhala. Mwachitsanzo, malo opangira magetsi opopera a Guangzhou (makilowati 2.4 miliyoni) ali pamtunda wamakilomita 90 kuchokera ku Guangzhou, malo opangira magetsi a Ming Tombs (makilowati 0.8 miliyoni) ali pamtunda wamakilomita 40 kuchokera ku Beijing, Tianhuangping pumped-storage power station (1.8 miliyoni kilowatts) ndi mtunda wa makilomita 57 kuchokera ku Shenzhou (1.2 miliyoni kilowatts) ili m'tawuni ya Shenzhen.
Kuonjezera apo, kuti akwaniritse zosowa zachitukuko chofulumira cha mphamvu zatsopano, kuzungulira chitukuko chophatikizika cha madzi ndi malo okongola komanso chitukuko cha mphamvu zatsopano m'chipululu ndi Gobi, gulu latsopano la malo osungirako magetsi opopera amathanso kukonzekera pafupi ndi maziko atsopano a mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, malo opangira magetsi opopera omwe akukonzedwa panopa ku Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi ndi malo ena, kuwonjezera pa kukwaniritsa zosowa za gululi yamagetsi, makamaka ndi ntchito zatsopano zamagetsi.
Chifukwa chake mfundo yoyamba yowunikira mwatsatanetsatane malo opangira magetsi opopera ndikuwona komwe adabadwira poyamba. Kawirikawiri, kusungirako kupopera kuyenera kutsata mfundo yogawa magawo, kuyang'ana pa kugawa pafupi ndi grid load center ndi malo atsopano osungira mphamvu. Kuonjezera apo, m'madera opanda malo osungiramo madzi, chofunika kwambiri chiyenera kuperekedwanso ngati pali zinthu zabwino.
2, Zomangamanga
1. Mikhalidwe yapadziko lapansi
Kuwunika kwa momwe zinthu zilili kumaphatikizapo mutu wa madzi, chiŵerengero cha mtunda ndi msinkhu, ndi mphamvu zosungirako zachilengedwe za malo osungiramo madzi apamwamba ndi otsika. Mphamvu yosungidwa m'malo opopera ndiyo mphamvu yokoka yamadzi, yofanana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwautali ndi mphamvu yokoka yamadzi m'madzi. Kotero kuti musunge mphamvu zomwezo, onjezerani kusiyana kwa msinkhu pakati pa nkhokwe zapamwamba ndi zapansi, kapena kuonjezera mphamvu yosungirako yosungiramo zosungirako zopopera pamwamba ndi pansi.
Ngati zikhalidwe zikwaniritsidwa, ndizoyenera kukhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutalika pakati pa nkhokwe zapamwamba ndi zapansi, zomwe zingathe kuchepetsa kukula kwa mabwalo apamwamba ndi apansi ndi kukula kwa zomera ndi zida za electromechanical, ndi kuchepetsa ndalama za polojekitiyi. Komabe, molingana ndi momwe amapangira mayunitsi osungira-popopera, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutalika kungayambitsenso zovuta kupanga mayunitsi, kotero kuti zazikulu zimakhala bwino. Malinga ndi luso la uinjiniya, kutsika kwakukulu kuli pakati pa 400 ndi 700m. Mwachitsanzo, mutu wovotera wa Ming Tombs Pumped Storage Power Station ndi 430m; Mutu wovoteledwa wa Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station ndi 447m; Mutu wovoteledwa wa Tianchi Pumped Storage Power Station ndi 510m; Mutu wovoteledwa wa Tianhuangping Pumped Storage Power Station ndi 526m; Mutu wovoteledwa wa Xilongchi Pumped Storage Power Station ndi 640m; Mutu wovoteledwa wa Dunhua Pumped Storage Power Station ndi 655m. Pakalipano, Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station ili ndi mutu wapamwamba kwambiri wa 710m, womwe wamangidwa ku China; Mutu wapamwamba kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito potengera magetsi osungira omwe akumangidwa ndi Tiantai pumped storage power station, wokhala ndi mutu wa 724m.
Kuzama kwa danga ndi chiyerekezo chapakati pa mtunda wopingasa ndi kusiyana kokwera pakati pa madamu apamwamba ndi apansi. Nthawi zambiri, ndikoyenera kukhala kocheperako, komwe kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa uinjiniya wamakina oyendetsa madzi ndikupulumutsa ndalama zauinjiniya. Komabe, malinga ndi luso la uinjiniya, malo ochepa kwambiri mpaka kutalika kwa kutalika kungayambitse mosavuta mavuto monga masanjidwe a uinjiniya ndi malo otsetsereka okwera komanso otsetsereka, choncho nthawi zambiri ndi koyenera kukhala ndi malo otalikirana ndi kutalika pakati pa 2 ndi 10. Mwachitsanzo, kutalika kwa mtunda wa kutalika kwa malo osungiramo kupopera kwa Changlongshan ndi 3.1; Mtunda ndi kutalika kwa malo osungiramo madzi a Huizhou ndi 8.3.
Pamene mtunda wa mabeseni apamwamba ndi otsika ndi otseguka, kufunikira kosungirako mphamvu kumatha kupangidwa m'dera laling'ono la beseni losungiramo madzi. Kupanda kutero, ndikofunikira kukulitsa malo osungiramo madzi osungiramo madzi kapena kusintha mphamvu yosungiramo madzi kudzera pakukulitsa ndi kukumba, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi uinjiniya. Kwa malo opangira magetsi opopera omwe ali ndi mphamvu yoyika ma kilowatts 1.2 miliyoni ndi maola ogwiritsira ntchito maola 6, mphamvu yosungiramo malamulo opangira magetsi ikufunika pafupifupi 8 miliyoni m3, 7 miliyoni m3 ndi 6 miliyoni m3 motsatana pomwe mutu wamadzi ndi 400m, 500m ndi 600m. Pazifukwa izi, m'pofunikanso kuganizira mphamvu yakufa yosungirako, mphamvu yosungiramo madzi osungiramo madzi ndi zinthu zina kuti potsirizira pake adziwe kuchuluka kwa malo osungiramo madzi. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zofunikira za mphamvu zosungiramo madzi, ziyenera kupangidwa ndi kuwononga kapena kukulitsa kukumba m'malo osungiramo madzi pamodzi ndi malo achilengedwe.
Kuonjezera apo, malo osungira madzi osungira chapamwamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa, ndipo kuwongolera kusefukira kwa ntchitoyo kumatha kuthetsedwa mwa kuwonjezera kutalika kwa damulo. Choncho, chigwa chopapatiza chomwe chili pamtunda wa beseni lapamwamba lamadzi ndi malo abwino opangira madamu, omwe angachepetse kwambiri kuchuluka kwa madamu.
2. Mikhalidwe yachilengedwe
Mapiri obiriwira okha ndi omwe ali ngati makoma pamene akuloza ku Mafumu asanu ndi limodzi.
——Yuan Sadurah
Mikhalidwe ya geological makamaka imaphatikizapo kukhazikika kwa chigawo, uinjiniya wa malo osungiramo madzi apamwamba ndi otsika ndi madera olumikizirana, uinjiniya wa momwe madzi amapitira ndi kupanga magetsi, komanso zida zomangira zachilengedwe.
Zosungirako ndi zotayira pamalo opangira magetsi opopera ziyenera kupewa zovuta, ndipo malo osungiramo sayenera kukhala ndi zigumukire zazikulu, kugwa, kuyenda kwa zinyalala ndi zochitika zina zoyipa za geological. Mapanga apansi panthaka ayenera kupewa misa yofooka kapena yosweka. Pamene zinthuzi sizingapewedwe kudzera mu kamangidwe ka uinjiniya, mikhalidwe ya geological idzalepheretsa kumangidwa kwa malo opangira magetsi opopera.
Ngakhale malo opangira magetsi opopera amapewa zopinga zomwe zili pamwambazi, momwe chilengedwe chimakhudziranso kwambiri mtengo wa polojekiti. Nthawi zambiri, chivomezi chikakhala chosowa m'dera la polojekitiyi komanso thanthwe limakhala lolimba, zimathandiza kuchepetsa mtengo womanga malo opangira magetsi opopera.
Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a nyumbayi komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito pamalo opangira magetsi opopera, zovuta zazikulu zaukadaulo waukadaulo zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere:
(1) Poyerekeza ndi malo opangira magetsi wamba, pali malo ochulukirapo oyerekeza ndi kusankha malo opangira magetsi komanso malo osungiramo magetsi opopera magetsi. Masamba omwe ali ndi mkhalidwe wovuta wa geological kapena chithandizo chovuta cha uinjiniya amatha kuwunika kudzera mu ntchito ya geological pa kafukufuku wapa siteshoni ndi pokonzekera masiteshoni. Ntchito yofufuza za nthaka ndi yofunika kwambiri panthawiyi.
Komabe, zodabwitsa ndi zodabwitsa za dziko lapansi nthawi zambiri zimakhala pangozi ndi mtunda, ndipo anthu omwe ali osowa kwambiri, kotero ndizosatheka kuti aliyense amene ali ndi chifuno afikire.
——Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi
Kafukufuku pa Damu Lapamwamba la Damu la Shitai Pumped Storage Power Station m'chigawo cha Anhui
(2) Pali mapanga ambiri apansi panthaka, zigawo zazitali zazitali, kuthamanga kwamadzi kwamkati, maliro akuya komanso sikelo yayikulu. M'pofunika kusonyeza kukhazikika kwa thanthwe lozungulira, ndi kudziwa njira yofukula, chithandizo ndi mtundu wa akalowa, kukula ndi kuya kwa ngalande yozungulira thanthwe.
(3) Kusungirako malo osungiramo madzi opopera nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa, ndipo mtengo wopopera ndi wokwera kwambiri panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, kotero kuti kutayikira kwa malo osungiramo madzi kumayenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamalitsa. Malo osungiramo madzi omwe ali pamwamba pake amakhala pamwamba pa phirili, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala zigwa zofupikirana nazo. Masiteshoni ambiri amasankhidwa m'malo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe olakwika a karst kuti atengerepo mwayi pamalo abwino. Mavuto a dziwe lomwe lili pafupi ndi chigwa ndi kutayikira kwa karst ndizofala, zomwe zimafunika kuyang'ana kwambiri ndipo mtundu wa zomangamanga uyenera kuyang'aniridwa bwino.
(4) Kugawa kwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podzaza madamu mu beseni lamalo osungiramo magetsi opopera ndiye chinthu chofunikira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa magwero azinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pamene nkhokwe za zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofukula pansi pa beseni lamadzi pamwamba pa madzi akufa zimangokwaniritsa zofunikira zodzaza madamu ndipo palibe zinthu zochotsera pamwamba, malo abwino okumba magwero ndi kudzaza bwino amafikira. Pamene zinthu zovulira pamwamba zimakhala zokhuthala, vuto logwiritsa ntchito zovumbula pa damulo limatha kuthetsedwa pogawa zinthu zamadamu. Choncho, n'kofunika kwambiri kukhazikitsa chitsanzo cholondola cha geological cha madamu apamwamba ndi apansi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira zogwirira ntchito popanga makumbidwe ndi kudzaza bwino kwa beseni.
(5) Pa ntchito ya posungira, kukwera kwadzidzidzi ndi kugwa kwa mlingo wa madzi ndi pafupipafupi ndi lalikulu, ndi mode ntchito akapope posungira mphamvu siteshoni zimakhudza kwambiri bata la posungira banki otsetsereka, amene amaika patsogolo zofunika apamwamba kwa mikhalidwe geological wa potsetsereka nkhokwe banki. Pamene zofunikira za chitetezo chokhazikika sichinakwaniritsidwe, m'pofunika kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha malo otsetsereka kapena kuonjezera mphamvu zothandizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zowonjezereka zitheke.
(6) Maziko onse odana ndi seepage posungira beseni wa pumped yosungirako mphamvu siteshoni ali ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa mapindikidwe, ngalande ndi chifanane, makamaka kwa maziko a lonse odana seepage posungira beseni m'madera karst, karst kugwa pansi pa dziwe, mapindikidwe osagwirizana a maziko, n'zosiyana jacking wa karst madzi, karst wa kupsinjika maganizo, karst kupsinjika maganizo, kulipidwa kupsinjika maganizo, karst kupsinjika maganizo, kupsinjika maganizo ndi kukhumudwa. chidwi chokwanira.
(7) Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kukwera kwa malo osungira magetsi opopera, gawo losinthika lili ndi zofunikira zapamwamba zowongolera zomwe zili mumatope zomwe zimadutsa mu turbine. Ndikoyenera kusamala za chitetezo ndi kuthirira madzi a gwero lolimba la ngalande yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa malo otsetsereka a polowera ndi potulukira komanso kusungirako matope a nyengo ya kusefukira kwa madzi.
(8) Malo opangira magetsi opopera sapanga madamu akuluakulu ndi madamu akuluakulu. Kutalika kwa damu komanso mapiri okumbidwa pamanja a madamu ambiri apamwamba ndi apansi saposa 150m. Mavuto a uinjiniya wa maziko a madamu ndi malo otsetsereka okwera sizovuta kuthana nawo ngati madamu okwera ndi malo osungiramo magetsi amagetsi wamba.
3. Mikhalidwe yopangira nkhokwe
Malo osungira kumtunda ndi apansi ayenera kukhala ndi malo oyenera kuwononga. Nthawi zambiri, mutu wogwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 400 ~ 500m umatengedwa kutengera mphamvu yoyika ma kilowati 1.2 miliyoni ndi maola ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zonse za maola 6, ndiye kuti, mphamvu yosungirako yosungiramo malo osungira madzi opopera pamwamba ndi pansi ndi pafupifupi 6 miliyoni ~ 8 miliyoni m3. Malo ena osungiramo madzi amakhala ndi "mimba". Ndikosavuta kupanga posungira posungiramo posungira. M'malo mwake, ikhoza kuthetsedwa ndi kudulidwa. Komabe, malo ena osungira amapope ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zosungira zachilengedwe ndipo amafunika kukumbidwa kuti apange mphamvu yosungiramo. Izi zidzabweretsa mavuto awiri, imodzi ndi mtengo wokwera kwambiri wachitukuko, ina ndikuti mphamvu zosungirako ziyenera kukumbidwa mochuluka, ndipo mphamvu yosungirako mphamvu ya malo opangira magetsi sikuyenera kukhala yaikulu kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza pa zofunikira zosungirako, pulojekiti yosungiramo madzi opopera iyeneranso kuganizira za kuteteza madzi osungiramo madzi, kukumba nthaka ndi miyala ndi kudzaza, kusankha mtundu wa madamu, ndi zina zotero, ndikuzindikira dongosolo la mapangidwe ake pogwiritsa ntchito luso ndi zachuma. Nthawi zambiri, ngati posungira akhoza kupangidwa ndi damming, ndi kuteteza m'deralo seepage anatengera, mikhalidwe yosungiramo mapangidwe ndi zabwino (onani mkuyu 2.3-1); Ngati "beseni" imapangidwa ndi kukumba kwakukulu, ndipo mtundu wonse wa beseni wotsutsa-seepage umatengedwa, zikhalidwe zopangira nkhokwe zimakhala zambiri (onani mkuyu 2.3-2 ndi 2.3-3).
Kutenga Guangzhou pumped posungira mphamvu posungira ndi zabwino posungira kupanga zinthu monga chitsanzo, chapamwamba ndi m'munsi posungira kupanga zinthu ndi zabwino ndithu, ndipo posungira akhoza kupangidwa ndi damming, ndi chapamwamba posungira mphamvu 24.08 miliyoni m3 ndi m'munsi posungira mphamvu 23.42 miliyoni m3.
Kuphatikiza apo, malo opangira magetsi a Tianhuangping amatengedwa ngati chitsanzo. Malo osungiramo madzi akumtunda ali m'mphepete mwa ngalande ya nthambi yomwe ili kumanzere kwa mtsinje wa Daxi, womwe wazunguliridwa ndi dziwe lalikulu, madamu anayi othandizira, malo olowera / kutuluka ndi mapiri ozungulira dziwelo. Damu lalikulu limakonzedwa mu kukhumudwa kumapeto kwenikweni kwa dziwe, ndipo dziwe lothandizira limakonzedwa m'madutsa anayi kummawa, kumpoto, kumadzulo ndi kumwera chakumadzulo. Malo osungira ndi apakati, okhala ndi mphamvu yosungiramo 9.12 miliyoni m3.
4. Magwero a madzi
Malo opangira magetsi opopera ndi osiyana ndi malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi wamba, ndiko kuti, "beseni" lamadzi oyera amathiridwa cham'mbuyo ndi mtsogolo pakati pa madamu apamwamba ndi apansi. Popopa madzi, madzi amatsanuliridwa kuchokera pansi kupita ku dziwe lapamwamba, ndipo popanga magetsi, madzi amatsitsidwa kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumalo otsika. Choncho, vuto la gwero la madzi la malo opangira magetsi opopera ndilo kukomana ndi malo osungiramo madzi oyambirira, ndiko kuti, kusunga madzi m'malo osungiramo madzi poyamba, ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi komwe kumachepetsedwa chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa nthunzi ndi kutuluka pa ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Mphamvu yosungiramo madzi nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwana 10 miliyoni m3, ndipo zofunikira za kuchuluka kwa madzi sizokwera. Magwero a madzi m'madera omwe kugwa mvula yambiri ndi maukonde a mitsinje yowundana sikudzakhala cholepheretsa pomanga malo opangira magetsi opopera. Komabe, kumadera ouma monga kumpoto chakumadzulo, gwero la madzi lakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri cholepheretsa. Malo ena ali ndi mawonekedwe amitundu ndi geological pomanga posungira popopera, koma sipangakhale gwero la madzi osungira madzi kwa ma kilomita makumi.
3, Zinthu zakunja
Chofunikira pa nkhani za anthu olowa ndi kusamukira kudziko lina ndikuthana ndi nkhani yazantchito za anthu ndi chipukuta misozi. Ndi njira yopambana-kupambana komanso yopambana.
1. Kutenga malo ndikukhazikitsanso anthu kuti amangidwe
Kukula kwa kulandidwa kwa nthaka pomanga malo opangira magetsi opopera kumaphatikizapo malo okhathamira pamwamba ndi pansi komanso malo omangira ma hydroproject. Ngakhale pali malo osungiramo magetsi opopera, chifukwa malo osungiramo magetsi ndi ochepa, ena amagwiritsa ntchito nyanja zachilengedwe kapena malo osungiramo madzi omwe alipo, kuchuluka kwa malo osungiramo malo omangapo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi komwe kumayendera magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi; Chifukwa mabeseni ambiri amakumbidwa, malo omangapo projekiti nthawi zambiri amaphatikizanso malo osungiramo madzi, motero gawo la malo omanga projekiti ya hydroproject yomwe amatenga malo a polojekitiyi ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi wamba.
Malo osungiramo madzi osungiramo madzi makamaka amaphatikizapo malo omwe amadzimadzi omwe ali pansi pa dziwe loyenera la dziwe, komanso malo omwe madzi osefukira akubwerera komanso malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi dziwe.
Malo omangira projekiti ya hydroproject makamaka akuphatikizapo nyumba za hydroproject ndi malo oyang'anira projekiti okhazikika. Malo omanga a polojekiti ya hub amatsimikiziridwa ngati malo osakhalitsa komanso malo okhazikika malinga ndi cholinga cha chiwembu chilichonse. Malo osakhalitsa atha kubwezeretsedwanso ku ntchito yake yoyamba atagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kukula kwa kulandidwa kwa malo opangira zomangamanga kwatsimikiziridwa, ndipo ntchito yotsatila yofunikira ndiyo kufufuza zizindikiro zakuthupi za kulandidwa kwa malo omanga, kuti "mudziwe nokha ndi kudziwa ena". Ndiko makamaka kufufuza kuchuluka, ubwino, umwini ndi zina za chiwerengero cha anthu, malo, nyumba, nyumba, zotsalira za chikhalidwe ndi malo a mbiri yakale, mchere wa mchere, ndi zina zotero mkati mwa kulandidwa kwa malo omanga.
Popanga zisankho, chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu ndi chakuti ngati kutenga malo omanga kumakhudza zinthu zazikuluzikulu, monga kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa minda yachikhalire, nkhalango yachitukuko cha anthu, midzi ndi matauni ofunikira, zotsalira zachikhalidwe zazikulu ndi malo odziwika bwino, ndi malo osungiramo mchere.
2. Chitetezo cha chilengedwe
Kumanga malo opangira magetsi opopera kuyenera kutsata mfundo ya "zofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi chitukuko chobiriwira".
Kupewa madera okhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti polojekiti itheke. Madera okhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe amatchula mitundu yonse ya malo otetezedwa pamagulu onse okhazikitsidwa motsatira malamulo ndi madera omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha polojekiti yomanga. Posankha malo, madera okhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndikupewa choyamba, makamaka kuphatikizapo mizere yofiira ya chitetezo cha zachilengedwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe, malo owoneka bwino, malo a chikhalidwe cha dziko ndi zachilengedwe, malo otetezedwa ndi madzi akumwa, mapaki a nkhalango, mapaki a geological, malo osungiramo madambo Malo otetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a m'madzi, ndi zina zotero. malo, kumanga mizinda ndi kumidzi, ndi "mizere itatu ndi imodzi".
Njira zotetezera chilengedwe ndi njira zofunika kwambiri zochepetsera chilengedwe. Ngati pulojekitiyi siyikukhudzana ndi madera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, ndiye kuti ndi zotheka malinga ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe, koma kumanga pulojekitiyi kudzakhala ndi vuto linalake pamadzi, mpweya, phokoso ndi chilengedwe, ndi njira zingapo zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zithetse kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zake zoipa, monga chithandizo cha madzi onyansa ndi zimbudzi zapakhomo, ndi kutuluka kwa chilengedwe.
Kumanga malo ndi njira yofunikira yopezera chitukuko chapamwamba cha kupopera ndi kusunga. Malo opopa ndi kusunga magetsi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madera amapiri ndi amapiri okhala ndi chilengedwe chabwino. Ntchito ikatha, malo osungira awiri adzapangidwa. Pambuyo pokonzanso zachilengedwe ndikumanga malo, amatha kuphatikizidwa m'malo owoneka bwino kapena zokopa alendo kuti akwaniritse chitukuko chogwirizana cha malo opangira magetsi ndi chilengedwe. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro la "madzi obiriwira ndi mapiri obiriwira ndi mapiri a golide ndi mapiri asiliva". Mwachitsanzo, Zhejiang Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station yaphatikizidwa pamalo owoneka bwino a Tianhuangping Provincial Scenic Spot - Jiangnan Tianchi, ndi Qujiang Pumped Storage Power Station yaphatikizidwa mugawo lachitatu lachitetezo cha Lankeshan-Wuxijiang Provincial Scenic Spot.
4, Engineering kapangidwe
Mapangidwe a uinjiniya wa malo opangira magetsi opopera amaphatikizanso kukula kwa projekiti, ma hydraulic, kapangidwe ka bungwe lomanga, ma electromechanical ndi zitsulo, etc.
1. Mulingo wa polojekiti
Mulingo wa uinjiniya wa malo opangira magetsi opopera makamaka umaphatikizapo mphamvu yoyika, kuchuluka kwa maola opitilirabe, mawonekedwe amadzi am'malo osungira ndi zina.
Kusankhidwa kwa mphamvu yoyikapo komanso kuchuluka kwa maola osalekeza a malo opangira magetsi opopera kuyenera kuganizira zofunikira komanso kuthekera. Kufunika kumatanthawuza kufunidwa kwamagetsi, ndipo kungatanthauzenso momwe amamangidwira pamalo opangira magetsi. Njira yonseyi imachokera ku kusanthula kwa magwiridwe antchito amagetsi osiyanasiyana opangira magetsi opopera komanso zofunikira zamakina amagetsi opitilira maola opitilira, kuti ajambule dongosolo lamphamvu lomwe adayikidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa maola opitilirabe, ndikusankha kuchuluka kwa maola okhazikika ndi kuchuluka kwa maola opitilira muyeso kudzera pakupanga magetsi ndikuyerekeza kwaukadaulo ndi zachuma.
Pochita, njira yosavuta yokonzekera mphamvu yoyikapo komanso maola ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zonse ndikuyamba kudziwa mphamvu ya unit malinga ndi mutu wa mutu wa madzi, ndiyeno kudziwa mphamvu zonse zomwe zimayikidwa ndi maola ogwiritsira ntchito molingana ndi mphamvu zosungirako zachilengedwe zosungirako kupopera. Pakalipano, mumtundu wa 300m ~ 500m madzi akutsikira kwamadzi, mapangidwe ndi teknoloji yopangira makina omwe ali ndi mphamvu zovotera ma kilowatts 300000 ndi okhwima, malo ogwirira ntchito ndi abwino, ndipo luso la uinjiniya ndilolemera kwambiri (ndichifukwa chake mphamvu yoyikapo malo ambiri osungira magetsi opopera omwe akumangidwa nthawi zambiri ndi 3000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ya malo opangira magetsi. kugawikana, ndipo potsiriza ambiri ndi 1.2 miliyoni kilowatts). Pambuyo pakusankhidwa kwa mphamvu yagawo, kusungirako mphamvu kwachilengedwe kwa malo opangira magetsi kumawunikidwa potengera momwe zinthu zilili komanso malo osungiramo zinthu zam'mwamba ndi zam'munsi, komanso kutayika kwamutu kwa mphamvu yopangira mphamvu komanso kupopera. Mwachitsanzo, kupyolera mu kusanthula koyambirira, ngati madzi apakati akutsika pakati pa malo osungiramo magetsi apamwamba ndi apansi a malo osungiramo magetsi ndi pafupifupi 450m, ndi koyenera kusankha ma kilowatts 300000 a mphamvu ya unit; Mphamvu yosungiramo zachilengedwe zam'madzi apamwamba ndi otsika ndi pafupifupi 6.6 miliyoni kilowatt-maola, kotero mayunitsi anayi akhoza kuganiziridwa, ndiko kuti, mphamvu zonse zomwe zimayikidwa ndi 1.2 miliyoni kilowatts; Kuphatikizidwa ndi kufunikira kwa dongosolo lamagetsi, pambuyo pa kukulitsa ndi kukumba mosungiramo potengera momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira, kusungirako mphamvu zonse kudzafika ma kilowatt-maola 7.2 miliyoni, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi maola opitilira mphamvu amphamvu a maola 6.
Maonekedwe a madzi a m'malo osungiramo makamaka amaphatikizapo mulingo wamadzi wokhazikika, mulingo wa madzi akufa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe amadzi am'madzi am'madziwa amasankhidwa pambuyo pa kuchuluka kwa maola opitilirabe komanso mphamvu zokhazikitsidwa zimasankhidwa.
2. Zomangamanga za Hydraulic
Patsogolo pathu pali mtsinje woyenda, ndipo kumbuyo kwathu kuli nyali zowala kwambiri. Umu ndi momwe moyo wathu uliri, kumenyana ndikuthamangira kutsogolo.
——Nyimbo ya Omanga Malo Osungira Madzi
Zomangira za hydraulic zosungiramo ma pump nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizira posungira kumtunda, posungira m'munsi, makina otumizira madzi, nyumba yamagetsi yapansi panthaka ndi ma switch station. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri pakupanga malo osungira madzi apamwamba ndi otsika ndikupeza mphamvu zosungirako zazikulu pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa za uinjiniya. Malo ambiri osungiramo madzi akumtunda amatengera kuphatikiza kukumba ndi kuwononga, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi madamu a rockfill. Malinga ndi momwe malo osungiramo madzi amakhalira, kutayikira kwa malo opangira magetsi opopera kumatha kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yonse yopewera kusemphana ndi madzi komanso kupewa kutsekeka kwa chinsalu mozungulira posungiramo. Zida zodzitetezera ku seepage zitha kukhala mbale yankhope ya konkriti, geomembrane, bulangeti ladongo, ndi zina.
Chithunzi chojambula cha malo opangira magetsi opopera
Pamene malo osungiramo madzi osungiramo madzi osungiramo madzi amayenera kutengedwa kuti asungidwe posungirako magetsi opopera, mawonekedwe otetezera madamu amadzimadzi ndi mawonekedwe otetezera beseni lamadzimadzi ayenera kuganiziridwa lonse, kuti mupewe kapena kuchepetsa chithandizo chamagulu pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotetezera madzi momwe mungathere ndikuwongolera kudalirika. Bwalo lonse losungiramo madzi lomwe lili ndi kudzaza kwakukulu lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza kuti asalowe pansi pankhokwe. Kapangidwe kachitetezo kocheperako pansi pa nkhokweyo kumakhala koyenera kupindika kwakukulu kapena kusinthika kosagwirizana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kubweza kwambiri.
Mutu wamadzi wa malo opangira magetsi opopera ndiwokwera, ndipo kupanikizika komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi njira yamadzi ndi yayikulu. Malinga ndi mutu wamadzi, mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ya thanthwe lozungulira, kukula kwa chitoliro chokhazikika, ndi zina zambiri, zitsulo zachitsulo, zitsulo zolimba za konkriti ndi njira zina zitha kukhazikitsidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, pofuna kuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha kusefukira kwa malo opangira magetsi, malo opangira magetsi opopera amafunikiranso kukonza zotulutsa madzi osefukira, ndi zina zotero, zomwe sizidzafotokozedwa apa.
3. Kupanga bungwe la zomangamanga
Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za kapangidwe ka bungwe lomanga malo opangira magetsi opopera zikuphatikizapo: phunzirani momwe ntchito yomangamanga, kusinthira zomangamanga, kukonza magwero azinthu, ntchito yayikulu yomanga, mayendedwe omanga, malo opangira mafakitole, masanjidwe omanga ambiri, ndandanda yomanga ambiri (nthawi yomanga), ndi zina zambiri.
Mu ntchito yomanga, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira za topographic ndi geological mikhalidwe ya siteshoni siteshoni, kuphatikiza mikhalidwe yomanga ndi pulani zomangamanga zomangamanga, ndi mfundo ya kwambiri ndi chuma ntchito nthaka, poyambirira ajambule uinjiniya dongosolo zomangamanga, earthwork bwino ndi dongosolo masanjidwe wamba, kuti achepetse ntchito yolima nthaka ndi kuchepetsa mtengo ntchito.
Monga dziko lalikulu lomanga, kasamalidwe ka zomangamanga ku China ndi gawo lodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. M'zaka zaposachedwa, malo osungiramo madzi aku China apanga kufufuza kopindulitsa pakupanga zobiriwira, R&D ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zazikulu, komanso zomangamanga mwanzeru. Ukadaulo wina wa zomangamanga wafika kapena wapita patsogolo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zimawonetsedwa makamaka ndiukadaulo womanga madamu omwe akukulirakulira, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo womanga zitoliro woponderezedwa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa machitidwe opambana a migodi yamagetsi yapansi panthaka ndi ukadaulo wothandizira pansi pazikhalidwe zovuta za geological, ukadaulo wopitilira muyeso waukadaulo ndi zida zomangira shaft, zopambana zochititsa chidwi zamakina ndi zomangamanga zanzeru za TBM, komanso kumanga mwanzeru kwa TBM.
4. Electromechanical ndi metal structure
Magawo osungira osunthika amtundu umodzi wosakanikirana-omwe amatha kusinthika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira magetsi opopera. Pankhani ya chitukuko cha hayidiroliki wa mpope chopangira magetsi, China ali ndi kamangidwe ndi kupanga mphamvu mpope ndi 700m mutu gawo ndi 400000 kilowatts pa mphamvu unit, komanso kamangidwe, kupanga, unsembe, kulamula ndi kupanga mayunitsi ambiri yosungirako ndi 100-700m mutu gawo ndi 400000 kilowati mphamvu kapena zochepa. Pankhani ya madzi mutu wa siteshoni magetsi, oveteredwa mitu madzi a Jilin Dunhua, Guangdong Yangjiang ndi Zhejiang Changlongshan pumped posungira magetsi malo amene akumangidwa onse oposa 650m, amene ali patsogolo pa dziko; Mutu wovomerezeka wa Zhejiang Tiantai Pumped Storage Power Station ndi 724m, womwe ndi mutu wapamwamba kwambiri wamagetsi osungira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Kuvuta kwa kapangidwe kake ndi kupanga kwa chipangizocho ndikokwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pakukula kwa ma jenereta amagetsi, ma jenereta akuluakulu opangira magetsi opopera omwe amamangidwa komanso akumangidwa ku China ndi ma shaft ofukula, magawo atatu, oziziritsidwa bwino ndi mpweya, osinthika ma synchronous motors. Pali mayunitsi awiri a Zhejiang Changlongshan Pumped Storage Power Station omwe ali ndi liwiro la 600r/min komanso mphamvu yake ndi 350000 kW. Magawo ena a Guangdong Yangjiang Pumped Storage Power Station ayikidwa kuti agwire ntchito ndi liwiro la 500r/min ndipo adavotera 400000 kW. Mphamvu zonse zopangira ma jenereta afika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuonjezera apo, mapangidwe a electromechanical ndi zitsulo amaphatikizanso makina a hydraulic, magetsi oyendetsa magetsi, kulamulira ndi kuteteza, zitsulo zazitsulo ndi zina, zomwe sizidzabwerezedwa pano.
Zida zopangira malo opangira magetsi opopera ku China zikukula mwachangu molunjika kumutu waukulu wamadzi, mphamvu yayikulu, yodalirika kwambiri, yotalikirapo, liwiro losinthika, komanso kukhazikika.
5, Zizindikiro zachuma
Zomangamanga ndi zotsatira zakunja za pulojekiti yosungiramo madzi, pambuyo pozindikira ndondomeko ya polojekitiyi, pamapeto pake zidzawonetsedwa mu chizindikiro, chomwe ndi ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowatt ya polojekitiyo. Kutsika kwa ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowatt, kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yabwino.
Kusiyanasiyana kwapayekha pamikhalidwe yomanga malo opangira magetsi opopera ndizodziwikiratu. Ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowatt zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe ntchito yomanga imakhalira komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchitoyo. Mu 2021, China idavomereza malo opangira magetsi opopera 11, okhala ndi ndalama zokhazikika za 5367 yuan pa kilowatt; Mapulojekiti 14 amaliza kafukufuku wotheka, ndipo ndalama zambiri zokhazikika pa kilowatt ndi 5425 yuan/kilowatt.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero zoyambira, ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowati imodzi yamapulojekiti akuluakulu opopera omwe ali pansi pa ntchito yoyambirira mu 2022 nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati pa 5000 ndi 7000 yuan/kilowatt. Chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya madera, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowati imodzi ya mphamvu zopopera zosungirako m'magawo osiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, momwe amamangira malo opangira magetsi kumwera, kum'mawa ndi pakati pa China ndizabwino, ndipo ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowatt ndizochepa. Chifukwa cha kusayenda bwino kwa geological geological ndi kutsika kwa magwero amadzi, mtengo wagawo kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi wokwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi madera ena aku China.
Pazosankha zachuma, tiyenera kuyang'ana pa ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowatt ya polojekitiyo, koma sitingathe kungolankhula za ngwazi ya ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowatt, apo ayi zitha kupangitsa kuti mabizinesi azikulitsa mwachimbulimbuli. Zikuwonekera kwambiri m'mbali zotsatirazi:
Choyamba, onjezerani mphamvu zomwe zakhazikitsidwa poyamba zomwe zaperekedwa panthawi yokonzekera. Tiyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro lachidule la mkhalidwewu. Tengani pulojekiti yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa ya ma kilowatts 1.2 miliyoni kumayambiriro kwa gawo lokonzekera monga chitsanzo, ndipo kapangidwe kake kagawo ndi mayunitsi anayi a 300000 kilowatts. Ngati kusiyanasiyana kwa mutu wamadzi kuli koyenera, komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, mikhalidwe yosankha 350000kW yamakina amodzi ilipo, ndiye pambuyo pakuyerekeza kwaukadaulo ndi zachuma, 1.4 miliyoni kW ikhoza kulangizidwa ngati chiwembu choyimira pagawo lothekera. Komabe, ngati choyambirira anakonza mayunitsi 4 wa 300000 KW tsopano akuonedwa kuti kuonjezera mayunitsi 2 kwa 6 mayunitsi 300000 KW, ndiko kuti, mphamvu anaika wa siteshoni mphamvu chiwonjezeke kuchokera 1.2 miliyoni KW kuti 1.8 miliyoni KW, ndiye ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwasintha kachitidwe kachitidwe ka ntchito ya pulojekitiyi, mphamvu zoyendetsera polojekitiyi, ndi zofunikira zina zomangira polojekitiyi, ndi zofunikira zina zomanga. mokwanira. Kawirikawiri, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha mayunitsi kuyenera kugwera mkati mwa kusintha kwakukonzekera.
Chachiwiri ndi kuchepetsa maola ogwiritsira ntchito. Ngati mphamvu zopopera zosungirako zikufananizidwa ndi banki yolipira. Ndiye mphamvu yoyikayo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mphamvu yotulutsa, ndipo maola ogwiritsira ntchito mokwanira ndi nthawi yayitali bwanji yomwe banki yamagetsi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kwa malo opangira magetsi opopera, mphamvu yosungidwa ikakhala yofanana, maola ogwiritsira ntchito mokwanira komanso mphamvu zoyikidwa zimatha kufananizidwa bwino. Pakadali pano, malinga ndi zosowa zamakina amagetsi, maola ogwiritsira ntchito tsiku lililonse amatengedwa ngati 6h. Ngati mikhalidwe yomanga malo opangira magetsi ndi yabwino, ndi koyenera kuonjeza moyenerera maola ogwiritsira ntchito gawolo pamtengo wotsika. Ndi ndalama zomwezo zokhazikika pa kilowatt, malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi maola ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi zonse amatha kutenga gawo lalikulu pamakina. Komabe, pakhala pali lingaliro lakuti mphamvu yoyika idzawonjezeka kwambiri (1.2 miliyoni kW → 1.8 miliyoni kW) ndi maola ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zonse zidzachepetsedwa (6h → 4h). Mwanjira iyi, ngakhale kuti ndalama zokhazikika pa kilowatt zimatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri, chifukwa cha dongosololi, nthawi yochepa yogwiritsira ntchito sikungakwaniritse zofuna za dongosolo, ndipo gawo lake mu gridi yamagetsi lidzachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-08-2023
