Hydropower ndi ukadaulo wamagetsi wongowonjezwdwanso womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic yamadzi kupanga magetsi. Ndi gwero lamphamvu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri lomwe lili ndi zabwino zambiri, monga kusinthika, kutulutsa pang'ono, kukhazikika komanso kuwongolera. Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya hydropower imachokera pa lingaliro losavuta: kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic ya kuyenda kwa madzi kuyendetsa turbine, yomwe imatembenuza jenereta kuti ipange magetsi. Masitepe opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi: kupatutsidwa kwamadzi kuchokera m'thawe kapena mtsinje, komwe kumafunikira gwero la madzi, nthawi zambiri nkhokwe (mosungiramo madzi) kapena mtsinje wachilengedwe, womwe umapereka mphamvu; chitsogozo chakuyenda kwamadzi, komwe madzi akuyenda amalunjika ku masamba a turbine kudzera munjira yosinthira. Njira yosinthira imatha kuwongolera kuyenda kwamadzi kuti isinthe mphamvu yopangira mphamvu; turbine ikugwira ntchito, ndipo madzi akuyenda amagunda masamba a turbine, ndikupangitsa kuti azizungulira. Makina opangira magetsi amafanana ndi gudumu lamphepo mukupanga mphamvu zamphepo; jenereta imapanga magetsi, ndipo ntchito ya turbine imasinthasintha jenereta, yomwe imapanga magetsi kudzera mu mfundo ya electromagnetic induction; kutumizira mphamvu, mphamvu yopangidwa imaperekedwa ku gridi yamagetsi ndikuperekedwa kumizinda, mafakitale ndi mabanja. Pali mitundu yambiri yamagetsi apamadzi. Malinga ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito, zitha kugawidwa m'magulu opanga magetsi a mitsinje, kupangira magetsi osungiramo madzi, kutulutsa mphamvu zamafunde ndi zam'nyanja, ndi magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi. Mphamvu ya Hydropower ili ndi zabwino zingapo, komanso zovuta zina. Ubwino wake ndi: hydropower ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Mphamvu ya Hydropower imadalira kayendedwe ka madzi, kotero imathangongoleredwa ndipo siidzatha; ndi gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu. Mphamvu ya Hydropower simapanga mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi zowononga mpweya, ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa pa chilengedwe; zimatheka kulamulirika. Malo opangira magetsi a Hydropower akhoza kusinthidwa malinga ndi kufunikira kuti apereke mphamvu zodalirika zonyamula katundu. Zoyipa zazikulu ndi izi: ntchito zazikulu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi zitha kuwononga chilengedwe, komanso mavuto amtundu wa anthu monga kusamuka kwa anthu komanso kulanda malo; Mphamvu yamadzi imachepa chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa madzi, ndipo chilala kapena kuchepa kwa madzi kungasokoneze mphamvu yopangira magetsi.
Mphamvu ya Hydropower, monga mphamvu yongowonjezedwanso, ili ndi mbiri yakale. Ma turbine amadzi akale ndi mawilo amadzi: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachiwiri BC, anthu adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira madzi ndi mawilo amadzi kuyendetsa makina monga mphero ndi macheka. Makinawa amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic yakuyenda kwa madzi kuti agwire ntchito. Kubwera kwa magetsi opangira magetsi: Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kuti asinthe mphamvu za madzi kukhala magetsi. Malo oyamba padziko lonse opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi anamangidwa ku Wisconsin, USA m’chaka cha 1882. Kumanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, mphamvu yopangira magetsi pamadzi inakula kwambiri pomanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi. Ntchito zodziwika bwino zamadamu zimaphatikizapo Damu la Hoover ku United States ndi Damu la Three Gorges ku China. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo: M'kupita kwanthawi, ukadaulo wamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi wakhala ukukonzedwa mosalekeza, kuphatikiza kukhazikitsa makina opangira magetsi, ma hydro-generator ndi njira zanzeru zowongolera, zomwe zathandiza kuti mphamvu zamagetsi ziziyenda bwino komanso zodalirika.
Mphamvu ya Hydropower ndi gwero lamphamvu loyera, longowonjezedwanso, ndipo makampani ake amalumikizana ndi maulalo angapo, kuyambira kasamalidwe ka gwero lamadzi mpaka kuphatikizira magetsi. Ulalo woyamba mumndandanda wamakampani opanga mphamvu zamadzi ndi kasamalidwe kazinthu zamadzi. Izi zikuphatikizapo ndondomeko, kusunga ndi kugawa kwa madzi oyenda kuti madzi athe kuperekedwa mokhazikika ku makina opangira magetsi. Kasamalidwe ka madzi nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuyang'anira magawo monga mvula, kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti apange zisankho zoyenera. Kasamalidwe ka madzi amakono amayang'ananso kukhazikika kuti atsimikizire kuti mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zitha kusungidwa ngakhale pazovuta kwambiri monga chilala. Madamu ndi malo osungira ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Madamu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza kuchuluka kwa madzi ndikupanga kuthamanga kwamadzi, motero kumawonjezera mphamvu ya kinetic yakuyenda kwamadzi. Malo osungiramo madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungirako madzi kuti awonetsetse kuti madzi okwanira atha kuperekedwa panthawi yomwe ikufunika kwambiri. Kapangidwe ndi kamangidwe ka madamu kuyenera kuganizira za momwe nthaka imayendera, momwe madzi amayendera komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi kukhazikika. Ma turbines ndizomwe zili zofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Madzi akamadutsa muzitsulo za turbine, mphamvu yake ya kinetic imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti turbine ikhale yozungulira. Mapangidwe ndi mtundu wa turbine amatha kusankhidwa molingana ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi, kuthamanga kwa kuthamanga ndi kutalika kuti akwaniritse mphamvu zapamwamba kwambiri. Makina opangira magetsi akamazungulira, amayendetsa jenereta yolumikizidwa kuti apange magetsi. Jenereta ndi chipangizo chofunikira chomwe chimasintha mphamvu zamakina kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Kawirikawiri, mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito jenereta ndiyo kukopa zamakono kupyolera mu mphamvu ya maginito yozungulira kuti ipange magetsi osinthasintha. Mapangidwe ndi mphamvu ya jenereta iyenera kutsimikiziridwa molingana ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu ndi zizindikiro za kayendedwe ka madzi. Mphamvu yopangidwa ndi jenereta imasinthasintha, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayenera kukonzedwa kudzera pagawo laling'ono. Ntchito zazikulu za kagawo kakang'ono zimaphatikizapo kukwera mmwamba (kukweza voteji kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa mphamvu mphamvu ikatumizidwa) ndikusintha mtundu wapano (kusintha AC kukhala DC kapena mosemphanitsa) kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zamakina otumizira mphamvu. Ulalo womaliza ndikutumiza mphamvu. Mphamvu yopangidwa ndi malo opangira magetsi imaperekedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'matauni, mafakitale kapena madera akumidzi kudzera munjira zotumizira magetsi. Njira zotumizira zimayenera kukonzedwa, kukonzedwa komanso kusamalidwa kuti magetsi azitha kufalikira bwino komanso moyenera komwe akupita. M'madera ena, magetsi angafunikirenso kukonzedwanso kudzera pa substation kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za ma voltages osiyanasiyana ndi ma frequency.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-12-2024
