1. Madzi amagetsi
Mbiri ya chitukuko cha anthu ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu zopangira magetsi kuchokera kumadzi idayamba kale. Malinga ndi Kutanthauzira kwa Renewable Energy Law of the People's Republic of China (yolembedwa ndi Law Working Committee ya Komiti Yoyimilira ya National People's Congress), tanthauzo la mphamvu yamadzi ndi: kutentha kwa mphepo ndi dzuwa kumayambitsa kuphulika kwa madzi, nthunzi wamadzi umapanga mvula ndi matalala, kugwa kwa mvula ndi matalala kumapanga mitsinje ndi mitsinje, ndipo kutuluka kwa madzi kumatchedwa mphamvu.
Zomwe zili zazikulu pakukula ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka magetsi opangira madzi amasiku ano ndi chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimachokera kumadzi, motero anthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamadzi, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi monga mawu ofanana. Komabe, zowona, zopangira mphamvu za hydropower zikuphatikiza zinthu zambiri monga hydro thermal energy resources, hydro energy resources, hydro energy resources, and seawater energy resources.
(1) Madzi ndi mphamvu zotentha
Madzi ndi mphamvu zotentha zimatchedwa akasupe achilengedwe otentha. Kale, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi kutentha kwa akasupe achilengedwe a akasupe otentha pomanga malo osambira, kusamba, kuchiza matenda, ndi kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Anthu amakono amagwiritsanso ntchito madzi ndi mphamvu zotenthetsera popangira magetsi ndi kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Iceland linali ndi mphamvu yopangira magetsi okwana 7.08 biliyoni mchaka cha 2003, pomwe ma kilowati 1.41 biliyoni adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya geothermal (mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zotentha zamadzi). 86% ya anthu okhala mdziko muno agwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya geothermal (madzi otentha mphamvu zamagetsi) kutenthetsa. Malo opangira magetsi ku Yangbajing okhala ndi mphamvu zokwana 25000 kilowatts adamangidwa ku Xizang, komwe kumagwiritsanso ntchito geothermal (madzi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi) kupanga magetsi. Malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa akatswiri, mphamvu yotsika kutentha (yogwiritsa ntchito madzi apansi panthaka) yomwe imatha kusonkhanitsidwa ndi dothi mkati mwa mamita 100 ku China chaka chilichonse imatha kufika ma kilowatts 150 biliyoni. Pakalipano, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu ya geothermal ku China ndi 35300 kilowatts.
(2) Zida zamagetsi zamagetsi
Mphamvu ya hydraulic imaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kinetic komanso mphamvu yamadzi. Kale ku China, mphamvu zama hydraulic za mitsinje yosokonekera, mathithi, ndi mathithi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga makina monga magudumu amadzi, mphero zamadzi, ndi mphero zam'madzi zothirira madzi, kukonza tirigu, ndi mankhusu a mpunga. M'zaka za m'ma 1830, malo opangira ma hydraulic adapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Ulaya kuti apereke mphamvu kwa mafakitale akuluakulu monga mphero za ufa, mphero za thonje, ndi migodi. Makina amakono amadzi omwe amayendetsa mwachindunji mapampu amadzi a centrifugal kuti apange mphamvu ya centrifugal yokweza madzi ndi kuthirira, komanso malo opopera nyundo amadzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi oyenda kuti apange kuthamanga kwa nyundo yamadzi ndikupanga kuthamanga kwamadzi kwamadzi okweza ndi kuthirira, zonsezi ndi chitukuko chachindunji ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamadzi.
(3) Zida zamagetsi zamagetsi
M'zaka za m'ma 1880, magetsi atapezeka, ma motors amagetsi adapangidwa motengera chiphunzitso cha electromagnetic, ndipo magetsi opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi adamangidwa kuti asinthe mphamvu ya hydraulic ya malo opangira magetsi amadzi kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndikuipereka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndikuyambitsa nthawi yachitukuko champhamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Mphamvu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi zomwe tikunena pano nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa hydroelectric resources. Kuphatikiza pa madzi a m'mitsinje, nyanjayi ilinso ndi mafunde, mafunde, mchere ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Akuti mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi za m'nyanja za m'nyanja ndi ma kilowati 76 biliyoni, zomwe ndi kuwirikiza ka 15 kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zapamadzi zochokera kumtunda. Pakati pawo, mphamvu ya mafunde ndi ma kilowatts 3 biliyoni, mphamvu yamafunde ndi ma kilowatts 3 biliyoni, kusiyana kwa kutentha ndi ma kilowatts mabiliyoni 40, ndi mphamvu ya kusiyana kwa mchere ndi 30 biliyoni kilowatts. Pakali pano, luso lachitukuko ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu zamafunde ndi lomwe lafika pamlingo wothandiza womwe ungathe kupangidwa pamlingo wokulirapo pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zam'madzi ndi anthu. Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu zina kumafunikabe kufufuza kwina kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zaukadaulo ndi zachuma ndikukwaniritsa chitukuko ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kupanga ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu zam'nyanja zomwe nthawi zambiri timanena ndikukulitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamafunde. Kukopa kwa Mwezi ndi Dzuwa panyanja yapadziko lapansi kumayambitsa kusinthasintha kwamadzi nthawi ndi nthawi, komwe kumatchedwa mafunde a m'nyanja. Kusinthasintha kwa madzi a m'nyanja kumapanga mphamvu ya mafunde. Kwenikweni, mphamvu ya mafunde ndi mphamvu yamakina yomwe imapangidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa mafunde.
Zigayo za tidal zidayamba kuchitika m'zaka za zana la 11, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, Germany ndi France zidayamba kupanga malo ang'onoang'ono opanga magetsi.
Akuti mphamvu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi zili pakati pa 1 biliyoni ndi 1.1 biliyoni kilowatts, ndikutulutsa mphamvu pachaka kwa maola pafupifupi 1240 biliyoni kilowatt. Mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ku China zili ndi mphamvu yoyikapo ma kilowati 21.58 miliyoni komanso mphamvu zopangira magetsi okwana ma kilowati 30 biliyoni pachaka.
Malo opangira magetsi akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pano ndi rennes tidal power station ku France, ndipo mphamvu yake imayikidwa ma kilowatts 240000. Malo opangira magetsi oyamba ku China, Jizhou Tidal Power Station ku Guangdong, idamangidwa mu 1958 ndikuyika mphamvu ya 40 kilowatts. Zhejiang Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, yomwe idamangidwa mu 1985, ili ndi mphamvu yoyikapo ma kilowatts 3200, yomwe ili pachitatu padziko lonse lapansi.
Komanso, mu nyanja China, nkhokwe za mphamvu mafunde ndi za 12.85 miliyoni kilowatts, mphamvu mafunde ndi za 13.94 miliyoni kilowatts, mchere kusiyana mphamvu ndi za 125 miliyoni kilowatts, ndi kutentha kusiyana mphamvu ndi za 1.321 biliyoni kilowatts. Mwachidule, mphamvu zonse za m'nyanja ya ku China ndi pafupifupi ma kilowati 1.5 biliyoni, zomwe ndi zochulukirapo kuwirikiza kawiri posungirako ma kilowatts 694 miliyoni amagetsi amtundu wa mtsinje wamtunda, ndipo ali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu cha chitukuko ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Masiku ano, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi akupanga ndalama zambiri pofufuza njira zaukadaulo zopangira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikuluzikulu zobisika m'nyanja.
2. Mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi
Mphamvu zamagetsi amadzi nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zomwe zingatheke komanso zam'mlengalenga zakuyenda kwamadzi amtsinje potulutsa ntchito ndikuyendetsa kasinthasintha kwa majenereta opangira magetsi. Malasha, mafuta, gasi, ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osasinthika, pomwe magetsi amagetsi samawononga madzi, koma amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mitsinje.
(1) Global Hydroelectric Energy Resources
Zonse zosungirako mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zamadzi m'mitsinje padziko lonse lapansi ndi ma kilowatts 5.05 biliyoni, ndi mphamvu yapachaka yotulutsa mpaka maola 44.28 trilioni wa kilowatt; Mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwaukadaulo ndi ma kilowatts 2.26 biliyoni, ndipo mphamvu zopangira magetsi pachaka zimatha kufika maola 9.8 thililiyoni wa kilowatt.
Mu 1878, dziko la France linamanga malo oyamba opangira magetsi opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi omwe amatha kuyika ma kilowatts 25. Pakalipano, mphamvu ya hydropower yomwe idayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi yapitilira ma kilowatts 760 miliyoni, ndikutulutsa mphamvu pachaka kwa maola 3 thililiyoni a kilowatt.
(2) Zopangira zamagetsi zaku China
China ndi amodzi mwa mayiko omwe ali ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zochulukirapo padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa chuma cha hydropower, nkhokwe zongoyerekeza za mphamvu zamadzi mumtsinje ku China ndi ma kilowatts miliyoni 694, ndipo mphamvu yapachaka yamphamvu ndi 6.08 trilioni kilowatt maola, kusanja koyamba padziko lonse lapansi potengera nkhokwe za hydropower theory; Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yaku China ndi ma kilowati 542 miliyoni, ndi mphamvu yapachaka ya maola 2.47 thililiyoni ma kilowati, ndipo mphamvu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pachuma ndi ma kilowatts 402 miliyoni, ndi mphamvu yapachaka ya makilowatt 1.75 thililiyoni, onse omwe ali oyamba padziko lapansi.
Mu Julayi 1905, malo oyamba opangira magetsi ku China, Guishan Hydroelectric Power Station m'chigawo cha Taiwan, adamangidwa ndi mphamvu ya 500 kVA. Mu 1912, siteshoni yoyamba yopangira magetsi ku China, Shilongba Hydropower Station ku Kunming, Yunnan Province, idamalizidwa kupanga magetsi, ndikuyika mphamvu ya 480 kilowatts. Mu 1949, mphamvu anaika ya hydropower mu dziko anali 163000 kilowatts; Pofika kumapeto kwa 1999, inali itakula kufika pa makilowati 72.97 miliyoni, yachiwiri pambuyo pa United States ndipo inali yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi; Ndi 2005, okwana anaika mphamvu ya hydropower ku China anafika 115 miliyoni kilowatts, kusanja woyamba mu dziko, mlandu 14.4% ya exploitable mphamvu ya hydropower ndi 20% ya okwana anaika mphamvu makampani dziko mphamvu.
(3) Makhalidwe a Hydroelectric Energy
Mphamvu ya hydroelectric imapangidwanso mobwerezabwereza ndi hydrological cycle of chilengedwe, ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza ndi anthu. Nthawi zambiri anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti 'zosatha' pofotokoza za kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi sagwiritsa ntchito mafuta kapena kutulutsa zinthu zovulaza panthawi yopanga ndikugwira ntchito. Kasamalidwe kake ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake, ndalama zopangira magetsi, komanso kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa zopangira magetsi otenthetsera, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala gwero lotsika mtengo lamagetsi obiriwira.
Mphamvu ya Hydropower imagwira ntchito bwino, imayamba mwachangu, ndipo imagwira ntchito yometa kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwa gridi yamagetsi. Ndiwofulumira komanso wogwira mtima, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa magetsi pazochitika zadzidzidzi ndi ngozi, ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha magetsi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi mphamvu yamchere ndi mphamvu zoyambira zoyambira, zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndikutchedwa mphamvu yachiwiri. Kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi gwero lamphamvu lomwe limamaliza kukula kwa mphamvu zoyambira ndi mphamvu yachiwiri panthawi imodzi, ndi ntchito ziwiri zomanga mphamvu zoyambira ndi zomanga zachiwiri; Palibe chifukwa chochotsa mchere umodzi, mayendedwe, ndi kusunga, kuchepetsa mtengo wamafuta.
Kumanga malo osungiramo madzi opangira mphamvu ya madzi kudzasintha chilengedwe cha madera akumaloko. Kumbali ina, kumafuna kumizidwa kwa malo ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu othawa kwawo asamuke; Kumbali ina, imatha kubwezeretsa microclimate m'derali, kupanga malo atsopano achilengedwe a m'madzi, kulimbikitsa moyo wa zamoyo, ndikuthandizira kulamulira kwa madzi osefukira, kuthirira, zokopa alendo, ndi chitukuko cha zombo. Choncho, pokonzekera ntchito zopangira mphamvu zopangira mphamvu ya madzi, kuyenera kuganiziridwanso za kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe, ndipo kukula kwa mphamvu ya madzi kuli ndi ubwino wambiri kusiyana ndi kuipa.
Chifukwa cha ubwino wa mphamvu zopangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, maiko padziko lonse lapansi tsopano akutenga ndondomeko zomwe zimayika patsogolo chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, mphamvu ya hydropower inali 93.2% ya mphamvu zonse za ku Brazil zomwe zidayikidwa, pomwe mayiko monga Norway, Switzerland, New Zealand, ndi Canada anali ndi mphamvu zamadzi zopitilira 50%.
Mu 1990, chiwerengero cha mphamvu hydroelectric mphamvu exploitable magetsi m'mayiko ena padziko lapansi anali 74% ku France, 72% ku Switzerland, 66% ku Japan, 61% ku Paraguay, 55% ku United States, 54% ku Egypt, 50% ku Canada, 17,3% ku India 6%, 16% ku India, 16% ku India.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-24-2024
