Madzi ndiye maziko a moyo, mfundo yaikulu ya chitukuko, komanso gwero la chitukuko. China ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi pankhani ya chuma chonse. Pofika kumapeto kwa June 2022, mphamvu yokhazikika ya mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi wamba ku China yafika pa ma kilowatts 358 miliyoni. Lipotilo la 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China linanena zofunikira pa "kugwirizanitsa chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe" komanso "kulimbitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe m'mbali zonse, madera, ndi njira", zomwe zinasonyeza njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi. Wolembayo akukambirana za njira yatsopano yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomanga chitukuko cha zachilengedwe.
Kufunika kwa chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi
China ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, yokhala ndi mphamvu zopanga ukadaulo zokwana ma kilowatts 687 miliyoni komanso mphamvu zopanga ma kilowatts 3 trillion pachaka, zomwe zili pamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Makhalidwe odziwika bwino a mphamvu zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi kusinthika komanso ukhondo. Katswiri wotchuka wa zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi Pan Jiazheng adati, "Bola ngati dzuwa silinazimitsidwe, mphamvu zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amatha kubadwanso chaka chilichonse." Ukhondo wa mphamvu zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi umaonekera chifukwa chakuti supanga mpweya wotulutsa utsi, zinyalala, kapena madzi otayira, ndipo pafupifupi sutulutsa mpweya woipa, womwe ndi mgwirizano wamba pakati pa anthu apadziko lonse lapansi. Agenda 21 yomwe idavomerezedwa pamsonkhano wa Rio de Janeiro wa 1992 ndi chikalata chokhudza chitukuko chokhazikika chomwe chidavomerezedwa pamsonkhano wa Johannesburg wa 2002 zonse zikuphatikiza mphamvu zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ngati gwero la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Mu 2018, International Hydroelectric Association (IHA) idaphunzira za mpweya woipa womwe umawononga pafupifupi malo osungiramo magetsi pafupifupi 500 padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo idapeza kuti mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide pa kilowatt ola limodzi wamagetsi ochokera ku mphamvu zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi m'moyo wake wonse unali magalamu 18 okha, otsika kuposa omwe amachokera ku mphamvu za mphepo ndi photovoltaic. Kuphatikiza apo, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndiye gwero lamphamvu yowonjezereka komanso yopindulitsa kwambiri pa ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Malo oyamba opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi padziko lonse lapansi akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 150, ndipo malo oyamba opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi a Shilongba ku China akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka 110. Malinga ndi phindu la ndalama zomwe zayikidwa, kuchuluka kwa phindu la magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi panthawi yaukadaulo wake kuli pamwamba pa 168%. Chifukwa cha izi, mayiko otukuka padziko lonse lapansi amaika patsogolo chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Chuma chikakula kwambiri, chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi chimakwera kwambiri ndipo chilengedwe chimakhala bwino m'dziko.
Pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo padziko lonse lapansi, mayiko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi apereka mapulani othana ndi vuto la carbon neutrality. Njira yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito ndi kupanga mphamvu zatsopano monga mphamvu ya mphepo ndi dzuwa, koma kuphatikiza mphamvu zatsopano, makamaka mphamvu ya mphepo ndi dzuwa, mu gridi yamagetsi kudzakhudza magwiridwe antchito okhazikika a dongosolo lamagetsi chifukwa cha kusasinthasintha kwake, nthawi, komanso kusatsimikizika. Monga gwero lamphamvu, mphamvu yamadzi ili ndi ubwino wowongolera mosavuta "owongolera magetsi". Mayiko ena asintha ntchito ya mphamvu yamadzi. Australia imafotokoza mphamvu yamadzi ngati mzati wa machitidwe amphamvu odalirika amtsogolo; United States ikupereka dongosolo lolimbikitsa chitukuko cha magetsi; Switzerland, Norway, ndi mayiko ena omwe ali ndi milingo yayikulu kwambiri ya chitukuko cha magetsi amadzi, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zinthu zatsopano zopangira, njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kukweza madamu akale, kuwonjezera mphamvu, ndikukulitsa mphamvu zomwe zayikidwa. Malo ena opangira magetsi amadzi amaikanso mayunitsi osinthika kapena kuwasintha kukhala mayunitsi osinthika osinthika, akuyesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi kuti alimbikitse kuphatikiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zatsopano mu gridi.
Chitukuko cha zachilengedwe chimatsogolera chitukuko chapamwamba cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi
Palibe kukayika za chitukuko cha sayansi cha mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi, ndipo nkhani yaikulu ndi momwe tingapangire bwino mphamvu zamagetsi zotsalazo.
Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chilichonse kungayambitse mavuto azachilengedwe, koma mawonekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zimasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya nyukiliya iyenera kuthana ndi vuto la zinyalala za nyukiliya; Kukula pang'ono kwa mphamvu ya mphepo sikukhudza kwambiri zachilengedwe, koma ngati kukukula kwambiri, kudzasintha kayendedwe ka mlengalenga m'madera am'deralo, zomwe zimakhudza nyengo ndi kusamuka kwa mbalame zosamukira.
Zotsatira za chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi zachilengedwe zilipo mwachilungamo, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi zabwino komanso zoipa; Zotsatira zina ndi zomveka bwino, zina sizikudziwika, zina ndi za nthawi yochepa, ndipo zina ndi za nthawi yayitali. Sitingathe kukokomeza zotsatira zoyipa za chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, komanso sitinganyalanyaze zotsatira zomwe zingachitike. Tiyenera kuchita kuyang'anira chilengedwe, kusanthula koyerekeza, kufufuza kwasayansi, kukambirana mokwanira, ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti tiyankhe moyenera ndikuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipazo kufika pamlingo wovomerezeka. Ndi mtundu wanji wa sikelo ya nthawi yomwe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa momwe chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi chimakhudzira chilengedwe m'nthawi yatsopano, ndipo kodi zinthu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ziyenera kupangidwa bwanji mwasayansi komanso moyenera? Ili ndi funso lofunika kwambiri lomwe liyenera kuyankhidwa.
Mbiri ya chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi yatsimikizira kuti kukula kwa mitsinje m'maiko otukuka kwabweretsa phindu lalikulu pazachuma, chikhalidwe, komanso chilengedwe. Maziko a mphamvu zamagetsi oyera ku China - Mtsinje wa Lancang, Mtsinje wa Hongshui, Mtsinje wa Jinsha, Mtsinje wa Yalong, Mtsinje wa Dadu, Mtsinje wa Wujiang, Mtsinje wa Qingjiang, Mtsinje wa Yellow, ndi zina zotero - akhazikitsa njira zotetezera ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe mokwanira komanso mwadongosolo, zomwe zimachepetsa bwino momwe mapulojekiti amagetsi amakhudzira chilengedwe. Ndi kuzama kwa malingaliro azachilengedwe, malamulo ndi malangizo oyenera ku China adzakhala abwino kwambiri, njira zoyendetsera zinthu zidzakhala zasayansi komanso zodzaza, ndipo ukadaulo woteteza zachilengedwe upitiliza kupita patsogolo.
Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 2000, chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi chakhazikitsa mfundo zatsopano mokwanira, kutsatira zofunikira zatsopano za "chitetezo cha chilengedwe, phindu la chilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu pa intaneti, ndi mndandanda woipa wa mwayi wopezera zachilengedwe", ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira za chitetezo pakukula ndi chitukuko pa kuteteza zachilengedwe. Kukhazikitsadi lingaliro la chitukuko cha zachilengedwe ndikutsogolera chitukuko chapamwamba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi.
Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Madzi Kumathandiza Kumanga Chitukuko cha Zachilengedwe
Zotsatira zoyipa za chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi pa chilengedwe cha mitsinje zimawonekera makamaka m'mbali ziwiri: chimodzi ndi dothi, lomwe ndi kuchulukana kwa malo osungiramo madzi; china ndi mitundu ya nsomba zam'madzi, makamaka mitundu ya nsomba zosowa.
Ponena za mavuto a zinyalala, samalani kwambiri pomanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi m'mitsinje yokhala ndi zinyalala zambiri. Njira zingapo ziyenera kutengedwa kuti muchepetse zinyalala zomwe zimalowa m'chitsime ndikuwonjezera nthawi yake yogwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pogwira ntchito yabwino yosunga dothi ndi madzi m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, zitsime zimatha kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa zinyalala ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka kudzera mu ndondomeko yasayansi, malamulo a madzi ndi zinyalala, kusungira ndi kutulutsa zinyalala, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngati vuto la zinyalala silingathe kuthetsedwa, ndiye kuti zitsime siziyenera kumangidwa. Kuchokera ku malo opangira magetsi omwe akumangidwa pano, zitha kuwoneka kuti vuto lonse la zinyalala m'chitsime lingathe kuthetsedwa kudzera mu njira zaukadaulo komanso zosakhala zaukadaulo.
Ponena za nkhani zosamalira mitundu ya zamoyo, makamaka mitundu yosowa, malo okhalamo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu ya madzi. Mitundu ya zamoyo monga zomera zosowa imatha kusamutsidwa ndi kutetezedwa; Mitundu ya m'madzi, monga nsomba, ina ili ndi zizolowezi zosamukasamuka. Kumangidwa kwa madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi kumalepheretsa njira zawo zosamukasamuka, zomwe zingayambitse kutha kwa mitundu kapena kukhudza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Izi ziyenera kuchitidwa mosiyana kutengera momwe zinthu zilili. Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino, monga nsomba wamba, ikhoza kulipidwa ndi njira zochulukirachulukira. Mitundu yosowa kwambiri iyenera kutetezedwa ndi njira zapadera. Kunena zoona, mitundu ina yosowa ya m'madzi tsopano ikukumana ndi mavuto omwe ali pangozi, ndipo mphamvu ya madzi si yomwe imayambitsa vutoli, koma zotsatira za kusodza mopitirira muyeso kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwonongeka kwa khalidwe la madzi, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha m'madzi m'mbiri. Ngati chiwerengero cha mtundu chichepa kufika pamlingo winawake ndipo sichingathe kubereka ana, chidzatha pang'onopang'ono. Ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana monga kuberekana ndi kumasula kochita kupanga kuti tipulumutse mitundu yosowa.
Mphamvu ya mphamvu ya madzi pa chilengedwe iyenera kuyamikiridwa kwambiri, ndipo njira ziyenera kutengedwa momwe zingathere kuti tithetse mavuto. Tiyenera kumvetsetsa nkhaniyi mwadongosolo, m'mbiri, mwachilungamo, komanso mopanda tsankho. Kukula kwa sayansi kwa mphamvu ya madzi sikuti kumateteza chitetezo cha mitsinje yokha, komanso kumathandizira pakupanga chitukuko cha chilengedwe.
Kuyang'ana Kwambiri Zachilengedwe Kukwaniritsa Njira Yatsopano Yopangira Chitukuko cha Magesi Ochokera Kumadzi
Kuyambira pa Msonkhano Wadziko Lonse wa 18 wa Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu ku China, makampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi akhala akutsatira lingaliro la "kuyang'ana anthu, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe, komanso chitukuko chobiriwira", pang'onopang'ono kupanga njira yatsopano yopangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Monga tanenera kale, mukukonzekera kwaukadaulo, kupanga mapulani, kumanga, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, kuchita kafukufuku, kupanga mapulani, ndi kukhazikitsa mapulani okhudza kutulutsa madzi oyenda pachilengedwe, kukonza nthawi yachilengedwe, kuteteza malo okhala nsomba, kubwezeretsa kulumikizana kwa mitsinje, komanso kuchulukana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa nsomba kungachepetse bwino momwe chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, kumanga, ndi kugwira ntchito pa malo okhala m'madzi a mitsinje. Pa madamu akuluakulu ndi malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu, ngati pali vuto la kutulutsa madzi ofooka, njira zopangira uinjiniya wothira madzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zithetse vutoli. Mwachitsanzo, madamu akuluakulu ndi malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu monga Jinping Level 1, Nuozhadu, ndi Huangdeng onse asankha kugwiritsa ntchito njira monga zitseko zodzaza ndi matabwa, makoma osungira kutsogolo, ndi makoma osalowa madzi kuti achepetse kutentha kwa madzi. Njirazi zakhala njira zamafakitale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale miyezo yamakampani komanso zofunikira zaukadaulo.
Pali mitundu ya nsomba zosamukasamuka m'mitsinje, ndipo njira monga njira zoyendera nsomba, ma elevator a nsomba, ndi "njira za nsomba + ma elevator a nsomba" ndi njira zodziwika bwino zoperekera nsomba. Njira yopezera nsomba ya siteshoni yamagetsi ya Zangmu yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri m'zaka zambiri zowunikira ndikuwunika. Sikuti ntchito zomanga zatsopano zokha, komanso kukonzanso mapulojekiti ena akale, komanso kuwonjezera malo operekera nsomba. Ntchito yomanganso malo operekera nsomba a Fengman Hydropower yawonjezera misampha ya nsomba, malo osonkhanitsira nsomba, ndi ma elevator a nsomba, zomwe zatsegula Mtsinje wa Songhua womwe umaletsa kusamuka kwa nsomba.
Ponena za ukadaulo wobereketsa ndi kutulutsa nsomba, njira yaukadaulo yakhazikitsidwa yokonzekera, kupanga, kumanga, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi malo, komanso kuyang'anira ndikuwunika momwe malo obereketsa ndi kutulutsa nsomba amakhudzira. Ukadaulo woteteza ndi kubwezeretsa malo okhala nsomba wapita patsogolo kwambiri. Pakadali pano, njira zotetezera zachilengedwe ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi a m'mitsinje. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika kochuluka kwa chitetezo ndi kubwezeretsa chilengedwe kwachitika kudzera mu kuyerekezera mitundu yoyenera chilengedwe isanayambe kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala. Kuyambira 2012 mpaka 2016, Malo Opangira Mphamvu ya Madzi a Three Gorges adapitiliza kuchita zoyeserera za nthawi yachilengedwe kuti alimbikitse kubereketsa "nsomba zinayi zodziwika bwino zapakhomo". Kuyambira pamenepo, kutumiza pamodzi malo opangira magetsi a Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, ndi Malo Opangira Mphamvu ya Madzi a Three Gorges kwakhala kukuchitika nthawi imodzi chaka chilichonse. Kudzera mu zaka zambiri zolamulira zachilengedwe komanso kuteteza chuma cha usodzi, kuchuluka kwa "nsomba zinayi zodziwika bwino zapakhomo" kwawonetsa kuchuluka kwa kubereka kwa "nsomba zinayi zodziwika bwino zapakhomo" m'chigawo cha Mtsinje wa Yidu kumunsi kwa mtsinje wa Gezhouba kwawonjezeka kuchoka pa 25 miliyoni mu 2012 kufika pa 3 biliyoni mu 2019.
Machitidwe atsimikizira kuti njira ndi njira zomwe zili pamwambapa zakhazikitsa njira yatsopano yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi m'nyengo yatsopano. Kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi sikungochepetsa kapena kuthetsa zotsatirapo zoyipa pa chilengedwe cha mitsinje, komanso kulimbikitsa bwino chitetezo cha chilengedwe kudzera mu chitukuko chabwino cha mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi. Malo omwe alipo pano a malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi ali ndi malo abwino kwambiri padziko lapansi kuposa madera ena am'deralo. Malo opangira magetsi monga Ertan ndi Longyangxia si malo otchuka okopa alendo okha, komanso amatetezedwa ndikubwezeretsedwanso chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo m'deralo, kukula kwa zomera, maunyolo aatali a zamoyo, komanso zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
Chitukuko cha zachilengedwe ndi cholinga chatsopano cha chitukuko cha anthu pambuyo pa chitukuko cha mafakitale. Kumanga chitukuko cha zachilengedwe kumagwirizana ndi ubwino wa anthu ndi tsogolo la dziko. Poyang'anizana ndi vuto lalikulu la kukhwimitsa zoletsa zachilengedwe, kuipitsa kwambiri chilengedwe, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, tiyenera kukhazikitsa lingaliro la chitukuko cha zachilengedwe chomwe chimalemekeza, kutsatira, ndikuteteza chilengedwe.
Pakadali pano, dzikolo likukulitsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito bwino ndikufulumizitsa ntchito yomanga mapulojekiti akuluakulu. Mapulojekiti angapo amphamvu zamagetsi adzawonjezera mphamvu ya ntchito yawo, kufulumizitsa kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito, ndikuyesetsa kukwaniritsa zofunikira kuti zivomerezedwe ndikuyamba ntchito mkati mwa Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 14. Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 14 la Chitukuko cha Zachuma ndi Chikhalidwe cha Dziko la People's Republic of China ndi Cholinga cha Masomphenya a 2035 zomwe zaperekedwa momveka bwino kuti zikhazikitse mapulojekiti akuluakulu monga Sichuan Tibet Railway, njira yatsopano yolumikizira nyanja kumadzulo, netiweki yamadzi yadziko lonse, ndi chitukuko cha magetsi amadzi m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo, zimalimbikitsa malo akuluakulu ofufuza zasayansi, kuteteza zachilengedwe ndi kukonzanso, chithandizo chadzidzidzi chaumoyo wa anthu, kusuntha madzi kwakukulu, kuwongolera kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kuchepetsa masoka, kutumiza magetsi ndi gasi. Mapulojekiti akuluakulu angapo okhala ndi maziko olimba, ntchito zowonjezera, ndi maubwino anthawi yayitali, monga mayendedwe m'malire, m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Tikudziwa bwino kuti kusintha kwa mphamvu kumafuna magetsi amadzi, ndipo chitukuko cha magetsi amadzi chiyeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti zachilengedwe zili bwino. Kungoika patsogolo kwambiri kuteteza chilengedwe ndi komwe kungapangitse kuti chitukuko chapamwamba cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi chitheke, ndipo chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kungathandize pakukula kwa chitukuko cha chilengedwe.
Njira yatsopano yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi idzalimbikitsanso chitukuko chapamwamba cha mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi munthawi yatsopano. Kudzera mu chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, tidzayendetsa chitukuko chachikulu cha mphamvu zatsopano, kufulumizitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu ku China, kumanga njira yatsopano yamagetsi yoyera, yopanda mpweya wambiri, yotetezeka komanso yogwira ntchito bwino, pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zatsopano mu dongosolo latsopano lamagetsi, kumanga China yokongola, ndikupereka mphamvu kwa ogwira ntchito zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-15-2023
