Luso ndi Uinjiniya wa Kumanga Damu la Siteshoni ya Madzi

Kumanga damu la siteshoni yamagetsi ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu kwambiri zomwe anthu amachita, kuphatikizana kovuta kwa geology, uinjiniya, ndi sayansi ya zachilengedwe. Ndi njira yowongolera mtsinje kuti ugwiritse ntchito mphamvu zake, kusintha mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka madzi kukhala magetsi. Njirayi imakhala ndi magawo ambiri ndipo ingatenge zaka, kapena zaka khumi, kuti ithe.
Gawo 1: Maziko - Kufufuza ndi Kusokoneza
Ntchito yaikulu imachitika kuseri kwa zochitika isanatsanulidwe tani imodzi ya konkire.
Kusankha Malo ndi Kufufuza Zotheka: Mainjiniya ndi akatswiri a za nthaka amazindikira malo oyenera, nthawi zambiri chigwa chopapatiza chokhala ndi maziko olimba a miyala. Amachita kafukufuku wozama pa za hydrology, zivomerezi, komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira.
Kupatuka kwa Mtsinje: Mtsinje sungamangidwe kudzera mumtsinje. Ntchito yoyamba yayikulu yakuthupi ndikuchotsa madzi a mtsinjewo pamalo omangira. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika pomanga ngalande kapena ngalande kuzungulira malo omangira damu mtsogolo. Ma cofferdams akanthawi (malo obisalamo nthaka kapena miyala) amamangidwa kuti apange malo ouma ogwirira ntchito.

Gawo 2: Pakatikati - Kumanga Kapangidwe
Maziko akaonekera bwino komanso atauma, ntchito yaikulu imayamba. Njirayi imadalira mtundu wa damu.
Ma Damu Okoka Konkriti: Nyumba zazikuluzikuluzi (monga Damu lodziwika bwino la Hoover) zimadalira kulemera kwawo kwakukulu kuti zisunge madzi. Zimamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa "compartmentalizing," komwe damu limathiridwa m'maboloko osiyana, olumikizana. Izi zimathandiza kuti kutentha kuchokera ku konkriti yophikira kutha, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ming'alu isathe.
Madamu a Embankment (Odzaza miyala kapena Odzaza nthaka): Awa ndi madamu akuluakulu omwe amapezeka kwambiri. Si olimba koma amakhala ndi dongo losalowa madzi lozunguliridwa ndi madera a nthaka yolimba ndi miyala. Pakati pake pamalepheretsa kulowa madzi, pomwe zipolopolo zakunja zolimba zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzi zikhale zolimba. Kapangidwe kake kamaphatikizapo kuyika ndi kukanikiza zinthuzi ndi makina olemera.
Ma Damu a Konkriti Opangidwa ndi Ma Arch: M'mipata yopapatiza komanso yamiyala, damu la arch ndi njira yabwino komanso yothandiza. Lili ndi mawonekedwe opindika kupita kumtunda, pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ake kusamutsa mphamvu ya madzi kupita kumakoma a canyon, zomwe zimafuna zinthu zochepa kuposa damu la mphamvu yokoka.
Gawo 3: Kuphatikiza ndi Kusunga
Kukhazikitsa Zipangizo Zamagetsi Zamagetsi: Pamene damu likukwera, mapaipi akuluakulu amaikidwa kuti anyamule madzi kuchokera m'chitsime kupita ku ma turbine omwe ali m'nyumba yamagetsi. Njira yotulutsira madzi, yomwe ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yotetezera yomwe cholinga chake ndi kutulutsa madzi ochulukirapo, imapangidwanso.
Nyumba Yamphamvu: Nyumbayi, yomwe ili pansi pa damu, yamangidwa kuti ikhale ndi ma turbine ndi ma jenereta.
Kusunga Madzi: Madziwo akangomaliza kukonzedwa bwino ndipo ma turbine ayikidwa, ngalande zosinthira madzi zimatsekedwa. Mtsinjewo umaloledwa kuyendanso motsutsana ndi madziwo, ndipo dziwe limayamba kudzaza pang'onopang'ono kumbuyo kwake—njira yomwe ingatenge miyezi ingapo.
Mavuto a Uinjiniya ndi Zachilengedwe
Kumanga madamu kuli ndi mavuto ambiri. Mainjiniya ayenera kuganizira za mphamvu yaikulu ya madzi, mphamvu za zivomerezi, komanso kusungunuka kwa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Ntchitoyi ili ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa zachilengedwe komanso kusamuka kwa madera, zomwe zimafuna kuyang'aniridwa mosamala, kuchepetsa, komanso kukonzekera.
Mapeto: Kupambana Kodabwitsa
Kumanga damu lamagetsi ndi umboni wa nzeru za anthu. Ndi pulojekiti yovuta komanso yayikulu yomwe imapanga gwero lamphamvu yongowonjezedwanso komanso yotsika mpweya. Ngakhale kuti ilibe zotsatirapo zake, damu lomangidwa bwino limapereka mphamvu zowongolera kusefukira kwa madzi, malo osungira madzi, ndi magetsi oyera, kupereka mphamvu kumadera komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zachuma kwa mibadwomibadwo.