Mphamvu yamadzi ndi ukadaulo wa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi yoyendera magetsi. Ndi gwero lamphamvu loyera lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri lomwe lili ndi zabwino zambiri, monga kubwezeretsanso, kutulutsa mpweya kochepa, kukhazikika komanso kulamulira. Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya mphamvu yamadzi imachokera pa lingaliro losavuta: kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi yoyendera madzi kuyendetsa turbine, zomwe zimapangitsa jenereta kupanga magetsi. Masitepe opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi awa: kusuntha madzi kuchokera ku dziwe kapena mtsinje, zomwe zimafuna gwero la madzi, nthawi zambiri dziwe (thanki yopangira) kapena mtsinje wachilengedwe, womwe umapereka mphamvu; chitsogozo cha kuyenda kwa madzi, komwe kuyenda kwa madzi kumalunjika ku masamba a turbine kudzera mu njira yosinthira. Njira yosinthira madzi imatha kuwongolera kuyenda kwa madzi kuti isinthe mphamvu yopanga magetsi; turbine ikuyenda, ndipo kuyenda kwa madzi kumagunda masamba a turbine, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izungulire. Turbine ndi yofanana ndi gudumu la mphepo popanga mphamvu ya mphepo; jenereta imapanga magetsi, ndipo kugwira ntchito kwa turbine kumazungulira jenereta, yomwe imapanga magetsi kudzera mu mfundo yoyambitsa magetsi; kutumiza mphamvu, mphamvu yopangidwa imatumizidwa ku gridi yamagetsi ndikuperekedwa kumizinda, mafakitale ndi mabanja. Pali mitundu yambiri ya magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Malinga ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: kupanga magetsi a m'mitsinje, kupanga magetsi m'madamu, kupanga magetsi a m'nyanja ndi m'madzi, ndi mphamvu yaing'ono yamadzi. Mphamvu yamadzi ili ndi zabwino zambiri, komanso zovuta zina. Zabwino zake ndi izi: mphamvu yamadzi ndi gwero la mphamvu yongowonjezwdwa. Mphamvu yamadzi imadalira kuyenda kwa madzi, kotero imatha kusinthidwanso ndipo sidzatha; ndi gwero lamphamvu loyera. Mphamvu yamadzi siipanga mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi zoipitsa mpweya, ndipo siili ndi mphamvu zambiri pa chilengedwe; imatha kulamuliridwa. Malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amatha kusinthidwa malinga ndi kufunikira kuti apereke mphamvu yodalirika yoyambira. Zoyipa zazikulu ndi izi: mapulojekiti akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi angayambitse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso mavuto azachikhalidwe monga kusamuka kwa anthu okhala m'deralo ndi kutenga malo; mphamvu yamadzi imachepa chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa madzi, ndipo chilala kapena kuchepa kwa madzi kungakhudze mphamvu zopangira magetsi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi, monga mtundu wa mphamvu yongowonjezedwanso, ili ndi mbiri yakale. Ma turbine amadzi akale ndi mawilo amadzi: Kale kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma turbine amadzi ndi mawilo amadzi kuyendetsa makina monga mphero ndi matabwa odulira mitengo. Makinawa amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka madzi kuti agwire ntchito. Kubwera kwa kupanga magetsi: Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi amadzi kuti asinthe mphamvu yamadzi kukhala magetsi. Malo oyamba opangira magetsi amadzi padziko lonse lapansi adamangidwa ku Wisconsin, USA mu 1882. Kumanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, kukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi kunakula kwambiri pomanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi. Mapulojekiti otchuka a madamu akuphatikizapo Damu la Hoover ku United States ndi Damu la Three Gorges ku China. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo: Pakapita nthawi, ukadaulo wamagetsi amadzi wakhala ukuwongoleredwa nthawi zonse, kuphatikizapo kuyambitsa ma turbine, ma hydro-generator ndi machitidwe owongolera anzeru, zomwe zawongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi kudalirika kwa magetsi amadzi.
Mphamvu yamadzi ndi gwero lamphamvu yoyera komanso yongowonjezwdwa, ndipo unyolo wake wa mafakitale umaphimba maulalo angapo ofunikira, kuyambira kasamalidwe ka madzi mpaka kutumiza mphamvu. Unyolo woyamba mu unyolo wa mafakitale amagetsi ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi. Izi zikuphatikizapo kukonza nthawi, kusungira ndi kugawa madzi kuti atsimikizire kuti madzi angaperekedwe bwino ku ma turbine kuti apange magetsi. Kasamalidwe ka madzi nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuyang'anira magawo monga mvula, liwiro la madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti apange zisankho zoyenera. Kasamalidwe ka madzi amakono kamayang'ananso pakukhazikika kuti atsimikizire kuti mphamvu zopangira magetsi zitha kusungidwa ngakhale m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri monga chilala. Madamu ndi malo osungira madzi ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri mu unyolo wa mafakitale amagetsi. Madamu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza madzi ndikupanga kuthamanga kwa madzi, motero kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kuyenda kwa madzi. Madziwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira madzi kuti atsimikizire kuti kuyenda kwa madzi okwanira kungaperekedwe panthawi yomwe madzi akufunikira kwambiri. Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka madamu kuyenera kuganizira za mikhalidwe ya nthaka, mawonekedwe a kuyenda kwa madzi ndi zotsatira zachilengedwe kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi kukhazikika. Ma turbine ndi zigawo zazikulu mu unyolo wa mafakitale amagetsi. Madzi akamayenda kudzera m'masamba a turbine, mphamvu yake ya kinetic imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina, zomwe zimapangitsa turbine kuzungulira. Kapangidwe ndi mtundu wa turbine zimatha kusankhidwa malinga ndi liwiro la kuyenda kwa madzi, kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutalika kuti zikwaniritse mphamvu zambiri. Turbine ikazungulira, imayendetsa jenereta yolumikizidwa kuti ipange magetsi. Jenereta ndi chipangizo chofunikira chomwe chimasintha mphamvu yamakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Kawirikawiri, mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya jenereta ndikuyambitsa mphamvu kudzera mu mphamvu yozungulira ya maginito kuti ipange mphamvu yosinthana. Kapangidwe ndi mphamvu ya jenereta ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa malinga ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu ndi makhalidwe a kuyenda kwa madzi. Mphamvu yopangidwa ndi jenereta ndi mphamvu yosinthana, yomwe nthawi zambiri imafunika kukonzedwa kudzera mu substation. Ntchito zazikulu za substation zimaphatikizapo kukweza (kukweza magetsi kuti achepetse kutayika kwa mphamvu pamene mphamvu ikutumizidwa) ndikusintha mtundu wa mphamvu (kusintha AC kukhala DC kapena mosemphanitsa) kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira za dongosolo lotumizira mphamvu. Ulalo womaliza ndi kutumiza mphamvu. Mphamvu yopangidwa ndi siteshoni yamagetsi imatumizidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'mizinda, mafakitale kapena akumidzi kudzera mu mizere yotumizira. Mizere yotumizira iyenera kukonzedwa, kupangidwa ndikusamalidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphamvuyo imatumizidwa mosamala komanso moyenera kupita komwe ikupita. M'madera ena, mphamvu ingafunikenso kukonzedwanso kudzera mu substation kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira za ma voltage ndi ma frequency osiyanasiyana.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-12-2024
