Kodi magetsi akuluakulu, apakatikati, ndi ang'onoang'ono amagawidwa bwanji? Malinga ndi miyezo yomwe ilipo pano, omwe ali ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yosakwana 25000 kW amagawidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono; Apakatikati okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 25000 mpaka 250000 kW; Akulu okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika yoposa 250000 kW.
Kodi mfundo yaikulu yopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi iti?
Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi (yokhala ndi mutu wamadzi) kuyendetsa makina amadzimadzi (turbine yamadzi), kusintha mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina. Ngati mtundu wina wa makina (jenereta) walumikizidwa ku turbine yamadzi kuti apange magetsi pamene ikuzungulira, ndiye kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zimasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, mwanjira ina, ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu zomwe zingatheke za madzi kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi kenako kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi.
Kodi njira zopangira zinthu zamagetsi ndi mitundu yoyambira ya malo opangira magetsi ndi iti?
Njira zopangira zinthu zamadzimadzi zimasankhidwa kutengera kutsika kwakukulu, ndipo pali njira zitatu zofunika: mtundu wa damu, mtundu wosinthira, ndi mtundu wosakanikirana. Koma njira zitatuzi zopangira ziyeneranso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina zachilengedwe za gawo la mtsinje. Malo opangira magetsi opangidwa motsatira njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira ali ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a ma hub ndi kapangidwe ka nyumba, kotero amagawidwanso m'mitundu itatu yoyambira: mtundu wa damu, mtundu wosinthira, ndi mtundu wosakanikirana.
Ndi miyezo iti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa mapulojekiti osamalira madzi ndi malo opangira magetsi ndi nyumba zaulimi, mafakitale, ndi nyumba zokhalamo?
Miyezo yogawa ndi kupanga mapulojekiti osamalira madzi ndi malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi Unduna wakale wa Zamagetsi ndi Mphamvu Zamagetsi, SDJ12-78, iyenera kutsatiridwa mosamala, ndipo kugawa kuyenera kutengera kukula kwa polojekitiyi (kuchuluka kwa malo osungiramo madzi, mphamvu ya malo opangira magetsi).
5. Kodi kuyenda kwa madzi, madzi onse otuluka, ndi kuyenda kwa madzi pachaka n’chiyani?
Kuyenda kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amadutsa mumtsinje (kapena kapangidwe ka hydraulic) mu unit of time, yomwe imafotokozedwa mu cubic meters pa sekondi; Kuthamanga konse kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa madzi onse omwe amadutsa mu mtsinje mkati mwa chaka cha hydrological, komwe kumafotokozedwa ngati 104m3 kapena 108m3; Kuyenda kwapakati pachaka kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amadutsa mumtsinje womwe umawerengedwa kutengera mndandanda wa hydrological womwe ulipo.
6. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi?
Lili ndi magawo anayi akuluakulu: nyumba zosungira madzi (madamu), nyumba zotulutsira madzi osefukira (malo otayira madzi kapena zipata), nyumba zotulutsira madzi (njira zotulutsira madzi kapena ngalande, kuphatikizapo ma surge shafts), ndi nyumba za magetsi (kuphatikizapo njira zam'mbuyo ndi malo olimbikitsira madzi).
7. Kodi malo opangira magetsi otayira madzi ndi chiyani? Kodi makhalidwe ake ndi otani?
Malo opangira magetsi opanda dziwe lowongolera amatchedwa malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa hydropower. Malo opangira magetsi amtundu uwu amasankhidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito potengera kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe akuyenda pamtsinje chaka chilichonse komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi komwe kungapezeke. Popeza sagwira ntchito mokwanira chaka chonse ndi chitsimikizo cha 80%. Kawirikawiri, amagwira ntchito bwino kwa masiku pafupifupi 180 okha; Nthawi yachilimwe, kupanga magetsi kumachepa kwambiri mpaka osakwana 50%, nthawi zina ngakhale osapanga magetsi. Amaletsedwa ndi kuyenda kwachilengedwe kwa mtsinje, ndipo pali madzi ambiri omwe amasiyidwa nthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi.
8. Kodi kutulutsa mphamvu n'chiyani? Kodi mungayesere bwanji kutulutsa mphamvu kwa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ndikuwerengera mphamvu zake zopangira mphamvu?
Mu malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi jenereta yamagetsi imatchedwa kutulutsa, pomwe kutulutsa kwa gawo lina la madzi mumtsinje kumayimira mphamvu yamagetsi ya gawolo. Kutulutsa kwa madzi ndi mphamvu ya madzi pa unit time.
N=9.81 QH
Mu fomula, Q ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi (m3/S); H ndi mutu wa madzi (m); N ndi kutulutsa kwa malo opangira magetsi (W); Chiwerengero cha mphamvu ya jenereta yamagetsi.
Njira yoyerekeza yopangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono a madzi ndi
N=(6.0～8.0)QH
Fomula yopangira magetsi pachaka ndi iyi:
E=N· F
Mu fomula, N ndiye kuchuluka kwapakati pa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito; T ndiye maola ogwiritsira ntchito pachaka.
9. Kodi chitsimikizo cha kutulutsa ndi chiyani? Cholinga chake ndi chiyani?
Avereji ya mphamvu zomwe siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ingathe kupanga panthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito, yofanana ndi chiwongola dzanja cha chitsimikiziro cha kapangidwe, imatchedwa mphamvu yotsimikizika ya siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi. Mphamvu yotsimikizika ya malo opangira magetsi yamadzi ndi chizindikiro chofunikira, ndipo ndi maziko ofunikira odziwira mphamvu yokhazikika ya malo opangira magetsi amadzi pagawo lokonzekera ndi kupanga.
10. Kodi mphamvu yoyika zinthu pa intaneti ndi yotani pachaka?
Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zonse za jenereta yamagetsi imayikidwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi. Ndi chizindikiro chofunikira poyesa ubwino wa malo opangira magetsi amadzi, ndipo maola ogwiritsira ntchito pachaka a malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono amafunika kufika maola opitilira 3000.
11. Kodi malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku, malamulo a sabata iliyonse, malamulo apachaka, ndi malamulo a zaka zambiri ndi chiyani?
Lamulo la tsiku ndi tsiku limatanthauza kugawanso madzi otuluka mkati mwa usana ndi usiku, ndi dongosolo la maola 24. Lamulo la sabata iliyonse: Dongosolo la lamulo ndi sabata imodzi (masiku 7). Lamulo la pachaka: Kugawanso madzi otuluka mkati mwa chaka. Madzi akasiyidwa panthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi, gawo lokha la madzi ochulukirapo omwe amasungidwa panthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi ndi lomwe lingawongoleredwe, lomwe limatchedwa lamulo losakwanira la pachaka (kapena lamulo la nyengo); Lamulo la kusefukira kwa madzi lomwe lingathe kugawanso madzi obwera mokwanira mkati mwa chaka malinga ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi popanda kufunikira kosiya madzi limatchedwa lamulo la pachaka. Lamulo la zaka zambiri: Pamene kuchuluka kwa madzi otuluka kuli kwakukulu mokwanira, madzi ochulukirapo amatha kusungidwa m'thanki kwa zaka zambiri, kenako madzi ochulukirapo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulipira kusowa. Lamulo la pachaka, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha m'zaka zingapo zouma, limatchedwa lamulo la zaka zambiri.
12. Kodi dontho ndi kusinthasintha kwa mtsinje ndi kotani?
Kusiyana kwa kukwera kwa madzi pakati pa malo awiri opingasa a mtsinje womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kumatchedwa dontho; Kusiyana kwa kukwera kwa madzi pakati pa malo awiri opingasa a mtsinje ndi mtsinje womwe uli m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumatchedwa dontho lonse. Dontho pa unit length limatchedwa slope.
13. Kodi mvula imagwa bwanji, nthawi ya mvula, mphamvu ya mvula, malo a mvula, malo a mvula yamkuntho?
Mvula ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi komwe kumagwa pamalo enaake kapena dera linalake panthawi inayake, komwe kumawonetsedwa mu mamilimita. Kutalika kwa mvula kumatanthauza nthawi ya mvula. Mphamvu ya mvula imatanthauza kuchuluka kwa mvula pa dera lililonse, komwe kumawonetsedwa mu mamilimita pa ola limodzi. Malo a mvula amatanthauza malo opingasa omwe amaphimbidwa ndi mvula, omwe amawonetsedwa mu km2. Pakati pa mvula yamkuntho amatanthauza dera laling'ono komwe mvula yamkuntho imachulukirachulukira.
14. Kodi chitsimikizo cha kapangidwe ka malo opangira magetsi ndi chiyani? Chitsimikizo cha pachaka ndi chiani?
Chitsimikizo cha kapangidwe ka malo opangira magetsi amadzi chimatanthauza kuchuluka kwa maola ogwirira ntchito nthawi zonse poyerekeza ndi maola onse ogwirira ntchito; Chitsimikizo cha pachaka chimatanthauza kuchuluka kwa zaka zomwe magetsi amagwira ntchito nthawi zonse pazaka zonse zogwirira ntchito.
Kodi cholinga chokonzekera buku la ntchito yokonza mapulani ndi chiyani?
Cholinga chokonzekera buku la ntchito yokonza malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi ndi kudziwa ntchito yomanga yoyambira ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati maziko okonzekera zikalata zoyambirira zomangira. Ndi njira imodzi yomangira yoyambira komanso njira imodzi yomwe akuluakulu oyenerera amatsatira malamulo azachuma.
Kodi mfundo zazikulu zomwe zili m'buku la ntchito yokonza mapulani ndi ziti?
Zomwe zili m'buku la ntchito yokonza mapulani zikuphatikizapo mbali zisanu ndi zitatu:
Iyenera kukhala ndi zonse zomwe zili mu mapulani a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi lipoti la kafukufuku wotheka. Ikugwirizana ndi kapangidwe koyambirira, koma kusiyana kokha pakukula kwa vuto la kafukufuku.
Pofufuza ndi kufotokoza za momwe zinthu zilili pa malo omangapo m'madzi, mapu a 1/500000 (1/200000 kapena 1/100000) angagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndi ntchito yochepa chabe yofufuza za malo. Fotokozani momwe zinthu zilili pa malo omangapo, kuya kwa miyala, kuya kwa mtsinje, ndi mavuto akuluakulu a malo omangapo m'dera losankhidwa.
Sonkhanitsani deta yamadzi, santhulani ndikuwerengera, ndikusankha magawo akuluakulu amadzi.
Ntchito yoyezera. Sonkhanitsani mamapu a mtunda wa 1/50000 ndi 1/10000 a malo omanga; mamapu a mtunda wa 1/1000 mpaka 1/500 a malo omangapo fakitale.
Chitani mawerengedwe a malamulo okhudza madzi ndi madzi otuluka. Kusankha ndi kuwerengera milingo yosiyanasiyana ya madzi ndi mitu; Kuwerengera mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mphamvu kwa nthawi yochepa komanso yayitali; Kusankha koyambirira kwa mphamvu yoyikidwa, chitsanzo cha unit, ndi mawaya akuluakulu amagetsi.
Yerekezerani ndikusankha mitundu ya kapangidwe ka ma hydraulic ndi ma hub layouts, ndikuchita mawerengedwe a hydraulic, structural and stability, komanso mawerengedwe a injiniya.
Kusanthula kuwunika zachuma, kuwonetsa kufunikira ndi kuwunika kwanzeru kwa zachuma pa zomangamanga zaukadaulo.
Kuwunika momwe zinthu zidzakhudzire chilengedwe, kuwerengera ndalama zomwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ukadaulo, ndi dongosolo loyendetsera ntchito za ukadaulo.
17. Kodi kuyerekezera ndalama mu uinjiniya ndi chiyani? Kuyerekeza ndalama mu uinjiniya ndi kuneneratu za uinjiniya?
Chiyerekezo cha uinjiniya ndi chikalata chaukadaulo ndi zachuma chomwe chimakonzekera ndalama zonse zomangira zomwe zimafunikira pa ntchito yomanga. Chiyerekezo choyambirira cha kapangidwe kake ndi gawo lofunikira la chikalata choyambirira cha kapangidwe kake komanso maziko akulu owunikira kuyenerera kwachuma. Bajeti yonse yovomerezeka imavomerezedwa ndi boma ngati chizindikiro chofunikira cha ndalama zomangira, komanso ndiye maziko okonzekera mapulani omangira ndi mapangidwe a bid. Chiyerekezo cha ndalama zomangira ndi ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa panthawi yophunzira kuthekera. Bajeti ya uinjiniya ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa panthawi yomanga.
N’chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kukonzekera kapangidwe ka bungwe lomanga?
Kapangidwe ka bungwe lomanga ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pokonzekera kuwerengera kwa uinjiniya. Ntchito yofunikira kwambiri ndi kuwerengera mitengo ya mayunitsi kutengera mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana monga njira yomangira yodziwika, mtunda woyendera, ndi dongosolo lomanga, komanso kupanga tebulo lowerengera la uinjiniya wa mayunitsi.
19. Kodi mfundo zazikulu za kapangidwe ka bungwe lomanga ndi ziti?
Chofunika kwambiri pa kapangidwe ka bungwe lomanga ndi kapangidwe ka zomangamanga zonse, momwe ntchito yomanga ikuyendera, njira yosinthira, njira yolumikizirana, mayendedwe akunja, magwero a zipangizo zomangira, njira yomangira ndi njira zomangira, ndi zina zotero.
Kodi pali magawo angati opanga mapulani omwe alipo mu ntchito zomanga zosungira madzi ndi mphamvu ya madzi zomwe zikuchitika panopa?
Malinga ndi zofunikira za Unduna wa Zamadzi, payenera kukhala kukonzekera malo osungira madzi; Cholinga cha polojekiti; Kafukufuku wotheka; Kapangidwe koyambirira; Kapangidwe ka mapangano; Magawo asanu ndi limodzi kuphatikiza kapangidwe ka zojambula zomanga.
21. Kodi zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma za malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi ziti?
Ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa mu kilowatt imodzi ndi ndalama zomwe zimafunika pa kilowatt iliyonse ya mphamvu zomwe zayikidwa.
Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi amagetsi zimatanthauza ndalama zomwe zimafunika pa kilowatt ola limodzi la magetsi.
Mtengo wa magetsi ndi ndalama zomwe zimalipidwa pa kilowatt ola limodzi la magetsi.
Maola ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yoyikidwa pachaka ndi muyeso wa momwe zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Mtengo wamagetsi ndi mtengo pa kilowatt ola limodzi la magetsi ogulitsidwa ku gridi.
Kodi mungawerengere bwanji zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma za malo opangira magetsi amadzi?
Zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma za malo opangira magetsi amadzi zimawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:
Ndalama zogulira kilowatt = ndalama zonse zomwe zayikidwa pa ntchito yomanga siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi/mphamvu zonse zomwe zayikidwa pa siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi
Ndalama zogulira magetsi pa unit = ndalama zonse zomwe zayikidwa pomanga siteshoni yamagetsi/avereji ya kupanga magetsi pachaka pa siteshoni yamagetsi
Maola ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yoyikidwa pachaka = avareji ya kupanga mphamvu pachaka/mphamvu yonse yoyikidwa
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-24-2024
