1, mawonekedwe a malo opangira magetsi amadzi
Mitundu ya malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi makamaka imaphatikizapo malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi amtundu wa damu, malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi okhala m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, ndi malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi amtundu wa diversion.
Malo opangira magetsi amadzi amtundu wa damu: Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo choyeretsera madzi kuti awonjezere madzi mumtsinje, kuti madzi azithira pansi. Nthawi zambiri amamangidwa m'zigwa zazitali zamapiri pakati ndi pamwamba pa mitsinje, nthawi zambiri amakhala malo opangira magetsi amadzi apakatikati mpaka aatali. Njira yodziwika kwambiri yopangira magetsi ndi malo opangira magetsi amadzi omwe ali pansi pa damu losungira pafupi ndi malo a damu, lomwe ndi malo opangira magetsi amadzi kumbuyo kwa damu.
Siteshoni yamagetsi yamtundu wa mtsinje: Siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi komwe malo opangira magetsi, chipata chosungira madzi, ndi damu zimayikidwa motsatizana pa mtsinje kuti zisunge madzi pamodzi. Nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa pakati ndi pansi pa mitsinje, nthawi zambiri zimakhala malo otsika komanso oyenda madzi ambiri.
Malo opangira magetsi a mtundu wa Diversion: Malo opangira magetsi a madzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira madzi kuti azitha kuyika dontho la mtsinje kuti apange malo opangira magetsi. Nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pakati ndi pamwamba pa mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi ochepa komanso malo otsetsereka a mtsinje.
2、 Kapangidwe ka Nyumba za Hydroelectric Hub
Nyumba zazikulu za pulojekiti ya malo opangira magetsi ndi izi: nyumba zosungira madzi, nyumba zotulutsira madzi, nyumba zolowera madzi, nyumba zosinthira madzi ndi zoyendera m'mbuyo, nyumba zamadzi zoyenda bwino, nyumba zopangira magetsi, nyumba zosinthira, ndi zogawa madzi, ndi zina zotero.
1. Nyumba zosungira madzi: Nyumba zosungira madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potseka mitsinje, kusonkhanitsa madontho, ndikupanga malo osungira madzi, monga madamu, zipata, ndi zina zotero.
2. Mapangidwe otulutsira madzi: Mapangidwe otulutsira madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa kusefukira kwa madzi, kapena kutulutsa madzi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pansi pa mtsinje, kapena kutulutsa madzi kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa madzi m'matangi, monga njira yotulutsira madzi, ngalande yotulutsira madzi, njira yotulutsira madzi pansi, ndi zina zotero.
3. Kapangidwe ka madzi olowera m'malo opangira magetsi: Kapangidwe ka madzi olowera m'malo opangira magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulowetsa madzi mu ngalande yosinthira madzi, monga malo olowera akuya komanso osaya okhala ndi mphamvu kapena malo otseguka opanda mphamvu.
4. Kusuntha madzi ndi njira zoyendera m'mbuyo mwa malo opangira magetsi: Njira zosunthira madzi m'malo opangira magetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula madzi opangira magetsi kuchokera ku dziwe kupita ku chipangizo chopangira magetsi cha turbine; Njira yoyendera madzi am'mbuyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsira madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi kupita ku ngalande ya mtsinje. Nyumba zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo ngalande, ma tunnel, mapaipi opondereza, ndi zina zotero, komanso nyumba zodutsa monga ma aqueducts, ma culvert, ma inverted siphons, ndi zina zotero.
5. Mapangidwe a madzi athyathyathya opangidwa ndi magetsi: Mapangidwe a madzi athyathyathya opangidwa ndi magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikika kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi ndi kuthamanga (kuya kwa madzi) komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa katundu wa malo opangira magetsi m'malo osinthira kapena m'mbuyo mwa madzi, monga chipinda cholowera madzi mu njira yosinthira madzi yopanikizika ndi malo oyendetsera magetsi kumapeto kwa njira yosinthira madzi yopanda kuthamanga.
6. Nyumba zopangira magetsi, kusintha, ndi kugawa magetsi: kuphatikiza nyumba yayikulu yamagetsi (kuphatikiza malo oyikapo) yoyika mayunitsi a jenereta ya turbine ya hydraulic ndi ulamuliro wake, nyumba yothandizira yamagetsi yothandizira, bwalo la transformer loyika ma transformer, ndi switchgear yamagetsi amphamvu yoyika zida zogawa magetsi amphamvu.
7. Nyumba zina: monga zombo, mitengo, nsomba, kutsekereza mchenga, kutsuka mchenga, ndi zina zotero.
Kugawa madamu m'magulu osiyanasiyana
Damu limatanthauza damu lomwe limatseka mitsinje ndikutseka madzi, komanso damu lomwe limatseka madzi m'mabowo, mitsinje, ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zogawa, pakhoza kukhala njira zosiyanasiyana zogawa. Uinjiniya umagawidwa makamaka m'mitundu iyi:
1. Damu la Mphamvu Yokoka
Damu yokoka ndi damu lopangidwa ndi zinthu monga konkire kapena miyala, lomwe limadalira kwambiri kulemera kwa thupi la damu kuti likhale lolimba.
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya madamu okoka mphamvu yokoka
Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi ndi katundu wina, madamu okoka mphamvu amadalira kwambiri mphamvu yoletsa kutsetsereka yopangidwa ndi kulemera kwa damu kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zokhazikika; Nthawi yomweyo, kupsinjika komwe kumapangidwa ndi kulemera kwa thupi la damu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kupsinjika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu ya madzi, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za mphamvu. Mbiri yoyambira ya damu yokoka mphamvu ndi yamakona atatu. Pamwamba, mzere wa damu nthawi zambiri umakhala wowongoka, ndipo nthawi zina kuti ugwirizane ndi malo, mikhalidwe ya geological, kapena kuti ukwaniritse zofunikira za kapangidwe ka hub, ukhozanso kukonzedwa ngati mzere wosweka kapena arch wokhala ndi kupindika pang'ono kupita kumtunda.
Ubwino wa madamu okoka mphamvu yokoka
(1) Ntchito ya kapangidwe kake ndi yomveka bwino, njira yopangira ndi yosavuta, ndipo ndi yotetezeka komanso yodalirika. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuchuluka kwa madamu okoka mphamvu ya pansi ndi kochepa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madamu.
(2) Kusinthasintha kwakukulu malinga ndi malo ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Madamu okoka mphamvu ya nthaka amatha kumangidwa m'njira iliyonse ngati chigwa cha mtsinje.
(3) Vuto la kusefukira kwa madzi m'malo otsetsereka ndi losavuta kuthetsa. Madamu okoka mphamvu ya nthaka amatha kupangidwa kukhala nyumba zodzaza madzi, kapena mabowo otulutsira madzi amatha kuyikidwa pamalo osiyanasiyana a dziwe. Kawirikawiri, sipafunika kuyika njira ina yotulutsira madzi kapena ngalande yotulutsira madzi, ndipo kapangidwe ka malo otsetsereka ndi kakang'ono.
(4) Yosavuta kusinthira njira yomanga. Panthawi yomanga, thupi la damu lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusinthira njira, ndipo nthawi zambiri palibe njira yowonjezera yosinthira njira yomwe imafunika.
(5) Kapangidwe koyenera.
Zoyipa za madamu okoka mphamvu
(1) Kukula kwa thupi la damu ndi kwakukulu, ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
(2) Kupsinjika kwa thupi la mayi kumakhala kochepa, ndipo mphamvu zake sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mokwanira.
(3) Malo akuluakulu olumikizirana pakati pa thupi la damu ndi maziko a madzi amachititsa kuti pansi pa damu pakhale mphamvu yokwera kwambiri, zomwe sizingathandize kuti madzi akhazikike bwino.
(4) Kuchuluka kwa thupi la damu ndi kwakukulu, ndipo chifukwa cha kutentha kwa madzi ndi kuuma kwa konkriti panthawi yomanga, kutentha koipa ndi kuuma kwake kudzapangidwa. Chifukwa chake, njira zowongolera kutentha ndizofunikira pothira konkriti.
2. Damu la Arch
Damu la arch ndi kapangidwe ka chipolopolo cha malo chomwe chimalumikizidwa ku thanthwe, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a arch yopingasa pamphepete mwa nyanja kupita kumtunda, ndipo mawonekedwe ake a korona wa arch amakhala ndi mawonekedwe opindika kapena opingasa opita kumtunda.
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ya ma arch dams
Kapangidwe ka dambo la arch kali ndi zotsatira za arch ndi beam, ndipo katundu amene limanyamula amakanikizidwa pang'ono kupita ku magombe onse awiri kudzera mu ntchito ya arch, pomwe gawo lina limatumizidwa ku thanthwe pansi pa damu kudzera mu ntchito ya vertical beams.
Makhalidwe a madamu a arch
(1) Makhalidwe okhazikika. Kukhazikika kwa ma arch dams kumadalira kwambiri mphamvu yogwirira ntchito kumapeto kwa arch mbali zonse ziwiri, mosiyana ndi ma rock dams omwe amadalira kulemera kwawo kuti akhale okhazikika. Chifukwa chake, ma arch dams ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri pa malo ndi momwe malo a dam alili, komanso zofunikira kwambiri pakukonza maziko.
(2) Makhalidwe a kapangidwe kake. Ma arch dams ndi a nyumba zapamwamba zomwe sizimadziwika bwino, zokhala ndi mphamvu yochulukirapo komanso chitetezo chambiri. Pamene katundu wakunja ukuwonjezeka kapena gawo la damu likuphwanyika m'deralo, zochita za arch ndi dams zimasinthasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufalikira kwa kupsinjika m'thupi la damu. Arch dam ndi kapangidwe ka malo onse, kopepuka komanso kolimba. Machitidwe aukadaulo awonetsa kuti kukana kwake kwa chivomerezi ndi kwamphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza arch ndi kapangidwe kamene kamanyamula mphamvu kamene kamakhala ndi kupanikizika kwa axial, nthawi yopindika mkati mwa arch ndi yaying'ono, ndipo kufalikira kwa kupsinjika kumakhala kofanana, komwe kumathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya zinthuzo. Kuchokera pamalingaliro azachuma, arch dams ndi mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa damu.
(3) Makhalidwe a katundu. Thupi la dam la arch lilibe malo olumikizirana okhazikika, ndipo kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kusintha kwa thanthwe kumakhudza kwambiri kupsinjika kwa thupi la dam. Popanga mapulani, ndikofunikira kuganizira kusintha kwa thanthwe la bedi ndikuphatikiza kutentha ngati katundu waukulu.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe owonda komanso mawonekedwe ovuta a arch dam, kapangidwe kake, mphamvu ya zida za dam, komanso zofunikira kuti zisalowe m'madzi ndizokhwima kuposa za ma dam okoka.
3. Damu la miyala ya dziko lapansi
Madamu a miyala ya dziko lapansi amatanthauza madamu opangidwa ndi zipangizo zakomweko monga dothi ndi miyala, ndipo ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri wa madamu m'mbiri yonse. Madamu a miyala ya dziko lapansi ndi mtundu womangidwa ndi madamu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso womwe ukukula mofulumira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Zifukwa zomwe madamu a miyala ya pansi pano akufalikira komanso kupangidwa kwake
(1) N'zotheka kupeza zipangizo m'deralo ndi pafupi, zomwe zingapulumutse simenti yambiri, matabwa, ndi chitsulo, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe akunja pamalo omangira. Pafupifupi dothi lililonse ndi miyala zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumanga madamu.
(2) Kutha kusintha malinga ndi malo osiyanasiyana, malo, ndi nyengo. Makamaka m'nyengo zovuta, malo ovuta kwambiri aukadaulo, komanso madera omwe kumachitika zivomerezi zambiri, madamu okhala ndi miyala ya dziko lapansi ndiye mtundu wokhawo wa madamu omwe angatheke.
(3) Kupanga makina omangira okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, komanso ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kwawonjezera kuchuluka kwa madamu okhala ndi miyala ya pansi, kwachepetsa gawo la madamu okhala ndi miyala ya pansi, kwafulumizitsa kupita patsogolo kwa zomangamanga, kwachepetsa ndalama, komanso kwalimbikitsa chitukuko cha kumanga madamu okhala ndi miyala ya pansi.
(4) Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha geotechnical mechanics, njira zoyesera, ndi njira zowerengera, mulingo wosanthula ndi kuwerengera wakwera, kupita patsogolo kwa kapangidwe kake kwafulumizitsidwa, ndipo chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa kapangidwe ka damu kwatsimikizikanso.
(5) Kupangidwa kwathunthu kwa ukadaulo wa kapangidwe ndi zomangamanga zothandizira mapulojekiti auinjiniya monga malo okwera, zomangamanga zapansi panthaka, ndi kutayika kwa mphamvu yamadzi othamanga komanso kupewa kukokoloka kwa madamu a miyala ya pansi kwathandizanso kwambiri pakulimbikitsa ntchito yomanga ndi kukweza madamu a miyala ya pansi.
4. Damu la miyala
Damu la Rockfill nthawi zambiri limatanthauza mtundu wa damu lopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kuponya, kudzaza, ndi kugubuduza zinthu zamwala. Popeza malo odzaza miyala amatha kulowa, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga dothi, konkriti, kapena konkriti ya phula ngati zinthu zosalowa madzi.
Makhalidwe a Madamu a Rockfill
(1) Makhalidwe a kapangidwe kake. Kuchuluka kwa miyala yozungulira ndi kwakukulu, mphamvu yodulidwa ndi yayikulu, ndipo malo otsetsereka a damu amatha kukhala otsetsereka pang'ono. Izi sizimangopulumutsa kuchuluka kwa madzi odzaza damu, komanso zimachepetsa m'lifupi mwa pansi pa damu. Kutalika kwa kayendedwe ka madzi ndi zotulutsira madzi kungachepe mofanana, ndipo kapangidwe ka hub ndi kakang'ono, zomwe zimachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa uinjiniya.
(2) Makhalidwe a kapangidwe. Malinga ndi momwe gawo lililonse la thupi la damu lilili, thupi la miyala likhoza kugawidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana, ndipo zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za zipangizo za miyala ndi kukhuthala kwa dera lililonse zitha kukwaniritsidwa. Zipangizo za miyala zomwe zafukulidwa panthawi yomanga nyumba zotulutsira madzi m'malo otsetsereka zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira komanso moyenera, zomwe zimachepetsa mtengo. Kumanga madamu a miyala omwe ali ndi konkriti sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo monga nyengo yamvula ndi kuzizira kwambiri, ndipo kungachitike mwanjira yolinganizika komanso yachizolowezi.
(3) Makhalidwe a ntchito ndi kukonza. Kusintha kwa malo osungira miyala ozungulira ndi kochepa kwambiri.
malo opopera madzi
1, Zigawo zoyambira za uinjiniya wa siteshoni ya pampu
Pulojekiti ya siteshoni yopopera madzi makamaka imakhala ndi zipinda zopopera madzi, mapaipi, nyumba zolowera madzi ndi zotulutsira madzi, ndi malo osungira madzi, monga momwe chithunzichi chikusonyezera. Chipinda chopopera madzi, chipangizo chotumizira madzi, ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chayikidwa m'chipinda chopopera madzi, komanso zida zothandizira ndi zida zamagetsi. Nyumba zazikulu zopopera madzi ndi zotulutsira madzi zimaphatikizapo malo olowetsa madzi ndi zotulutsira madzi, komanso maiwe olowera madzi ndi zotulutsira madzi (kapena nsanja zamadzi).
Mapaipi a siteshoni yopopera madzi amaphatikizapo mapaipi olowera ndi otulutsira madzi. Chitoliro cholowera madzi chimalumikiza gwero la madzi ndi malo olowera madzi a pampu, pomwe chitoliro chotulutsira madzi ndi chitoliro cholumikiza malo otulukira madzi a pampu ndi m'mphepete mwa malo otulutsira madzi.
Pambuyo poti malo opopera madzi ayambe kugwira ntchito, madzi amatha kulowa mu pampu yamadzi kudzera mu nyumba yolowera madzi ndi chitoliro cholowera madzi. Pambuyo poti pampu yamadzi yapanikizika, madziwo adzatumizidwa ku dziwe lotulukira madzi (kapena nsanja yamadzi) kapena netiweki ya mapaipi, motero kukwaniritsa cholinga chonyamula kapena kunyamula madzi.
2, Kapangidwe ka malo opumira
Kapangidwe ka malo opumira madzi ndi kuganizira mozama zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kudziwa mitundu ya nyumba, kukonza malo ake moyenera, ndikugwira ntchito mogwirizana. Kapangidwe ka malo opumira madzi kamayang'aniridwa makamaka kutengera ntchito zomwe malo opumira madzi amachita. Malo osiyanasiyana opumira madzi ayenera kukhala ndi makonzedwe osiyanasiyana a ntchito zawo zazikulu, monga zipinda zopopera madzi, mapaipi olowera madzi ndi otulutsira madzi, ndi nyumba zolowera madzi ndi zotulutsira madzi.
Nyumba zothandizira zofanana monga ma culvert ndi zipata zowongolera ziyenera kugwirizana ndi polojekiti yayikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, poganizira zofunikira zogwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira, ngati pali zofunikira pa misewu, zotumizira, ndi njira zodutsa nsomba mkati mwa siteshoni, ubale pakati pa kapangidwe ka milatho yamisewu, maloko a sitima, njira za nsomba, ndi zina zotero ndi polojekiti yayikulu uyenera kuganiziridwa.
Malinga ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika ndi malo opopera madzi, kapangidwe ka malo opopera madzi nthawi zambiri kamakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga malo opopera madzi othirira, malo opopera madzi othirira, ndi malo ophatikizana a kuthirira madzi othirira.
Chipata cha madzi ndi kapangidwe ka madzi kotsika komwe kamagwiritsa ntchito zipata kuti zisunge madzi ndikuletsa kutuluka kwa madzi. Nthawi zambiri chimamangidwa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, ngalande, malo osungira madzi, ndi nyanja.
1, Gulu la zipata zamadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri
Kugawa m'magulu malinga ndi ntchito zomwe zipata zamadzi zimachita
1. Chipata chowongolera: chomangidwa pamtsinje kapena ngalande kuti chitseke kusefukira kwa madzi, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi, kapena kuwongolera kutuluka kwa madzi. Chipata chowongolera chomwe chili pa ngalande ya mtsinje chimadziwikanso kuti chipata chotseka mtsinje.
2. Chipata cholowera madzi: Chomangidwa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, dziwe, kapena nyanja kuti chiwongolere kuyenda kwa madzi. Chipata cholowera madzi chimadziwikanso kuti chipata cholowera madzi kapena chipata cha m'mphepete mwa ngalande.
3. Chipata chopatsira madzi osefukira: Nthawi zambiri chimamangidwa mbali imodzi ya mtsinje, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa madzi osefukira opitirira mphamvu yotetezeka ya madzi osefukira omwe ali pansi pa mtsinjewo kupita kudera lopatsira madzi osefukira (malo osungira madzi osefukira kapena osungira madzi) kapena njira yotayira madzi. Chipata chopatsira madzi osefukira chimadutsa m'madzi mbali zonse ziwiri, ndipo madzi asefukira akatha, madziwo amasungidwa ndikutuluka mumtsinje kuchokera pano.
4. Chipata cha madzi otayira: nthawi zambiri chimamangidwa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kuti chichotse madzi otayira omwe amawononga mbewu m'madera akumidzi kapena m'malo otsika. Chipata cha madzi otayira chimakhala ndi mbali ziwiri. Madzi akakhala okwera kuposa a m'nyanja yamkati kapena m'malo otsetsereka, chipata cha madzi otayira chimatseka madzi kuti mtsinje usasefukire m'minda kapena m'nyumba zogona; Madzi a m'mtsinje akakhala otsika kuposa a m'nyanja yamkati kapena m'malo otsetsereka, chipata cha madzi otayira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pothira madzi ndi madzi otayira.
5. Chipata cha Tidal: chomangidwa pafupi ndi mtsinje wa nyanja, chotsekedwa nthawi ya mafunde amphamvu kuti madzi a m'nyanja asabwererenso; Kutsegula chipata kuti madzi atuluke pamene mafunde atsika kumakhala ndi khalidwe lotseka madzi mbali zonse ziwiri. Zipata za Tidal zimafanana ndi zipata zotulutsira madzi, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Pamene mafunde m'nyanja yakunja ali okwera kuposa omwe ali mumtsinje wamkati, tsekani chipata kuti madzi a m'nyanja asabwererenso mumtsinje wamkati; Pamene mafunde m'nyanja yotseguka ali otsika kuposa madzi a mumtsinje m'nyanja yamkati, tsegulani chipata kuti madzi atuluke.
6. Chipata chotsukira mchenga (chipata chotulutsira mchenga): Chomangidwa pamtsinje wamatope, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa zinyalala zomwe zimayikidwa patsogolo pa chipata cholowera, chipata chowongolera, kapena njira yolumikizira.
7. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zipata zotulutsira madzi oundana ndi zipata za zimbudzi zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kuti zichotse zipilala za ayezi, zinthu zoyandama, ndi zina zotero.
Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka chipinda cha chipata, chingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: mtundu wotseguka, mtundu wa khoma la chifuwa, ndi mtundu wa kalvert, ndi zina zotero.
1. Mtundu wotseguka: Pamwamba pa madzi otuluka pachipata sipatsekeka, ndipo mphamvu yotulutsira madzi ndi yayikulu.
2. Mtundu wa khoma la bere: Pali khoma la bere pamwamba pa chipata, lomwe lingathe kuchepetsa mphamvu ya chipata panthawi yotseka madzi ndikuwonjezera kutalika kwa kutseka madzi.
3. Mtundu wa kalvati: Patsogolo pa chipata, pali ngalande yopanikizika kapena yopanda kupanikizika, ndipo pamwamba pa ngalandeyo pali dothi lodzaza. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa zipata zazing'ono zamadzi.
Malinga ndi kukula kwa chipata, chingagawidwe m'mitundu itatu: chachikulu, chapakati, ndi chaching'ono.
Zipata zazikulu zamadzi zokhala ndi liwiro lopitirira 1000m3/s;
Chipata cha madzi chapakati chokhala ndi mphamvu ya 100-1000m3/s;
Ma sluice ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mphamvu zosakwana 100m3/s.
2, Kapangidwe ka zipata zamadzi
Chipata cha madzi chimakhala ndi magawo atatu: gawo lolumikizira lakumtunda, chipinda cha chipata, ndi gawo lolumikizira lakumunsi,
Gawo lolumikizira pamwamba pa mtsinje: Gawo lolumikizira pamwamba pa mtsinje limagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsogolera kuyenda kwa madzi bwino kulowa m'chipinda cha chipata, kuteteza magombe ndi mtsinje ku kukokoloka, ndipo pamodzi ndi chipindacho, amapanga mawonekedwe osatulutsa madzi pansi pa nthaka kuti zitsimikizire kuti magombe ndi maziko a chipata pansi pa madzi ndi olimba. Kawirikawiri, limaphatikizapo makoma a mapiko akumtunda, mabedi, mipata yoteteza kukokoloka kwa madzi, ndi chitetezo cha maenje mbali zonse ziwiri.
Chipinda cha chipata: Ndi gawo lalikulu la chipata cha madzi, ndipo ntchito yake ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuyenda kwake, komanso kupewa kutuluka kwa madzi ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka.
Kapangidwe ka gawo la chipinda cha chipata kakuphatikizapo: chipata, chipilala cha chipata, chipilala cha m'mbali (khoma la m'mphepete mwa nyanja), mbale yapansi, khoma la pachifuwa, mlatho wogwirira ntchito, mlatho woyendera anthu, chokwezera, ndi zina zotero.
Chipatachi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulamulira kuyenda kwa madzi kudzera pachipata; Chipatachi chimayikidwa pansi pa chipatacho, chozungulira denga ndipo chimathandizidwa ndi doko la chipata. Chipatachi chimagawidwa m'zipata zokonzera ndi zipata zotumikira.
Chipata chogwirira ntchito chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutseka madzi nthawi zonse komanso kuwongolera kutuluka kwa madzi m'madzi;
Chipata chokonzera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira madzi kwakanthawi panthawi yokonza.
Chipilala cha chipata chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa dzenje la bay ndikuthandizira chipata, khoma la pachifuwa, mlatho wogwirira ntchito, ndi mlatho wa magalimoto.
Chipata cha chipata chimatumiza mphamvu ya madzi yonyamulidwa ndi chipata, khoma la pachifuwa, ndi mphamvu yosungira madzi ya chipatacho kupita ku mbale yapansi;
Khoma la pachifuwa limayikidwa pamwamba pa chipata chogwirira ntchito kuti lithandize kusunga madzi ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kukula kwa chipatacho.
Khoma la bere lingapangidwenso kukhala losunthika, ndipo likakumana ndi kusefukira kwa madzi koopsa, khoma la bere likhoza kutsegulidwa kuti liwonjezere kutuluka kwa madzi m'thupi.
Mbale yapansi ndi maziko a chipinda, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza kulemera ndi katundu wa kapangidwe kapamwamba ka chipinda kupita ku maziko. Chipinda chomangidwa pa maziko ofewa chimakhazikika makamaka chifukwa cha kukangana pakati pa mbale yapansi ndi maziko, ndipo mbale yapansi ilinso ndi ntchito zoletsa kutuluka kwa madzi ndi zoletsa kufalikira kwa madzi.
Milatho yogwirira ntchito ndi milatho yoyendera magalimoto imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa zida zonyamulira katundu, kuyendetsa zipata, ndi kulumikiza magalimoto odutsa msewu.
Gawo lolumikizira pansi pa madzi: limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa mphamvu yotsala ya madzi omwe amadutsa pachipata, kutsogolera kufalikira kofanana kwa madzi omwe amatuluka pachipata, kusintha liwiro la madzi ndikuchepetsa liwiro la madzi, ndikuletsa kukokoloka kwa madzi pambuyo poti madzi atuluka pachipata.
Kawirikawiri, imakhala ndi dziwe loziziritsa, epuloni, epuloni, njira yotetezera kuwononga malo otsetsereka, makoma a mapiko otsetsereka, ndi chitetezo cha malo otsetsereka mbali zonse ziwiri.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-21-2023
