Hydropower ili ndi mbiri yakale yachitukuko komanso unyolo wathunthu wamafakitale
Hydropower ndi ukadaulo wamagetsi wongowonjezwdwanso womwe umagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic yamadzi kupanga magetsi. Ndi magetsi oyera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri omwe ali ndi ubwino wambiri, monga kusinthika, kutulutsa mpweya wochepa, kukhazikika komanso kuwongolera. Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya hydropower imachokera pa lingaliro losavuta: kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic ya kuyenda kwa madzi kuyendetsa turbine, yomwe imatembenuza jenereta kuti ipange magetsi. Masitepe opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi: kupatutsidwa kwamadzi kuchokera m'thawe kapena mtsinje, komwe kumafunikira gwero la madzi, nthawi zambiri nkhokwe (mosungiramo madzi) kapena mtsinje wachilengedwe, womwe umapereka mphamvu; Kuwongolera kwamadzi, kuyenda kwamadzi kumayendetsedwa kumasamba a turbine kudzera munjira yosinthira. Njira yosinthira imatha kuwongolera kuyenda kwamadzi kuti isinthe mphamvu yopangira mphamvu; turbine imathamanga, ndipo madzi otuluka amagunda masamba a turbine kuti azitha kuzungulira. Makina opangira magetsi amafanana ndi gudumu lamphepo mukupanga mphamvu zamphepo; jenereta imapanga magetsi, ndipo ntchito ya turbine imatembenuza jenereta, yomwe imapanga magetsi kudzera mu mfundo ya electromagnetic induction; kutumiza magetsi, magetsi opangidwa amatumizidwa ku gridi yamagetsi ndikuperekedwa kumizinda, mafakitale ndi mabanja. Pali mitundu yambiri yamagetsi amagetsi. Malinga ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito, zitha kugawidwa m'magulu opanga magetsi a mitsinje, kupangira magetsi osungiramo madzi, kutulutsa mphamvu zamafunde ndi zam'nyanja, ndi magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi. Mphamvu ya Hydropower ili ndi zabwino zingapo, komanso zovuta zina. Ubwino wake ndi: hydropower ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Mphamvu ya Hydropower imadalira kayendedwe ka madzi, kotero imathangongoleredwa ndipo siidzatha; ndi gwero lamphamvu lamphamvu. Mphamvu ya Hydropower simapanga mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi zowononga mpweya, ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa pa chilengedwe; zimatheka kulamulirika. Malo opangira magetsi a Hydropower akhoza kusinthidwa malinga ndi kufunikira kuti apereke mphamvu zodalirika zonyamula katundu. Zoyipa zazikulu ndi izi: ntchito zazikulu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi zitha kuwononga chilengedwe, komanso mavuto amtundu wa anthu monga kusamuka kwa anthu komanso kulanda malo; Mphamvu yamadzi imachepa chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa madzi, ndipo chilala kapena kuchepa kwa madzi kungasokoneze mphamvu yopangira magetsi.
Mphamvu ya Hydropower, monga mphamvu yongowonjezedwanso, ili ndi mbiri yakale. Ma turbine amadzi akale ndi mawilo amadzi: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachiwiri BC, anthu adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira madzi ndi mawilo amadzi kuyendetsa makina monga mphero ndi macheka. Makinawa amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic yakuyenda kwa madzi kuti agwire ntchito. Kubwera kwa magetsi opangira magetsi: Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, anthu anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kuti asinthe mphamvu za madzi kukhala magetsi. Malo oyamba padziko lonse opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi anamangidwa ku Wisconsin, USA m’chaka cha 1882. Kumanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi: Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, mphamvu yopangira magetsi pamadzi inakula kwambiri pomanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi. Ntchito zodziwika bwino zamadamu zimaphatikizapo Damu la Hoover ku United States ndi Damu la Three Gorges ku China. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo: M'kupita kwanthawi, ukadaulo wamagetsi opangira madzi wasinthidwa mosalekeza, kuphatikiza kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma turbines, ma generator a turbine ndi machitidwe anzeru owongolera, zomwe zathandizira bwino komanso kudalirika kwa mphamvu zamagetsi.
Mphamvu ya Hydropower ndi gwero la mphamvu zoyera komanso zongowonjezwdwanso, ndipo maulalo ake am'mafakitale amaphatikiza maulalo angapo ofunikira, kuphatikiza kuchokera ku kasamalidwe ka gwero lamadzi mpaka kuphatikizira magetsi. Ulalo woyamba mumndandanda wamakampani opanga mphamvu zamadzi ndi kasamalidwe kazinthu zamadzi. Izi zikuphatikizapo ndondomeko, kusunga ndi kugawa kwa madzi oyenda kuti madzi athe kuperekedwa mokhazikika ku makina opangira magetsi. Kasamalidwe ka madzi nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuyang'anira magawo monga mvula, kuchuluka kwa madzi komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti apange zisankho zoyenera. Kasamalidwe ka madzi amakono amayang'ananso kukhazikika kuti atsimikizire kuti mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zitha kusungidwa ngakhale pazovuta kwambiri monga chilala. Madamu ndi malo osungira ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Madamu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza kuchuluka kwa madzi, kupanga kuthamanga kwa madzi, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya kinetic yakuyenda kwamadzi. Malo osungiramo madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungirako madzi kuti awonetsetse kuti madzi okwanira atha kuperekedwa panthawi yomwe ikufunika kwambiri. Kapangidwe ndi kamangidwe ka madamu akuyenera kuganizira za momwe madzi akuyendera, momwe madzi amayendera, komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi kukhazikika. Ma turbines ndizomwe zili zofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Madzi akamadutsa muzitsulo za turbine, mphamvu yake ya kinetic imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti turbine ikhale yozungulira. Mapangidwe ndi mtundu wa turbine amatha kusankhidwa potengera kuthamanga, kuthamanga, komanso kutalika kwa madzi kuti akwaniritse bwino kwambiri mphamvu. Makinawa akamazungulira, amayendetsa jenereta yolumikizidwa kuti apange magetsi. Jenereta ndi chipangizo chofunikira chomwe chimasintha mphamvu zamakina kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Nthawi zambiri, mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito jenereta ndiyo kukopa zamakono kupyolera mu mphamvu ya maginito yozungulira kuti ipange magetsi osinthasintha. Mapangidwe ndi mphamvu za jenereta ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa malinga ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu ndi mawonekedwe a kayendedwe ka madzi. Magetsi opangidwa ndi jenereta ndi alternating current, omwe nthawi zambiri amafunika kukonzedwa kudzera pa substation. Ntchito zazikulu zamagawo ang'onoang'ono zimaphatikizapo kukwera (kuwonjezera voteji kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa mphamvu panthawi yotumizira mphamvu) ndikusintha kwamitundu yamakono (kutembenuza AC kukhala DC kapena mosemphanitsa) kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zamakina otumizira magetsi. Ulalo womaliza ndikutumiza mphamvu. Mphamvu yopangidwa ndi malo opangira magetsi imaperekedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'mizinda, m'mafakitale kapena m'madera akumidzi kudzera munjira zotumizira. Njira zotumizira magetsi ziyenera kukonzedwa, kukonzedwa ndi kusamalidwa kuti magetsi azitha kufalikira bwino komanso moyenera komwe akupita. M'madera ena, magetsi angafunikirenso kukonzedwanso kudzera m'malo ocheperako kuti akwaniritse zosowa za ma voltages osiyanasiyana ndi ma frequency.
Zida zochulukira zama hydropower komanso kupanga mphamvu zopangira magetsi amadzi okwanira
Dziko la China ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopanga mphamvu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi madzi ambiri komanso ntchito zazikulu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi. Makampani opanga magetsi aku China amatenga gawo lalikulu pakukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa magetsi apanyumba, kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, komanso kukonza mphamvu zamagetsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kwa anthu ndi chizindikiro chachikulu chachuma chomwe chimasonyeza kuchuluka kwa magetsi m'dziko kapena dera ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri poyesa ntchito zachuma, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi chilengedwe. Malingana ndi deta yomwe inatulutsidwa ndi National Energy Administration, mphamvu zonse za magetsi m'dziko langa zawonetsa kukula kokhazikika. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2022, magetsi onse a dziko langa anali 863.72 biliyoni kWh, kuwonjezeka kwa 324.4 biliyoni kWh kuchokera ku 2021, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi 3.9%.
Malinga ndi zomwe zatulutsidwa ndi China Electricity Council, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kwakukulu m'dziko langa kuli m'makampani achiwiri, ndikutsatiridwa ndi makampani apamwamba. Makampani oyambira adagwiritsa ntchito magetsi a 114.6 biliyoni kWh, kuwonjezeka kwa 10.4% kuposa chaka chatha. Mwa iwo, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi pazaulimi, usodzi, ndi kuweta nyama kudakwera ndi 6.3%, 12.6%, ndi 16.3% motsatana. Kupititsa patsogolo njira zotsitsimutsa kumidzi komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa magetsi akumidzi komanso kuwongolera kosalekeza kwa magetsi m'zaka zaposachedwa kwachititsa kukula kwachangu kwa magetsi m'makampani oyambira. Makampani achiwiri adagwiritsa ntchito magetsi a 5.70 trillion kWh, kuwonjezeka kwa 1.2% kuposa chaka chatha. Pakati pawo, ntchito yamagetsi yapachaka ya mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri ndi zida zopangira zida zawonjezeka ndi 2.8%, ndipo kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi kwapachaka kwa makina amagetsi ndi zipangizo zopangira, kupanga mankhwala, mauthenga apakompyuta ndi mafakitale ena opanga zida zamagetsi kunawonjezeka ndi oposa 5%; Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magetsi popanga magalimoto atsopano kunakula kwambiri ndi 71.1%. Kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'makampani apamwamba kunali 1.49 thililiyoni kWh, kuwonjezeka kwa 4.4% kuposa chaka chatha. Chachinayi, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kwa anthu akumidzi ndi akumidzi kunali 1.34 thililiyoni kWh, kuwonjezeka kwa 13.8% kuposa chaka chatha.
Ntchito zopangira mphamvu yamadzi ku China zimagawidwa m'dziko lonselo, kuphatikiza malo akulu opangira mphamvu yamadzi, malo ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi ntchito zogawa zamagetsi amadzi. Mapulojekiti otchuka opangira mphamvu yamadzi akuphatikizapo malo opangira magetsi a Three Gorges Power Station, omwe ndi amodzi mwa malo opangira magetsi amadzi ku China komanso padziko lonse lapansi, omwe ali kudera la Three Gorges kumtunda kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yopangira mphamvu ndipo imapereka magetsi ku mafakitale ndi mizinda; Xiangjiaba Power Station, Xiangjiaba Power Station ili m'chigawo cha Sichuan ndipo ndi amodzi mwa malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China. Ili pamtsinje wa Jinsha ndipo imapereka magetsi kuderali; Sailimu Lake Power Station, Sailimu Lake Power Station ili m'chigawo cha Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ndipo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi kumadzulo kwa China. Ili pa Nyanja ya Sailimu ndipo ili ndi ntchito yayikulu yoperekera mphamvu. Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la National Bureau of Statistics linatulutsa, mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya madzi m’dziko langa ikuchulukirachulukira chaka ndi chaka. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2022, dziko langa lamagetsi opangira magetsi amadzi anali 1,352.195 biliyoni kWh, kuwonjezeka kwa 0.99% pachaka. Pofika mu Ogasiti 2023, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi mdziko langa inali 718.74 biliyoni kWh, kutsika pang'ono kuchokera nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha, kutsika kwapachaka kwa 0.16%. Chifukwa chachikulu chinali chakuti chifukwa cha nyengo, mvula mu 2023 idatsika kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-19-2024
