Madzi ndiye maziko a moyo, gwero la chitukuko, ndi gwero la chitukuko. China ili ndi zida zambiri zopangira magetsi opangira madzi, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi potengera kuchuluka kwazinthu zonse. Pofika kumapeto kwa June 2022, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ku China yafika pa 358 miliyoni kilowatts. Lipoti la 20 National Congress of the Communist Party of China linanena zofunikira za "kugwirizanitsa chitukuko cha hydropower ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe" ndi "kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe m'mbali zonse, zigawo, ndi njira", zomwe zinalongosola ndondomeko ya chitukuko ndi chitukuko cha hydropower. Wolembayo akukambirana za paradigm yatsopano yachitukuko cha hydropower kuchokera pamawonekedwe a chitukuko cha chilengedwe.
Kufunika kwa chitukuko cha hydropower
Dziko la China lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopangira mphamvu yamadzi, zokulitsa luso lazopangapanga zokwana ma kilowati 687 miliyoni komanso mphamvu zopangira magetsi okwana makilowati 3 thililiyoni pachaka, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Makhalidwe odziwika bwino a hydropower ndi kusinthika komanso ukhondo. Katswiri wodziwika bwino wa mphamvu yamadzi, Pan Jiazheng, ananenapo kuti: “Malinga ngati dzuŵa silizimitsidwa, mphamvu ya madzi imatha kubadwanso chaka chilichonse.” Ukhondo wa mphamvu ya hydropower ukuwoneka kuti sutulutsa mpweya wotopa, zotsalira za zinyalala, kapena madzi oyipa, komanso pafupifupi sutulutsa mpweya woipa, womwe ndi mgwirizano wamba padziko lonse lapansi. Agenda 21 yotengedwa pa msonkhano wa ku Rio de Janeiro wa 1992 ndi chikalata cha chitukuko chokhazikika chomwe chinatengedwa pa msonkhano wa 2002 Johannesburg zonse zikuphatikiza momveka bwino mphamvu ya hydropower ngati gwero la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Mu 2018, bungwe la International Hydroelectric Association (IHA) linaphunzira momwe mpweya wowonjezera kutentha umakhalira pafupi ndi malo osungiramo madzi okwana 500 padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo anapeza kuti mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide pa kilowatt ola la magetsi kuchokera kumagetsi amadzi nthawi yonse ya moyo wake unali magalamu 18 okha, otsika kuposa omwe amachokera ku mphepo ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic. Kuphatikiza apo, hydropower ndiyenso yogwira ntchito yayitali kwambiri komanso yobweza kwambiri pagwero lamphamvu zongowonjezedwanso. Malo opangira magetsi amadzi oyamba padziko lonse lapansi akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zopitilira 150, ndipo malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ku Shilongba ku China adakhalanso akugwira ntchito kwa zaka 110. Potengera kubweza kwa ndalama, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zobwereketsa mphamvu zamagetsi pa nthawi ya uinjiniya ndi 168%. Chifukwa cha izi, mayiko otukuka padziko lonse lapansi amaika patsogolo chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi. Chuma chikatukuka kwambiri, m'pamenenso chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi chikukwera komanso kumapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale bwino m'dziko.
Pofuna kuthana ndi kusintha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi, maiko akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi apereka malingaliro oti achitepo kanthu kuti asatengere mbali za carbon. Njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito yodziwika bwino ndikukulitsa mwamphamvu magwero atsopano a mphamvu monga mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, koma kuphatikiza kwa mphamvu zatsopano, makamaka mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, mu gridi yamagetsi zidzakhudza kugwira ntchito kokhazikika kwa dongosolo lamagetsi chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake, kusinthasintha, ndi kusatsimikizika. Monga gwero lamphamvu la msana, mphamvu ya hydropower ili ndi zabwino zowongolera zosinthika za "voltage regulators". Mayiko ena ayikanso ntchito ya hydropower. Australia imatanthauzira hydropower ngati mzati wamagetsi odalirika amtsogolo; Dziko la United States likupereka ndondomeko yachilimbikitso yachitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi; Switzerland, Norway, ndi maiko ena omwe ali ndi chitukuko champhamvu kwambiri cha mphamvu yamadzi, chifukwa cha kusowa kwazinthu zatsopano zopangira, mchitidwe wamba ndikukweza madamu akale, kuwonjezera mphamvu, ndikukulitsa mphamvu zoyikidwa. Malo ena opangira magetsi amadzi amayikanso mayunitsi osinthika kapena kuwasintha kukhala mayunitsi osinthika omwe amatha kusintha liwiro, kuyesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi kuti alimbikitse kuphatikiza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zatsopano mu gridi.
Chitukuko cha chilengedwe chimatsogolera chitukuko chapamwamba cha hydropower
Palibe kukayikira za chitukuko cha sayansi cha hydropower, ndipo nkhani yofunika kwambiri ndi momwe mungapangire bwino magetsi otsalawo.
Kupanga ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chinthu chilichonse kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zachilengedwe, koma mawonekedwe ndi magawo ake amasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya nyukiliya iyenera kuthetsa nkhani ya zinyalala za nyukiliya; Kukula kochepa kwa mphamvu yamphepo kumakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa pa chilengedwe, koma ngati kupangidwa pamlingo waukulu, kudzasintha kayendedwe ka mpweya m'madera akumidzi, zomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe cha nyengo ndi kusamuka kwa mbalame zosamukasamuka.
Kuyang'ana kwa chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe chifukwa cha kukula kwa mphamvu ya madzi kulipo, ndi zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa; Zotsatira zina zimawonekeratu, zina zimawonekera, zina zimakhala zazifupi, ndipo zina zimakhala za nthawi yayitali. Sitingathe kukokomeza mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi, komanso sitinganyalanyaze zotsatira zomwe zingabweretse. Tiyenera kuyang'anira chilengedwe, kusanthula mofananiza, kafukufuku wasayansi, kukangana kokwanira, ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti tiyankhe moyenera ndikuchepetsa zovutazo kuti zikhale zovomerezeka. Kodi ndi masikelo amtundu wanji omwe akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito powunika momwe kukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi kumathandizira chilengedwe m'nthawi yatsopano, ndipo kodi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ziyenera kupangidwa bwanji mwasayansi komanso moyenerera? Ili ndiye funso lofunikira lomwe liyenera kuyankhidwa.
Mbiri ya chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi yatsimikizira kuti kuphulika kwa mitsinje m'mayiko otukuka kwabweretsa phindu lalikulu pazachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chilengedwe. Malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ku China - Mtsinje wa Lancang, Mtsinje wa Hongshui, Mtsinje wa Jinsha, Mtsinje wa Yalong, Mtsinje wa Dadu, Mtsinje wa Wujiang, Mtsinje wa Qingjiang, Mtsinje wa Yellow, ndi zina zotero. Ndikukula kwa malingaliro azachilengedwe, malamulo ndi malamulo ofunikira ku China adzakhala omveka bwino, njira zoyendetsera kasamalidwe zizikhala zasayansi komanso zatsatanetsatane, ndipo ukadaulo woteteza chilengedwe upitiliza kupita patsogolo.
Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 21, chitukuko cha hydropower chakwaniritsa malingaliro atsopano, kutsata zofunikira zatsopano za "chitetezo cha chilengedwe, mzere wofiyira wa chilengedwe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazinthu pa intaneti, ndi mndandanda wolakwika wopezera chilengedwe", ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira za chitetezo pa chitukuko ndi chitukuko cha chitetezo. Kukhazikitsadi lingaliro lachitukuko cha chilengedwe ndikutsogolera chitukuko chapamwamba komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi.
Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Hydropower Kumathandizira Kupanga Zachitukuko Zachilengedwe
Zotsatira zoyipa za kukula kwa mphamvu ya madzi pa chilengedwe cha mitsinje zimawonekera makamaka m'mbali ziwiri: imodzi ndi matope, omwe ndi kudzikundikira kwa madamu; Ina ndi zamoyo za m’madzi, makamaka mitundu ya nsomba zosowa kwambiri.
Pankhani ya zinyalala, kusamala mwapadera kuyenera kuchitidwa pomanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi m'mitsinje yokhala ndi matope ambiri. Njira zingapo ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti muchepetse matope omwe amalowa m'madzi ndikuwonjezera moyo wake. Mwachitsanzo, pogwira ntchito yabwino yosungiramo nthaka ndi madzi kumtunda, malo osungiramo madzi amatha kuchepetsa kusungunuka ndi kukokoloka kwa pansi pa mitsinje kudzera mu ndondomeko ya sayansi, malamulo a madzi ndi matope, kusunga ndi kutulutsa zinyalala, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Ngati vuto la matope silingathetsedwe, ndiye kuti malo osungira sayenera kumangidwa. Kuchokera kumalo opangira magetsi omwe amangidwa pano, zitha kuwoneka kuti vuto lonse la dothi losungiramo madzi lingathe kuthetsedwa kudzera munjira zauinjiniya komanso zopanda uinjiniya.
Pankhani yosamalira zamoyo, makamaka mitundu yosowa, malo okhalamo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi. Mitundu yapamtunda monga zomera zosawerengeka zimatha kusamuka ndikutetezedwa; Zamoyo za m’madzi, monga nsomba, zina zimakhala ndi zizoloŵezi zosamukasamuka. Kumanga madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi kumalepheretsa njira zawo zosamukira, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zamoyo zizisowa kapena kusokoneza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Izi ziyenera kuchitidwa mosiyana malinga ndi momwe zilili. Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino, monga nsomba zanthawi zonse, imatha kulipidwa potengera kuchulukana. Mitundu yosowa kwambiri iyenera kutetezedwa ndi miyeso yapadera. Kunena zowona, zamoyo zina za m'madzi zomwe sizipezeka m'madzi tsopano zikuyang'anizana ndi zoopsa, ndipo mphamvu yamadzi siimayambitsa vuto lalikulu, koma chifukwa cha kusodza kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwonongeka kwa madzi, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe m'mbiri. Ngati chiŵerengero cha zamoyo chichepa kufika pamlingo wakutiwakuti ndipo sichikhoza kuberekana, mosapeŵeka chidzatha pang’onopang’ono. Ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku ndikutengera njira zosiyanasiyana monga kubereketsa ndi kumasula kuti apulumutse mitundu yosowa.
Kukhudzidwa kwa mphamvu yamadzi pa chilengedwe kuyenera kuyamikiridwa kwambiri, ndipo njira ziyenera kuchitidwa momwe zingathere kuti athetse mavuto. Tiyenera kuyifikira ndikumvetsetsa nkhaniyi mwadongosolo, mbiri yakale, mwachilungamo komanso mwachilungamo. Kukula kwa sayansi kwa mphamvu zamagetsi sikumangoteteza chitetezo cha mitsinje, komanso kumathandizira kuti pakhale chitukuko cha zachilengedwe.
Ecological Priority Imakwaniritsa Paradigm Yatsopano Yachitukuko cha Hydroelectric
Kuyambira pa 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, makampani opanga mphamvu zamadzi atsatira lingaliro la "zokonda anthu, zachilengedwe, ndi chitukuko chobiriwira", pang'onopang'ono kupanga lingaliro latsopano la chitukuko cha chilengedwe cha mphamvu yamadzi. Monga tanena kale, pakupanga mapulani aumisiri, kupanga, kumanga, ndi kugwira ntchito, kuchita kafukufuku, kupanga chiwembu, ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo pakumasulidwa kwachilengedwe, kukonza zachilengedwe, kuteteza malo a nsomba, kubwezeretsanso kulumikizana kwa mitsinje, komanso kuchulukana kwa nsomba ndikumasulidwa kumatha kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chitukuko cha mphamvu yamadzi, yomanga, ndikugwira ntchito pa malo okhala m'madzi a mitsinje. Kwa madamu akuluakulu ndi malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu, ngati pali vuto la kutuluka kwa madzi otsika, njira zopangira madzi zowonongeka nthawi zambiri zimatengedwa kuti zithetse. Mwachitsanzo, madamu aatali ndi malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu monga Jinping Level 1, Nuozhadu, ndi Huangdeng onse asankha kuchita zinthu monga zitseko zomangika, makoma otsekera kutsogolo, ndi makoma otchinga osalowa madzi kuti achepetse kutentha kwa madzi. Njira izi zakhala machitidwe amakampani, kupanga miyezo yamakampani ndiukadaulo.
Pali mitundu ya nsomba zomwe zimasamuka m'mitsinje, ndipo njira monga zoyendera nsomba, ma elevator a nsomba, ndi "fish lanes + fish elevators" ndizomwe zimachitikanso podutsa nsomba. Njira yopangira nsomba pa malo opangira magetsi a Zangmu yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri pazaka zambiri zowunika ndikuwunika. Osati ntchito zomanga zatsopano zokha, komanso kukonzanso ntchito zina zakale, komanso kuwonjezera malo odutsa nsomba. Ntchito yomanganso Fengman Hydropower Station yawonjezera misampha ya nsomba, malo osonkhanitsira nsomba, ndi ma elevator a nsomba, ndikutsegula mtsinje wa Songhua womwe umalepheretsa kusamuka kwa nsomba.
Pankhani yaukadaulo woswana ndi kutulutsa nsomba, njira yaukadaulo yakhazikitsidwa yokonzekera, kupanga, kumanga, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zida, komanso kuyang'anira ndikuwunika momwe amatulutsira nsomba ndi malo otulutsa. Njira zotetezera malo okhala nsomba ndi kukonzanso malo a nsomba zapita patsogolo kwambiri. Pakalipano, njira zotetezera zachilengedwe ndi kubwezeretsanso zachitidwa m'malo akuluakulu opangira mphamvu zamadzi. Kuonjezera apo, kuwunika kachulukidwe ka chitetezo ndi kukonzanso kwa chilengedwe kwatheka kudzera mu kayeseleledwe ka kuyenerera kwa chilengedwe chisanachitike komanso pambuyo pa kuwonongeka kwa malo. Kuchokera mu 2012 mpaka 2016, Three Gorges Hydropower Station ikupitirizabe kuyesa zachilengedwe pofuna kulimbikitsa kuweta kwa "nsomba zinayi zodziwika bwino zapakhomo". Kuyambira pamenepo, kutumiza kwachilengedwe kwa Xiluodu, Xiangjiaba, ndi Three Gorges Hydropower Station kwachitika nthawi imodzi chaka chilichonse. Kupyolera mu zaka mosalekeza za kayendetsedwe ka zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo cha nsomba, kuchuluka kwa "nsomba zinayi zodziwika bwino zapakhomo" zakhala zikuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka, pomwe kuchuluka kwa "nsomba zinayi zodziwika bwino zapakhomo" mu gawo la mtsinje wa Yidu kumunsi kwa Gezhouba kwawonjezeka kuchoka pa 25 miliyoni mu 2012 kufika pa 3 biliyoni mu 2019.
Zochita zatsimikizira kuti njira ndi njira zomwe zili pamwambazi zapanga lingaliro latsopano la chitukuko cha chilengedwe cha mphamvu yamadzi mu nyengo yatsopano. Kukula kwachilengedwe kwa mphamvu ya hydropower sikungachepetse kapena kuthetseratu zotsatirapo zoyipa pazachilengedwe za mitsinje, komanso kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe kudzera pakukula bwino kwachilengedwe kwa mphamvu yamadzi. Dera lomwe lilipo pano posungira mphamvu yamagetsi amadzi lili ndi malo abwino kwambiri padziko lapansi kuposa madera ena am'deralo. Malo opangira magetsi monga Ertan ndi Longyangxia sizongokopa alendo, komanso amatetezedwa ndi kubwezeretsedwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, kukula kwa zomera, maunyolo aatali achilengedwe, komanso zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
Chitukuko cha chilengedwe ndi cholinga chatsopano cha chitukuko cha anthu pambuyo pa chitukuko cha mafakitale. Kumangidwa kwa chitukuko cha chilengedwe kumagwirizana ndi moyo wa anthu komanso tsogolo la dziko. Poyang'anizana ndi vuto lalikulu la kukhwimitsa zinthu, kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, tiyenera kukhazikitsa lingaliro la chitukuko cha chilengedwe chomwe chimalemekeza, kugwirizana, ndi kuteteza chilengedwe.
Pakali pano, dzikoli likukulitsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kufulumizitsa ntchito yomanga ntchito zazikulu. Mapulojekiti angapo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi adzawonjezera kuchulukira kwa ntchito yawo, kufulumizitsa kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito, ndi kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa zofunikira kuti zivomerezedwe ndi kuyambika mu nthawi ya 14th Year Plan. The 14th Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China ndi Mauthenga a Masomphenya a 2035 momveka bwino kuti akwaniritse ntchito zazikulu monga Sichuan Tibet Railway, njira yatsopano yapanyanja kumadzulo, madzi amtundu wa dziko, ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu yamadzi m'madera otsika a mtsinje wa Yarlungsto, malo akuluakulu a sayansi ya chitetezo, malo akuluakulu a sayansi ndi Zangbo. thandizo ladzidzidzi, kupatukana kwakukulu kwa madzi, kuyendetsa madzi osefukira ndi kuchepetsa masoka, kufalitsa mphamvu ndi gasi Ntchito zingapo zazikulu zomwe zili ndi maziko olimba, ntchito zowonjezera, ndi zopindulitsa za nthawi yayitali, monga kuyenda m'malire, m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Tikudziwa bwino kuti kusintha kwa mphamvu kumafuna mphamvu yamadzi, komanso kukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi kuyeneranso kuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Pokhapokha kulimbikitsa kwambiri kuteteza chilengedwe kungathe kutheka chitukuko chapamwamba cha mphamvu yamadzi, ndi chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zingathandize pa ntchito yomanga chitukuko cha chilengedwe.
Malingaliro atsopano a chitukuko cha mphamvu yamadzi alimbikitsanso chitukuko chapamwamba cha mphamvu zamagetsi m'nyengo yatsopano. Kupyolera mu chitukuko cha hydropower, tidzayendetsa chitukuko chachikulu cha mphamvu zatsopano, kufulumizitsa mayendedwe a kusintha kwa mphamvu ku China, kumanga njira yoyera, yotsika mpweya, yotetezeka komanso yogwira mtima, kuwonjezera pang'onopang'ono gawo la mphamvu zatsopano mu dongosolo latsopano la mphamvu, kumanga China yokongola, ndikuthandizira mphamvu za anthu ogwira ntchito yamagetsi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-15-2023
