Kodi magawo ogwiritsira ntchito makina opangira madzi ndi otani?
Zoyambira zogwirira ntchito za turbine yamadzi zimaphatikizapo mutu, kuthamanga, kuthamanga, kutulutsa, komanso magwiridwe antchito.
Mutu wamadzi wa turbine umatanthawuza kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya unit kulemera kwa madzi oyenda pakati pa gawo lolowera ndi gawo lotulutsa la turbine, lowonetsedwa mu H ndikuyezedwa mu mita.
Kuthamanga kwa turbine yamadzi kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amadutsa pamtunda wa turbine pa nthawi ya unit.
Kuthamanga kwa turbine kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe shaft yayikulu ya turbine imazungulira pamphindi.
Kutulutsa kwa turbine yamadzi kumatanthawuza kutulutsa mphamvu kumapeto kwa shaft ya turbine yamadzi.
Kuchita bwino kwa turbine kumatanthawuza chiŵerengero cha turbine chotulutsa ndi kutuluka kwa madzi.
Kodi makina opangira madzi ndi otani?
Ma turbine amadzi amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: mtundu wa antiattack ndi mtundu wa impulse. The counterattack turbine imaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ndi umodzi: turbine yosakanikirana (HL), axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZD), axial-flow fixed blade turbine (ZZ), inclined flow turbine (XL), kupyolera mumtsinje wokhazikika wa turbine (GD), ndi kupyolera mumtsinje wokhazikika wa turbine (GZ).
Pali mitundu itatu ya ma turbines amphamvu: mtundu wa chidebe (mtundu wodula) ma turbines (CJ), ma turbines amtundu wa inclined (XJ), ndi ma turbine amtundu wapampopi (SJ).
3. Kodi turbine ya counterattack ndi impulse turbine ndi chiyani?
Makina opangira madzi omwe amasintha mphamvu zomwe zingatheke, mphamvu zothamanga, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi kuti ikhale mphamvu yamakina olimba imatchedwa counterattack water turbine.
Makina opangira madzi omwe amasintha mphamvu ya kinetic yamadzi kuti ikhale mphamvu yamakina olimba imatchedwa impulse turbine.
Kodi ma turbines ophatikizika ndi ma turbines ophatikizika ndi chiyani?
Makina ophatikizika othamanga, omwe amadziwikanso kuti turbine ya Francis, amakhala ndi madzi oyenda kulowa mu choyikapo mozungulira ndikutuluka nthawi zambiri axially. Ma turbine ophatikizika ophatikizika amakhala ndi mitu yambiri yamutu wamadzi, mawonekedwe osavuta, ntchito yodalirika, komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Ndi imodzi mwa makina opangira madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano. Kutalika koyenera kwa mutu wamadzi ndi 50-700m.
Kodi turbine yamadzi yozungulira ndi yotani komanso kukula kwake?
Axial flow turbine, madzi oyenda m'dera la impeller amayenda axially, ndipo kutuluka kwa madzi kumasintha kuchokera ku radial kupita ku axial pakati pa owongolera vanes ndi chopondera.
Mapangidwe a propeller okhazikika ndi osavuta, koma magwiridwe ake amachepa kwambiri akamapatuka pamapangidwe. Ndiwoyenera kupangira magetsi okhala ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kusintha pang'ono pamutu wamadzi, nthawi zambiri kuyambira 3 mpaka 50 metres. Kapangidwe ka rotary propeller ndizovuta kwambiri. Imakwaniritsa kusintha kwapawiri kwa mavane owongolera ndi masamba pogwirizanitsa kusinthasintha kwa masamba ndi zowongolera zowongolera, kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zone yogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso kukhala ndi kukhazikika kwa magwiridwe antchito. Pakalipano, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mutu wamadzi wogwiritsidwa ntchito umachokera ku mamita angapo mpaka 50-70m.
Kodi ma turbine amadzi am'madzi ndi chiyani komanso kukula kwake?
Makina opangira madzi amtundu wa chidebe, omwe amadziwikanso kuti turbine ya Petion, amagwira ntchito pokhudza ziwiya za chidebe cha turbine mozungulira mozungulira turbine ndi jeti yochokera kumphuno. Chidebe chamadzimadzi chamtundu wa ndowa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitu yapamwamba yamadzi, ndi mitundu yaying'ono ya ndowa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitu yamadzi ya 40-250m ndi mitundu yayikulu ya ndowa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitu yamadzi ya 400-4500m.
7. Kodi ma turbine amtundu wanji ndi kukula kwake?
Makina opangira madzi opangira madzi amatulutsa jeti kuchokera pamphuno yomwe imapanga ngodya (nthawi zambiri madigiri 22.5) ndi ndege ya chopondera panjira. Mtundu uwu wa turbine wamadzi umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, okhala ndi mutu woyenera pansi pa 400m.
Kodi turbine yamadzi yamtundu wa ndowa ndi yotani?
Makina opangira madzi amtundu wa ndowa ali ndi zigawo zotsatirazi, zomwe ntchito zake zazikulu ndi izi:
(l) Mphunoyi imapangidwa ndi madzi otuluka kuchokera kumtunda wothamanga chitoliro chodutsa mumphuno, kupanga jeti yomwe imakhudza choponderetsa. Mphamvu yamphamvu yamadzi yomwe ikuyenda mkati mwa mphuno imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu ya kinetic ya jet.
(2) Singano imasintha m'mimba mwake ya jeti yopopera kuchokera pamphuno posuntha singanoyo, motero imasinthanso kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa turbine yamadzi.
(3) Gudumu limapangidwa ndi diski ndi ndowa zingapo zokhazikika. Jeti imathamangira ku zidebe ndikusamutsa mphamvu yake ya kinetic kwa iwo, motero imayendetsa gudumu kuti lizizungulira ndikugwira ntchito.
(4) The deflector ili pakati pa nozzle ndi impeller. Pamene turbine imachepetsa katundu mwadzidzidzi, chopotoka chimathamangitsa ndege kupita kuchidebe. Panthawiyi, singanoyo idzayandikira pang'onopang'ono kumalo oyenerera katundu watsopano. Nozzle ikakhazikika pamalo atsopano, wopotoka amabwerera pamalo oyamba a jet ndikukonzekera chotsatira.
(5) Chosungiracho chimalola kuti madzi omaliza ayendetsedwe bwino kunsi kwa mtsinje, ndipo kupanikizika mkati mwa casing kumakhala kofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya. Chophimbacho chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuthandizira mayendedwe a turbine yamadzi.
9. Momwe mungawerenge ndikumvetsetsa mtundu wa turbine yamadzi?
Malinga ndi JBB84-74 "Malamulo opangira ma turbine model" ku China, dzina la turbine lili ndi magawo atatu, olekanitsidwa ndi "-" pakati pa gawo lililonse. Chizindikiro mu gawo loyamba ndi chilembo choyamba cha Chinese Pinyin cha mtundu wa turbine yamadzi, ndipo manambala achiarabu amayimira liwiro lapadera la turbine yamadzi. Gawo lachiwiri lili ndi zilembo ziwiri za Chitchaina za Pinyin, yoyamba ikuyimira makonzedwe a shaft yayikulu ya turbine yamadzi, ndipo yomalizayo imayimira mawonekedwe a chipinda chodyera. Gawo lachitatu ndi m'mimba mwake mwadzina la gudumu mu masentimita.
Kodi ma diameter amitundu yosiyanasiyana a makina opangira madzi amafotokozedwa bwanji?
The awiri mwadzina wa osakaniza otaya turbine ndi m'mimba mwake pazipita m'mphepete cholowera cha impeller masamba, amene ndi m'mimba mwake pa mphambano ya m'munsi mphete ya impeller ndi lolowera m'mphepete mwa masamba.
The awiri mwadzina wa axial ndi inclined flow turbines ndi m'mimba mwake mkati mwa chipinda cholowera pa mphambano ya nsonga ya impeller blade ndi chipinda chowongolera.
Kuzungulira mwadzina kwa chidebe chamtundu wa turbine yamadzi ndi m'mimba mwake momwe wothamanga amapendekera pamzere waukulu mu jeti.
Kodi zifukwa zazikulu za cavitation mu makina opangira madzi ndi chiyani?
Zomwe zimayambitsa cavitation mu makina opangira madzi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti kugawa kwamphamvu mkati mwa turbine wothamanga sikuli kofanana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wothamangayo ayikidwa pamwamba kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mlingo wa madzi akumunsi, madzi othamanga kwambiri omwe amadutsa m'dera lotsika kwambiri amatha kufika pamtundu wa vaporization ndikupanga thovu. Pamene madzi akuyenda mu mkulu-anzanu zone, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kuthamanga, thovu condense, ndi madzi otaya particles kugunda pa liwilo likulu cha pakati thovu kudzaza mipata kwaiye ndi condensation, potero kupanga kwambiri hayidiroliki zimakhudza ndi electrochemical zotsatira, kuchititsa masamba kuti kukokoloka, chifukwa mu mawonekedwe a pitting zisa ndi honeysuckle.
Kodi njira zazikulu zopewera cavitation mu makina opangira madzi ndi ziti?
Zotsatira za cavitation mu turbines madzi ndi m'badwo wa phokoso, kugwedera, ndi kuchepa lakuthwa dzuwa, zomwe zimabweretsa kukokoloka kwa tsamba, mapangidwe pitting ndi uchi ngati pores, ndipo ngakhale mapangidwe mabowo kudzera malowedwe, chifukwa mu kuwonongeka kwa unit ndi kulephera ntchito. Choncho, kuyesetsa kupewa cavitation pa ntchito. Pakadali pano, njira zazikulu zopewera ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa cavitation ndi:
(l) Konzani bwino choyendetsa turbine kuti muchepetse cavitation coefficient ya turbine.
(2) Sinthani mawonekedwe opangira, onetsetsani mawonekedwe olondola a geometric ndi malo achibale a masamba, ndipo samalani ndi malo osalala komanso opukutidwa.
(3) Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zotsutsana ndi cavitation kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa cavitation, monga mawilo achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.
(4) Dziwani bwino kukwera kwa kukwera kwa turbine yamadzi.
(5) Sinthani machitidwe opangira kuti turbine isagwire ntchito pamutu wochepa komanso katundu wochepa kwa nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri sizololedwa kuti ma turbine amadzi azigwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono (monga pansi pa 50% ya zotulutsa zovotera). Pamalo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ambiri, kutsika kwanthawi yayitali komanso kuchulukira kwa gawo limodzi kuyenera kupewedwa.
(6) Kukonza nthawi yake ndi chidwi kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa kupukuta khalidwe la kukonza kuwotcherera kuti apewe chitukuko choyipa cha kuwonongeka kwa cavitation.
(7) Pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chopangira mpweya, mpweya umalowetsedwa mu chitoliro cha madzi amchira kuti muchotse vacuum yochulukirapo yomwe ingayambitse cavitation.
Kodi masiteshoni akuluakulu, apakati, ndi ang'onoang'ono amagawidwa bwanji?
Malinga ndi miyezo yamakono ya dipatimenti, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoyika zosakwana 50000 kW amaonedwa kuti ndi ochepa; Zida zapakatikati zokhala ndi mphamvu yoyika 50000 mpaka 250000 kW; Mphamvu yoyikapo yoposa 250000 kW imatengedwa kuti ndi yayikulu.
Kodi mfundo yayikulu yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi ndi yotani?
Kupanga magetsi a Hydroelectric ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya hydraulic (yokhala ndi mutu wamadzi) kuyendetsa makina a hydraulic (turbine) kuti azungulira, kutembenuza mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina. Ngati makina amtundu wina (jenereta) alumikizidwa ndi turbine kuti apange magetsi pomwe amazungulira, mphamvu yamakina imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Kupanga magetsi a hydroelectric, mwanjira ina, ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu yamadzi yomwe ingakhalepo kukhala mphamvu yamakina kenaka kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.
Kodi njira zopangira ma hydraulic resources ndi mitundu yoyambira ya ma hydropower station ndi ati?
Njira zopangira ma hydraulic resources amasankhidwa molingana ndi dontho lokhazikika, ndipo pali njira zitatu zoyambira: mtundu wa damu, mtundu wa diversion, ndi mtundu wosakanikirana.
(1) Malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa madamu amatanthauza malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi omangidwa mumsewu wamtsinje, wokhala ndi dontho lokhazikika komanso mphamvu inayake yosungiramo madzi, ndipo ili pafupi ndi damu.
(2) Malo opangira magetsi opatutsira madzi ndi malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito dontho lachilengedwe la mtsinjewo kupatutsa madzi ndi kupanga magetsi, popanda posungira kapena kuwongolera mphamvu, ndipo ali pamtsinje wakutali.
35 Malo opangira magetsi ali pamtsinje wapansi pamtsinje.
Kodi mayendedwe, kuthamanga kwathunthu, ndi kutulutsa kwapakati pachaka ndi chiyani?
Kuthamanga kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amadutsa pamtunda wa mtsinje (kapena mawonekedwe a hydraulic) pa nthawi ya unit, yowonetsedwa mu ma kiyubiki mamita pamphindi;
Kuthamanga konseko kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa madzi onse omwe amayenda kupyola gawo la mtsinje m'chaka cha hydrological, chowonetsedwa mu 104m3 kapena 108m3;
Avereji yapachaka yoyenda imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwamayendedwe apachaka a Q3/S a gawo la mtsinje wowerengedwa potengera zomwe zilipo kale.
Kodi zigawo zazikulu za projekiti yaying'ono ya hydropower hub hub ndi chiyani?
Zimapangidwa makamaka ndi magawo anayi: zosungira madzi (madamu), zotulutsa madzi osefukira (njira zotayira kapena zitseko), zosinthira madzi (njira zolowera kapena ngalande, kuphatikiza ma shafts owongolera mphamvu), ndi nyumba zopangira magetsi (kuphatikiza ngalande zamadzi am'mphepete ndi malo olimbikitsira).
18. Kodi malo opangira magetsi amadzi othamanga ndi chiyani? Kodi makhalidwe ake ndi otani?
Malo opangira magetsi opanda malo osungira magetsi amatchedwa runoff hydropower station. Mtundu uwu wa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amasankha mphamvu yake yoyikidwa potengera kuchuluka kwamayendedwe apachaka a mtsinje wamtsinje komanso mutu wamadzi womwe ungapeze. Mphamvu zamagetsi m'nyengo yamvula zimachepa kwambiri, zosakwana 50%, ndipo nthawi zina sizingathe kupanga magetsi, zomwe zimalephereka ndi kayendedwe ka mtsinje, pamene pali madzi ambiri osiyidwa panthawi yamvula.
19. Kodi zotuluka ndi chiyani? Momwe mungayerekezere zotuluka ndikuwerengera mphamvu yopangira magetsi pagawo la hydropower?
Pamalo opangira mphamvu yamadzi (chomera), mphamvu yopangidwa ndi gawo la jenereta ya hydro imatchedwa kutulutsa, ndipo kutulutsa kwa gawo lina la madzi mumtsinje kumayimira mphamvu zamadzi za gawolo. Kutuluka kwa madzi kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya madzi pa nthawi imodzi. Mu equation N=9.81 η QH, Q ndi mlingo wothamanga (m3/S); H ndi mutu wa madzi (m); N ndiko kutulutsa kwa hydropower station (W); η ndiye mphamvu yokwanira ya jenereta ya hydroelectric. Njira yofananira yopangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi N=(6.0-8.0) QH. Njira yopangira mphamvu yapachaka ndi E=NT, pomwe N ndiyomwe imatulutsa mphamvu; T ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pachaka.
Kodi maola ogwiritsira ntchito chaka ndi chaka ndi otani?
Imatanthawuza nthawi yanthawi zonse yogwira ntchito yamagetsi amagetsi amagetsi mkati mwa chaka. Ndichizindikiro chofunikira poyezera phindu lazachuma la malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, ndipo malo ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu zamagetsi amayenera kukhala ndi ola logwiritsa ntchito maola opitilira 3000 pachaka.
21. Kodi kusintha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku, kusintha kwa mlungu ndi mlungu, kusintha kwapachaka, ndi kusintha kwa zaka zambiri ndi chiyani?
(1) Lamulo latsiku ndi tsiku: limatanthawuza kugawanso madzi othamanga mkati mwa usana ndi usiku, ndi nthawi yoyendetsera maola 24.
(2) Kusintha kwa mlungu ndi mlungu: Nthawi yosintha ndi sabata imodzi (masiku 7).
(3) Malamulo apachaka: Kugawanso madzi osefukira mkati mwa chaka chimodzi, pomwe gawo lokha la madzi ochulukirapo m'nyengo yachigumula ndi lomwe lingasungidwe, limatchedwa kusakwanira kwapachaka (kapena kuwongolera nyengo); Kutha kugawanso madzi omwe akubwera mkati mwa chaka molingana ndi zofunikira za kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka madzi popanda kufunika kosiya madzi kumatchedwa lamulo lapachaka.
(4) Malamulo a zaka zambiri: Pamene voliyumu yosungiramo madzi imakhala yayikulu mokwanira kuti isunge madzi ochulukirapo pazaka zambiri m'thawe, ndiyeno kuwagawa kwa zaka zingapo zouma kuti azilamulira pachaka, amatchedwa malamulo azaka zambiri.
22. Kodi dontho la mtsinje ndi chiyani?
Kusiyana kwa kukwera pakati pa magawo awiri a mtsinje wa mtsinje womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kumatchedwa dontho; Kusiyana kwa kukwera pakati pa madzi pa gwero ndi pakamwa pa mtsinje kumatchedwa dontho lonse.
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Mvula ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwera pa malo kapena malo enaake panthawi inayake, owonetsedwa mu millimeters.
Kutalika kwa mvula kumatanthawuza nthawi ya mvula.
Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa mvula pa nthawi ya mayunitsi, yowonetsedwa mu mm/h.
Dera la mvula limatanthawuza dera lopingasa lomwe limakutidwa ndi mvula, lomwe limawonetsedwa mu km2.
Malo a mvula yamkuntho amatanthauza malo ang'onoang'ono omwe mvula yamkuntho imakhalapo.
24. Kodi kuyerekeza kwa ndalama zauinjiniya ndi chiyani? Kuyerekeza kwa ndalama zauinjiniya ndi bajeti yaukadaulo?
Bajeti yaumisiri ndi chikalata chaukadaulo komanso chachuma chomwe chimaphatikiza ndalama zonse zofunika zomangira projekiti munjira yandalama. Bajeti yoyambirira yopangira ndi gawo lofunikira lazolemba zoyambira komanso maziko akulu pakuwunika momwe chuma chikuyendera. Bajeti yonse yovomerezedwa ndi chizindikiro chofunikira chozindikirika ndi boma pakupanga ndalama zoyambira, komanso ndi maziko okonzekera mapulani oyambira ndi mabizinesi. Chiyerekezo cha ndalama zauinjiniya ndi ndalama zomwe zidapangidwa panthawi yophunzirira kuthekera. Bajeti ya uinjiniya ndi ndalama zomwe zidapangidwa panthawi yomanga.
Kodi zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma za malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi chiyani?
(1) Unit kilowatt Investment imatanthawuza ndalama zomwe zimafunikira pa kilowatt ya mphamvu yoyikidwa.
(2) Kugulitsa kwamagetsi kumatanthawuza ndalama zomwe zimafunikira pa ola lamagetsi la kilowatt.
(3) Mtengo wa magetsi ndi malipiro omwe amaperekedwa pa kilowatt ola lamagetsi.
(4) Maola ogwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka a mphamvu zokhazikitsidwa ndi mulingo wa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida zopangira mphamvu yamadzi.
(5) Mtengo wogulitsa magetsi ndi mtengo pa kilowatt ola lamagetsi ogulitsidwa ku gridi.
Momwe mungawerengere zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma zama hydropower station?
Zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma za malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi amawerengedwa motsatira njira iyi:
(1) Unit kilowatt investment=ndalama zonse pomanga siteshoni ya hydropower
(2) Unit energy Investment=ndalama zonse pakumanga siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi
(3) Maola ogwiritsiridwa ntchito pachaka a mphamvu yoyika = pafupifupi pachaka yamagetsi opangira magetsi / mphamvu zonse zoikidwa
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-28-2024
