Kodi mafakitale akuluakulu, apakati, ndi ang'onoang'ono amagawidwa bwanji? Malingana ndi zomwe zilipo panopa, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zoyika zosakwana 25000 kW amawerengedwa kuti ndi ochepa; Sing'anga kukula ndi mphamvu anaika 25000 kuti 250000 kW; Sikelo yayikulu yokhala ndi mphamvu yoyika yopitilira 250000 kW.
Kodi mfundo yayikulu yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi ndi yotani?
Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya hydraulic (yokhala ndi mutu wamadzi) kuyendetsa makina a hydraulic (magetsi opangira madzi), kutembenuza mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina. Ngati makina amtundu wina (jenereta) alumikizidwa ndi makina opangira madzi kuti apange magetsi akamazungulira, ndiye kuti mphamvu yamakina imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Kupanga magetsi a hydroelectric, mwanjira ina, ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu yamadzi yomwe ingakhalepo kukhala mphamvu yamakina kenaka kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.
Kodi njira zopangira ma hydraulic resources ndi mitundu yoyambira ya ma hydropower station ndi ati?
Njira zopangira zida zama hydraulic zimasankhidwa kutengera kutsika kokhazikika, ndipo pali njira zitatu zoyambira: mtundu wa damu, mtundu wa diversion, ndi mtundu wosakanikirana. Koma njira zitatu zachitukukozi ziyeneranso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina zachilengedwe za gawo la mtsinje. Malo opangira magetsi amadzi omangidwa molingana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zachitukuko ali ndi masanjidwe amtundu wosiyana kwambiri ndi zida zomangira, kotero amagawidwanso m'mitundu itatu yoyambira: mtundu wamadamu, mtundu wosinthira, ndi mitundu yosakanikirana.
Ndi miyeso iti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika m'gulu la ntchito zosungira madzi ndi hydropower hub ndi nyumba zofananira zaulimi, mafakitale, ndi nyumba zogona?
Miyezo yamagulu ndi mapangidwe a ntchito zosungira madzi ndi hydropower hub hub yoperekedwa ndi Unduna wakale wa Zamadzi ndi Mphamvu Zamagetsi, SDJ12-78, iyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa, ndipo gululi liyenera kutengera kukula kwa polojekitiyi (chiwerengero chonse cha posungira, mphamvu yoyikidwa ya malo opangira magetsi).
5. Kodi mayendetsedwe, kuthamanga konse, ndi avereji yapakati pachaka ndi chiyani?
Kuyenda kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amadutsa mumtsinje (kapena mawonekedwe a hydraulic) mu unit of time, owonetsedwa mu cubic metres pa sekondi imodzi; Kuthamanga konseko kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa madzi onse oyenda mumtsinje mu chaka cha hydrological, chowonetsedwa ngati 104m3 kapena 108m3; Avereji yoyenda pachaka imatanthawuza kumayenda kwapakati pachaka kwa mtsinje wodutsa magawo owerengedwera kutengera zomwe zilipo kale.
6. Ndi zigawo ziti zazikulu zamapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi?
Zimakhala ndi zigawo zinayi zazikulu: zosungira madzi (madamu), zotulutsira madzi osefukira (njira kapena zitseko), zosinthira madzi (njira zopatulira madzi kapena ngalande, kuphatikiza ma shafts), ndi nyumba zopangira magetsi (kuphatikiza ngalande zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo olimbikitsira).
7. Kodi malo opangira magetsi amadzi othamanga ndi chiyani? Kodi makhalidwe ake ndi otani?
Malo opangira magetsi opanda malo osungira magetsi amatchedwa runoff type hydropower station. Malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amtundu uwu amasankhidwa kuti akhazikike potengera kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe a mtsinje wapachaka ndi mutu wamadzi womwe ungapezeke. Kulephera kugwira ntchito mokwanira chaka chonse ndi chitsimikiziro cha 80%. M’nyengo yachilimwe, mphamvu zopangira magetsi zimachepa kwambiri mpaka 50%, nthawi zina zimalephera kupanga magetsi. Zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwachilengedwe kwa mtsinje, ndipo pali madzi ambiri osiyidwa panthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi.
8. Kodi zotuluka ndi chiyani? Kodi mungayerekeze bwanji kutulutsa kwa hydropower station ndikuwerengera mphamvu zake?
Pafakitale yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi, mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi seti ya jenereta yamadzi imatchedwa kutuluka, pomwe kutulutsa kwa gawo lina la madzi mumtsinje kumayimira mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi ya gawolo. Kutulutsa kwamadzi ndi mphamvu yamadzi pa nthawi ya unit.
N = 9.81 QH
Mu chilinganizo, Q ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi (m3 / S); H ndi mutu wa madzi (m); N ndiko kutulutsa kwa hydropower station (W); Mphamvu yabwino ya jenereta ya hydroelectric.
Chiyerekezo cha kutulutsa kwa malo ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi
N=(6.0)8.0)QH
Njira yopangira magetsi pachaka ndi
E=N · F
Mu chilinganizo, N ndiye kutulutsa kwapakati; T ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pachaka.
9. Kodi kutulutsa kotsimikizika ndi chiyani? Kodi cholinga chake ndi chiyani?
Avereji yotulutsa yomwe malo opangira magetsi amadzi amatha kupanga pakanthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito, molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa chitsimikizo cha kapangidwe kake, amatchedwa kutulutsa kotsimikizika kwa malo opangira magetsi. Kutuluka kotsimikizika kwa malo opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi chizindikiro chofunikira, ndipo ndi maziko ofunikira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa malo opangira mphamvu yamadzi pokonzekera ndi kupanga.
10. Kodi maola ogwiritsira ntchito chaka ndi chaka ndi otani?
Avereji yanthawi yogwira ntchito yonse ya jenereta yamagetsi yamadzi yokhazikitsidwa mkati mwa chaka. Ndichizindikiro chofunikira poyezera phindu lazachuma la malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi, ndipo maola ogwiritsira ntchito pachaka ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu zamagetsi amayenera kufikira maola opitilira 3000.
11. Kodi malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku, malamulo a mlungu ndi mlungu, malamulo apachaka, ndi malamulo a zaka zambiri ndi chiyani?
Lamulo latsiku ndi tsiku limatanthawuza kugawanso madzi otuluka mkati mwa usana ndi usiku, ndikuwongolera kwa maola 24. Lamulo la mlungu ndi mlungu: Kuzungulira kwa malamulo ndi sabata imodzi (masiku 7). Lamulo la pachaka: Kugawanso madzi othamanga pakatha chaka chimodzi. Madzi akatayidwa nthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi, ndi gawo limodzi lokha la madzi ochulukirapo omwe amasungidwa munthawi ya kusefukira ndi omwe amatha kuwongolera, zomwe zimatchedwa kusakwanira kwapachaka (kapena kuwongolera nyengo); Lamulo loyendetsa madzi lomwe lingathe kugawiranso madzi omwe akubwera mkati mwa chaka molingana ndi zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito madzi popanda kufunika kosiya madzi amatchedwa lamulo lapachaka. Ulamuliro wazaka zambiri: Pamene madzi osungiramo madzi ndi aakulu mokwanira, madzi owonjezera amatha kusungidwa m'malo osungiramo madzi kwa zaka zambiri, ndiyeno madzi otsalawo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse vutolo. Lamulo la pachaka, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito zaka zingapo zouma, limatchedwa lamulo la zaka zambiri.
12. Kodi dontho ndi madontho a mtsinje ndi chiyani?
Kusiyana kwa kukwera pakati pa madzi a magawo awiri a mtsinje wogwiritsidwa ntchito kumatchedwa dontho; Kusiyana kokwezeka pakati pa madzi a m'magawo awiri odutsa magwero a mtsinje ndi mtsinjewu kumatchedwa dontho lonse. Kutsika pa utali wa unit kumatchedwa otsetsereka.
13. Kodi mvula, nthawi ya mvula, mvula yambiri, dera la mvula, malo amvula ndi chiyani?
Mvula ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwera pa malo kapena malo enaake panthawi inayake, owonetsedwa mu millimeters. Kutalika kwa mvula kumatanthawuza nthawi ya mvula. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa mvula pa gawo lililonse, kuwonetseredwa mu mamilimita pa ola. Dera lamvula limatanthawuza dera lopingasa lomwe limakutidwa ndi mvula, lomwe limawonetsedwa mu km2. Malo a mvula yamkuntho amatanthauza malo ang'onoang'ono omwe mvula yamkuntho imakhalapo.
14. Kodi chitsimikiziro cha mamangidwe opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi chiyani? Mtengo wa chitsimikizo chapachaka?
Chitsimikizo cha kapangidwe ka malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kumatanthauza kuchuluka kwa maola ogwirira ntchito wamba pazaka zambiri zogwira ntchito poyerekeza ndi maola onse ogwirira ntchito; Chitsimikizo chapachaka chikutanthauza kuchuluka kwa zaka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi pazaka zonse zogwira ntchito.
Kodi cholinga chokonzekera buku la ntchito yokonza mapulani ndi chiyani?
Cholinga chokonzekera kabukhu kamangidwe ka malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi kudziwa ntchito yomanga ndikukhala ngati maziko okonzekera zikalata zoyambira. Ndi imodzi mwamadongosolo omangamanga komanso njira imodzi yoti maboma azitha kutsata malamulo azachuma.
Zomwe zili m'bukhu la ntchito yokonza ndi chiyani?
Zomwe zili m'buku la ntchito yopangira zikuphatikizapo zinthu zisanu ndi zitatu:
Iyenera kukhala ndi zonse zomwe zili m'mapulani a madzi ndi lipoti la kafukufuku wotheka. Zimagwirizana ndi mapangidwe oyambirira, ndi kusiyana kokha pakuzama kwa vuto la kafukufuku.
Kusanthula ndi kufotokoza za uinjiniya wa geological ndi hydrogeological wa malo omanga m'malo otsetsereka, mapu a 1/500000 (1/200000 kapena 1/100000) atha kuchitidwa, ndikungofufuza pang'ono chabe. Fotokozani mmene zinthu zilili, kuya kwa miyala, kuya kwa tsinde la mitsinje, ndi nkhani zazikulu za nthaka m’dera lomwe mwasankha.
Sungani zambiri za hydrological, santhulani ndikuwerengera, ndikusankha magawo akulu a hydrological.
Ntchito yoyezera. Sonkhanitsani 1/50000 ndi 1/10000 mamapu akumalo omanga; 1/1000 mpaka 1/500 mapu a malo a fakitale pamalo omanga.
Chitani mawerengedwe a hydrological and runoff regulation. Kusankha ndi kuwerengera madzi osiyanasiyana ndi mitu; Kuwerengera kwanthawi yochepa - komanso nthawi yayitali yamagetsi ndi mphamvu; Kusankhidwa koyambirira kwa mphamvu yoyika, mtundu wa unit, ndi mawaya akuluakulu amagetsi.
Fananizani ndikusankha mitundu yamitundu yama hydraulic ndi ma hub, ndikuwerengera ma hydraulic, structural and stability mawerengero, komanso kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa uinjiniya.
Kuwunika kuwunika kwachuma, kuwonetsa kufunikira ndi kuwunika kwachuma kwa zomangamanga zamainjiniya.
Kuwunika kwamphamvu kwa chilengedwe, kuyerekezera ndalama zaumisiri, ndi pulani yoyendetsera polojekitiyi.
17. Kodi kuyerekeza kwa ndalama zauinjiniya ndi chiyani? Chiyerekezo cha ndalama zauinjiniya ndi kulosera zaukadaulo?
Chiyerekezo chaumisiri ndi chikalata chaukadaulo ndi zachuma chomwe chimakonzekera ndalama zonse zomangira zomwe zimafunikira pulojekiti yandalama. Kuyerekeza kwapangidwe koyambirira ndi gawo lofunikira lachikalata choyambirira cha kapangidwe kake komanso maziko akulu pakuwunika momwe chuma chikuyendera. Bajeti yonse yovomerezedwa imazindikiridwa ndi boma ngati chizindikiro chofunikira cha ndalama zomanga zomanga, komanso ndi maziko okonzekera mapulani oyambira omanga ndi mabizinesi. Chiyerekezo cha ndalama zauinjiniya ndi ndalama zomwe zidapangidwa panthawi yophunzirira kuthekera. Bajeti ya uinjiniya ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zidapangidwa panthawi yomanga.
N’cifukwa ciani tifunika kukonzekela kamangidwe ka bungwe lomanga?
Mapangidwe a bungwe lomanga ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zokonzekera kuyerekezera kwa uinjiniya. Ndi ntchito yofunikira kwambiri kuwerengera mitengo ya mayunitsi kutengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga njira yomangira yotsimikizika, mtunda wa mayendedwe, ndi pulani yomanga, ndikuphatikiza tebulo loyerekeza la uinjiniya.
19. Kodi mfundo zazikulu za kamangidwe ka bungwe lomanga ndi ziti?
Zomwe zili pakupanga bungwe la zomangamanga ndizomangamanga onse, kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito yomanga, kusokoneza zomangamanga, mapulani odutsa, zoyendera zakunja, magwero a zida zomangira, mapulani omanga ndi njira zomangira, ndi zina zambiri.
Kodi pali magawo angati apangidwe pama projekiti apano osungira madzi ndi mphamvu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi?
Malinga ndi zofunikira za Unduna wa Zamadzi, payenera kukhala mapulani a madzi; Cholinga cha polojekiti; Kafukufuku wotheka; Kukonzekera koyambirira; Kupanga ma Tender; Magawo asanu ndi limodzi kuphatikiza kapangidwe kazomangamanga.
21. Kodi zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma za malo opangira magetsi amadzi ndi chiyani?
Unit kilowatt Investment ndi ndalama zomwe zimafunikira pa kilowatt ya mphamvu yoyikidwa.
Kugulitsa magetsi kwa unit kumatanthawuza ndalama zomwe zimafunikira pa ola lamagetsi la kilowatt.
Mtengo wa magetsi ndi malipiro omwe amaperekedwa pa kilowatt ola lamagetsi.
Maola ogwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka omwe adayikidwa ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zida za hydropower station.
Mtengo wamagetsi ndi mtengo pa ola la kilowatt la magetsi ogulitsidwa ku gridi.
Momwe mungawerengere zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma zama hydropower station?
Zizindikiro zazikulu zachuma za malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi amawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:
Unit kilowatt Investment=ndalama zonse pakumanga siteshoni yamagetsi a hydropower/chiwopsezo chonse choyika cha hydropower station
Unit magetsi Investment=ndalama zonse pomanga ma hydropower station/avareji yapachaka yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi
Maola ogwiritsira ntchito pachaka a mphamvu yoyika = pafupifupi pachaka yamagetsi / mphamvu zonse zomwe zaikidwa
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-24-2024
