1, Mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi
Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya malo opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi imaphatikizapo malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi amtundu wa madamu, malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi amtundu wa mitsinje, ndi malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa diversion.
Dam Type Dam Hydropower Station: Kugwiritsa ntchito mochuluka kukweza kuchuluka kwa madzi mumtsinje, kuti muwunikire mutu wamadzi. Nthawi zambiri imamangidwa m'mapiri aatali pakati ndi kumtunda kwa mitsinje, nthawi zambiri imakhala malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangira madzi. Njira yodziwika bwino ya masanjidwe ake ndi fakitale yopangira magetsi opangira magetsi kumadzi yomwe ili kumunsi kwa damu yosungira pafupi ndi malo a damu, yomwe ndi malo opangira magetsi amadzi kuseri kwa damulo.
Malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa River bed: Malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, chipata chosungira madzi, ndi madamu amasanjidwa motsatana pamphepete mwa mtsinje kuti asunge madzi limodzi. Nthawi zambiri imamangidwa pakatikati ndi m'munsi mwa mitsinje, nthawi zambiri imakhala malo otsika kwambiri, malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi othamanga kwambiri.
Diversion type hydropower siteshoni: Malo opangira magetsi amadzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yokhotakhota kuti atsindike kudontho kwa gawo la mtsinje kuti apange mutu wopangira magetsi. Nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pakatikati ndi kumtunda kwa mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi otsika komanso malo otsetsereka kwambiri a mtsinjewo.
2, Mapangidwe a Nyumba za Hydroelectric Hub
Nyumba zazikuluzikulu za projekiti ya hydropower station hub ndi: zosungira madzi, zotayira, zolowera, zolowera ndi tailrace, zomanga zamadzi am'madzi, kupanga magetsi, kusintha, ndi nyumba zogawa, ndi zina.
1. Malo osungira madzi: Zosungira madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza mitsinje, kuyika madontho, ndikupanga madamu, monga madamu, zipata, ndi zina.
2. Mipangidwe yotulutsa madzi: Zopangira zotulutsa madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa kusefukira kwamadzi, kapena kutulutsa madzi kuti agwiritse ntchito kunsi kwa mtsinje, kapena kutulutsa madzi kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa madzi osungiramo madzi, monga spillway, spillway tunnel, pansi, etc.
3. Kapangidwe ka madzi a malo opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi: Njira yolowera madzi pa siteshoni yopangira mphamvu yamadzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito polowetsa madzi mumsewu wopatutsira, monga molowera mozama ndi mozama movutikira kapena polowera popanda kupanikizika.
4. Malo opatutsira madzi ndi mitsetse ya malo opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu ya madzi: Njira zopatutsira madzi za m'malo opangira mphamvu ya madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula madzi opangira mphamvu kuchokera ku dziwe kupita kugawo la turbine generator; Madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mphamvu mumtsinje wamtsinje. Nyumba wamba zimaphatikizapo ngalande, tunnel, mapaipi oponderezedwa, ndi zina zambiri, komanso nyumba zodutsamo monga ngalande zamadzi, ma culverts, ma siphon olowera, ndi zina zambiri.
5. Mapangidwe amadzi ophwanyika a hydroelectric: Mapangidwe amadzi ophwanyika a Hydroelectric amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akhazikitse kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe kake ndi kuthamanga (kuya kwa madzi) chifukwa cha kusintha kwa katundu wa malo opangira mphamvu ya hydropower m'mapangidwe a diversion kapena tailwater, monga chipinda chowombera mumsewu woponderezedwa woponderezedwa ndi kutsogolo kwapakati pa mapeto a njira yosakanizidwa yosakanizidwa.
6. Nyumba zopangira magetsi, kusintha, ndi kugawa nyumba: kuphatikizapo nyumba yaikulu yamagetsi (kuphatikizapo malo opangira magetsi) poyika ma hydraulic turbine jenereta mayunitsi ndi ulamuliro wake, zipangizo zothandizira nyumba yamagetsi, bwalo la transformer poyika ma transformer, ndi ma switchgear apamwamba kwambiri opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi.
7. Nyumba zina: monga zombo, mitengo, nsomba, kutchinga mchenga, kupukuta mchenga, ndi zina zotero.
Kugawika wamba madamu
Damu limatanthawuza damu lomwe limatsekereza mitsinje ndikutchinga madzi, komanso dziwe lomwe limatchinga madzi m'madamu, mitsinje ndi zina zotere. Malinga ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, pakhoza kukhala njira zosiyanasiyana zogawira madzi. Engineering imagawidwa makamaka m'mitundu iyi:
1. Damu la Gravity
Damu la mphamvu yokoka ndi dambo lomangidwa ndi zinthu monga konkriti kapena mwala, zomwe zimadalira kulemera kwake kwa thupi la damu kuti likhale lokhazikika.
Mfundo yogwira ntchito ya madamu okoka
Pansi pa kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi katundu wina, madamu okoka makamaka amadalira mphamvu yoletsa kutsetsereka yomwe imapangidwa ndi kulemera kwa damulo kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zokhazikika; Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kupsinjika kwapang'onopang'ono kopangidwa ndi kudzilemera kwa thupi la damu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa kupsinjika kwamphamvu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa madzi, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za mphamvu. Mbiri yoyambira ya damu yokoka ndi ya katatu. Pa ndege, msomali wa damu nthawi zambiri umakhala wowongoka, ndipo nthawi zina kuti ugwirizane ndi mtunda, mikhalidwe ya geological, kapena kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kamangidwe ka malo, imatha kukonzedwanso ngati mzere wosweka kapena chipilala chokhala ndi kupindika kwakung'ono kumtunda.
Ubwino wa madamu okoka
(1) Ntchito yomanga ndi yomveka, njira yopangira ndi yosavuta, ndipo ndi yotetezeka komanso yodalirika. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kulephera kwa madamu okokera kumakhala kochepa kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madamu.
(2) Kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwa mtunda ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Madamu okoka amatha kumangidwa mwanjira iliyonse ya chigwa cha mtsinje.
(3) Vuto la kusefukira kwa madzi pabwalo ndi losavuta kuthetsa. Madamu okokera amatha kupangidwa kukhala zosefukira, kapena mabowo a ngalande amatha kukhazikitsidwa pamtunda wosiyanasiyana wa damulo. Nthawi zambiri, palibe chifukwa chokhazikitsa njira ina yotayira kapena ngalande, ndipo kamangidwe kakakulu kamakhala kakang'ono.
(4) Yabwino pakusokoneza zomangamanga. Panthawi yomanga, thupi la madamu litha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusokoneza, ndipo nthawi zambiri palibe njira yowonjezerapo yomwe imafunikira.
(5) Kumanga kosavuta.
Kuipa kwa madamu okoka
(1) Kukula kwa gawo lalikulu la thupi la damu ndi lalikulu, ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
(2) Kupsinjika kwa thupi la damu kumakhala kochepa, ndipo mphamvu zakuthupi sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mokwanira.
(3) Malo akuluakulu olumikizana pakati pa thupi la damu ndi maziko amapangitsa kuti pakhale kuthamanga kwapamwamba pansi pa damu, zomwe sizili bwino kuti zikhale zokhazikika.
(4) Kuchuluka kwa thupi la damu ndi lalikulu, ndipo chifukwa cha kutentha kwa hydration ndi kuuma kwa konkire panthawi yomanga, kutentha kwakukulu ndi kupsinjika kwa shrinkage kudzapangidwa. Chifukwa chake, njira zowongolera kutentha zimafunikira pakuthira konkriti.
2. Arch Dam
Damu la arch ndi chipolopolo chokhazikika pamwala, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a convex pa ndege kumtunda, ndipo mawonekedwe ake a korona amawonetsa mawonekedwe opindika kapena opindika kumtunda.
Mfundo yogwira ntchito ya madamu arch
Mapangidwe a dambo la arch ali ndi zotsatira za arch ndi mtengo, ndipo katundu omwe amanyamula amapanikizidwa pang'onopang'ono ku mabanki onse awiri pogwiritsa ntchito arch, pamene gawo lina limapatsira pamiyala pansi pa damu kudzera muzitsulo zoyima.
Makhalidwe a madamu a arch
(1) Makhalidwe okhazikika. Kukhazikika kwa madamu a arch makamaka kumadalira mphamvu yomwe imachitikira kumapeto kwa mbali zonse ziwiri, mosiyana ndi madamu okoka omwe amadalira kulemera kwake kuti akhalebe okhazikika. Chifukwa chake, madamu a arch ali ndi zofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa mtunda ndi malo a malo a damulo, komanso zofunika kwambiri pakuchiza maziko.
(2) Makhalidwe a kamangidwe. Madamu a Arch ali m'mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri osasinthika, okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso chitetezo chokwanira. Pamene katundu wakunja akuchulukirachulukira kapena gawo lina la damulo likukumana ndi ming'alu ya m'deralo, nthiti ndi nthiti za thupi la damu zimadzisintha zokha, zomwe zimayambitsa kugawanika kwa mphamvu mu thupi la damu. Damu la arch ndi gawo lonse la malo, lokhala ndi thupi lopepuka komanso lolimba. Zochita zaumisiri zawonetsa kuti kukana kwake kwa seismic kulinso kolimba. Kuphatikiza apo, monga arch ndi kapangidwe kamene kamakhala ndi mphamvu ya axial, mphindi yopindika mkati mwa chipikacho ndi yaying'ono, ndipo kugawa kwapang'onopang'ono kumakhala kofanana, komwe kumathandizira kulimbitsa mphamvu yazinthuzo. Kuchokera pamalingaliro azachuma, madamu arch ndi mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wamadamu.
(3) Makhalidwe a katundu. Thupi la arch dam silikhala ndi zolumikizira zokhazikika, ndipo kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kusinthika kwa bedrock kumakhudza kwambiri kupsinjika kwa thupi la damu. Mukamapanga, ndikofunikira kuganizira za deformation ya bedrock ndikuphatikiza kutentha ngati katundu wamkulu.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ocheperako komanso mawonekedwe ovuta a geometric a dambo la arch, mtundu wa zomangamanga, mphamvu zamadamu, komanso zofunikira zotsutsana ndi ma seepage ndizolimba kuposa madamu okoka.
3. Damu la miyala ya dziko lapansi
Madamu a miyala ya Earth amatanthauza madamu opangidwa ndi zinthu zakumaloko monga dothi ndi miyala, ndipo ndi madamu akale kwambiri m'mbiri yonse. Madamu a miyala ya Earth ndi mtundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso womwe ukutukuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Zifukwa za kufalikira ndi chitukuko cha madamu a rock rock
(1) N'zotheka kupeza zipangizo zam'deralo ndi zapafupi, kupulumutsa simenti yambiri, matabwa, ndi zitsulo, ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka kunja pa malo omanga. Pafupifupi nthaka ndi miyala iliyonse ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga madamu.
(2) Kutha kuzolowera malo osiyanasiyana, nthaka, ndi nyengo. Makamaka m'madera ovuta kwambiri, m'madera ovuta a zomangamanga, ndi madera a zivomezi zamphamvu kwambiri, madamu a miyala ya nthaka ndi mtundu wokhawo womwe ungatheke.
(3) Kupanga makina omanga amphamvu kwambiri, ogwira ntchito zambiri, komanso odalirika kwambiri kwawonjezera kuchuluka kwa madamu amiyala, kuchepetsa gawo la madamu amiyala, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yomanga, kuchepetsa ndalama, komanso kulimbikitsa ntchito yomanga madamu apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi.
(4) Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha geotechnical mechanics, njira zoyesera, ndi njira zowerengera, mlingo wa kusanthula ndi kuwerengetsera wawongoleredwa, kupita patsogolo kwa kamangidwe kakufulumizitsa, ndipo chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa mapangidwe a madamu zatsimikiziridwa mowonjezereka.
(5) Chitukuko chonse cha luso la zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga zothandizira ntchito zaumisiri monga malo otsetsereka, nyumba zaumisiri mobisa, komanso kutaya mphamvu kwamadzi othamanga kwambiri komanso kupewa kukokoloka kwa madamu a miyala yapadziko lapansi kwakhalanso ndi gawo lofunikira pakupititsa patsogolo ntchito yomanga ndikulimbikitsa madamu a thanthwe lapansi.
4. Damu la Rockfill
Damu la Rockfill nthawi zambiri limatanthawuza mtundu wa madamu omwe amamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kuponyera, kudzaza, ndikugudubuza miyala. Chifukwa rockfill ndi permeable, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo monga dothi, konkire, kapena phula konkire ngati zinthu zosatha.
Makhalidwe a Madamu a Rockfill
(1) Makhalidwe a kamangidwe. Kuchulukana kwa rockfill yophatikizika ndikwambiri, mphamvu yakumeta ubweya ndiyokwera, ndipo malo otsetsereka a damu amatha kukhala otsetsereka. Izi sizimangopulumutsa kuchuluka kwa damulo, komanso kumachepetsa m'lifupi mwake pansi. Kutalika kwa njira zotumizira madzi ndi zotulutsa zimatha kuchepetsedwa chimodzimodzi, ndipo masanjidwe a malowa amakhala ophatikizika, ndikuchepetsanso kuchuluka kwa uinjiniya.
(2) Makhalidwe omanga. Malinga ndi kupsinjika kwa gawo lililonse la thupi la madamu, gulu la rockfill limatha kugawidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za zida zamwala komanso kuphatikizika kwa gawo lililonse zitha kukwaniritsidwa. Zida zofukulidwa zamwala panthawi yomanga ngalande m'kati mwake zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira komanso moyenera, kuchepetsa mtengo. Kumanga madamu a konkire odzaza miyala sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo monga nyengo yamvula komanso kuzizira koopsa, ndipo kumatha kuchitika moyenera komanso moyenera.
(3) Makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kukonza. Kusinthika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa rockfill ndikochepa kwambiri.
pompopompo
1, Zigawo zoyambirira za uinjiniya wamapampu
Pulojekiti ya popopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopopokovilenya ya zipinda zopopera, mapaipi, nyumba zolowera madzi ndi zotulutsiramo madzi, ndi malo ocheperako, monga momwe zikuwonekera pachithunzichi. Chipinda chokhala ndi mpope wamadzi, chipangizo chotumizira, ndi mphamvu yamagetsi chimayikidwa mu chipinda chopopera, komanso zipangizo zothandizira ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. Njira zazikulu zolowera madzi ndi zotulutsira madzi zimaphatikizapo malo olowera madzi ndi matembenuzidwe, komanso maiwe olowera ndi otulutsira (kapena nsanja zamadzi).
Mapaipi a popopo amaphatikizapo mapaipi olowera ndi otuluka. Chitoliro cholowetsa madzi chimagwirizanitsa gwero la madzi ndi polowera papopo yamadzi, pamene chitoliro chotulukira ndi payipi yolumikiza potulukira madzi ndi potulukira.
Popopayo ikayamba kugwira ntchito, madzi oyenda amatha kulowa mu mpope wamadzi kudzera munyumba yolowera ndi chitoliro cholowera. Pambuyo popanikizidwa ndi mpope wamadzi, madzi otuluka amatumizidwa ku dziwe (kapena nsanja yamadzi) kapena maukonde a mapaipi, potero kukwaniritsa cholinga chokweza kapena kunyamula madzi.
2. Kapangidwe ka malo opopera
Kamangidwe ka malo opangira makina opopera ndikuwunika mozama mikhalidwe ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana, kudziwa mitundu ya nyumba, kukonza malo awo ogwirizana, ndikuwongolera maubale awo. Kamangidwe ka malowa amaganiziridwa makamaka potengera ntchito zomwe zimachitidwa ndi popopera madzi. Malo opopera osiyanasiyana ayenera kukhala ndi makonzedwe osiyanasiyana a ntchito zawo zazikulu, monga zipinda zopopera, mapaipi olowera ndi otulutsira, komanso nyumba zolowera ndi zotulutsira.
Nyumba zothandizira zofananira monga ma culverts ndi zipata zowongolera ziyenera kugwirizana ndi ntchito yayikulu. Kuonjezera apo, poganizira zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira, ngati pali zofunikira za misewu, zotumiza, ndi zodutsa nsomba mkati mwa malo okwerera sitima, mgwirizano pakati pa masanjidwe a milatho ya misewu, zokhoma za zombo, njira za nsomba, ndi zina zotero ndi ntchito yaikulu iyenera kuganiziridwa.
Malingana ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitidwa ndi malo opopera madzi, kamangidwe ka malo opoperapo madzi nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo mitundu ingapo, monga malo opopera madzi othirira, malo opopera madzi, ndi malo ophatikizira ulimi wothirira.
Chipata chamadzi ndi gawo lotsika la hydraulic lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito zipata kusunga madzi ndikuwongolera kutulutsa. Kaŵirikaŵiri amamangidwa m’mphepete mwa mitsinje, ngalande, m’madamu, ndi m’nyanja.
1, Gulu la zipata zamadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri
Kugawa ndi ntchito zochitidwa ndi zipata zamadzi
1. Chipata chowongolera: chomangidwa pamtsinje kapena njira yotsekera kusefukira kwamadzi, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi, kapena kuwongolera kutuluka kwamadzi. Chipata chowongolera chomwe chili pamtsinje wamtsinje chimadziwikanso kuti chipata chotchinga mtsinje.
2. Chipata cholowera: Chimamangidwa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje, dziwe, kapena nyanja kuti madzi aziyenda. Chipata cholowera chimadziwikanso kuti chipata cholowera kapena chipata chamutu wa ngalande.
3. Chipata chopatutsa madzi osefukira: Nthawi zambiri chimamangidwa mbali imodzi ya mtsinje, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhetsa madzi osefukira opitilira kutsetsereka kwa mtsinje wakutsikira kumalo opatutsa madzi osefukira (malo osungira madzi osefukira kapena malo otsekera) kapena njira. Chipata chopatutsa chigumula chimadutsa m'madzi mbali zonse ziwiri, ndipo pambuyo pa kusefukira, madziwo amasungidwa ndikuthamangitsidwa mumtsinje wamtsinje kuchokera pano.
4. Chipata cha ngalande: nthawi zambiri amamangidwa m'mphepete mwa mitsinje kuti achotse kuthira madzi komwe kumawononga mbewu kumadera akumtunda kapena otsika. Chipata cha drainage chilinso chambiri. Pamene madzi a mtsinjewo ali apamwamba kuposa nyanja yamkati kapena kupsinjika maganizo, chipata cha ngalande makamaka chimatsekereza madzi kuti mtsinjewo usasefukire minda kapena nyumba zogonamo; Pamene madzi a mtsinjewo ali otsika kusiyana ndi a m'nyanja yamkati kapena kupsinjika maganizo, chipata cha ngalande chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kutulutsa madzi ndi ngalande.
5. Chipata cha mafunde: chomangidwa pafupi ndi khomo la nyanja, chotsekedwa pa mafunde amphamvu kuti madzi a m’nyanja asabwererenso; Kutsegula chipata kuti mutulutse madzi pamadzi otsika kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe a kutsekereza kwamadzi kawiri. Zipata za tidal ndizofanana ndi zipata za ngalande, koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi. Pamene mafunde a m’nyanja yakunja ali okwera kuposa a m’mtsinje wamkati, tsekani chipata kuti madzi a m’nyanja asabwerenso kumtsinje wamkati; Pamene mafunde a m'nyanja yotseguka ndi otsika kuposa madzi a mtsinje m'nyanja yamkati, tsegulani chipata kuti mutulutse madzi.
6. Chipata chothamangitsira mchenga (chipata chotulutsira mchenga): Chomangidwa pamtsinje wamatope, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa zinyalala zomwe zayikidwa kutsogolo kwa chipata cholowera, chipata chowongolera, kapena njira.
7. Kuonjezera apo, pali zipata zotulutsa madzi oundana ndi zimbudzi zamadzimadzi zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa kuti zichotse zitsulo za ayezi, zinthu zoyandama, ndi zina zotero.
Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a chipinda cha pakhomo, chikhoza kugawidwa mumtundu wotseguka, mtundu wa khoma la m'mawere, ndi mtundu wa culvert, etc.
1. Mtundu wotseguka: Pamwamba pa madzi akuyenda pachipata sichimalepheretsa, ndipo mphamvu yotulutsa ndi yaikulu.
2. Mtundu wa khoma la m'mawere: Pali khoma la m'mawere pamwamba pa chipata, chomwe chingathe kuchepetsa mphamvu pachipata panthawi yotseka madzi ndikuwonjezera matalikidwe a madzi otsekera.
3. Mtundu wa Culvert: Patsogolo pa chipata, pali thupi loponderezedwa kapena lopanda kupanikizika, ndipo pamwamba pa ngalandeyo ndi yokutidwa ndi dothi lodzaza. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazipata zazing'ono zamadzi.
Malingana ndi kukula kwa chipata, chikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: zazikulu, zapakati, ndi zazing'ono.
Zipata zazikulu zamadzi zomwe zimathamanga kwambiri kuposa 1000m3 / s;
Chipata chaching'ono chamadzi chokhala ndi mphamvu ya 100-1000m3 / s;
Ma sluice ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mphamvu zosakwana 100m3 / s.
2, Mapangidwe a zipata zamadzi
Chipata chamadzi chimakhala ndi magawo atatu: gawo lolumikizira kumtunda, chipinda chachipata, ndi gawo lolumikizira kunsi kwa mtsinje,
Gawo lolumikizira kumtunda: Gawo lolumikizira kumtunda limagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsogolera madzi oyenda bwino kulowa m'chipinda cha pachipata, kuteteza magombe onse ndi mitsinje kuti asakokoloke, ndipo pamodzi ndi chipindacho, pangani mizere yapansi panthaka yotsutsa-seepage kuti mutsimikizire kukhazikika kwa anti-seepage kwa mabanki onse ndi maziko a zipata pansi pa seepage. Nthawi zambiri, imaphatikizapo mapiko a mapiko, zofunda, zotchingira kumtunda kwa mtsinje, ndi chitetezo chotsetsereka mbali zonse ziwiri.
Chipinda cha pachipata: Ndilo gawo lalikulu la chipata cha madzi, ndipo ntchito yake ndi kulamulira mlingo wa madzi ndi kutuluka, komanso kuteteza kuphulika ndi kukokoloka.
Mapangidwe a chipinda cha chipinda cha pakhomo amaphatikizapo: chipata, pier pachipata, pier yam'mbali (khoma la m'mphepete mwa nyanja), mbale yapansi, khoma la m'mawere, mlatho wogwirira ntchito, mlatho wa traffic, hoist, etc.
Chipata chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutuluka kwa chipata; Chipatacho chimayikidwa pansi pa chipata cha chipata, chodutsa pamtunda ndikuthandizidwa ndi chipata cha chipata. Chipatacho chimagawidwa kukhala chipata chokonzekera ndi chipata cha utumiki.
Chipata chogwira ntchito chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa madzi panthawi ya ntchito yachizolowezi ndikuwongolera kutuluka kwamadzi;
Chipata chokonzekera chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira madzi kwakanthawi panthawi yokonza.
Chipata cha chipata chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa bowo la bay ndikuchirikiza chipata, khoma la pachifuwa, mlatho wogwirira ntchito, ndi mlatho wamagalimoto.
Mtsinje wa pachipata umatulutsa mphamvu ya madzi yomwe imatengedwa ndi chipata, khoma la pachifuwa, ndi mphamvu yosungira madzi ya chipata chobowola mpaka pansi;
Khoma la pachifuwa limayikidwa pamwamba pa chipata chogwira ntchito kuti athandize kusunga madzi ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri kukula kwa chipata.
Khoma la m'mawere likhoza kupangidwanso kukhala mtundu wosunthika, ndipo pamene mukukumana ndi kusefukira kwatsoka, khoma la m'mawere likhoza kutsegulidwa kuti liwonjezere kutuluka kwa kutuluka.
Chipinda chapansi ndicho maziko a chipindacho, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofalitsa kulemera ndi katundu wa chipinda chapamwamba cha chipindacho ku maziko. Chipinda chomangidwa pa maziko ofewa makamaka chimakhazikika ndi kukangana pakati pa mbale ya pansi ndi maziko, ndipo mbale yapansi imakhalanso ndi ntchito zotsutsa-seepage ndi anti-scour.
Milatho yogwirira ntchito ndi milatho yamagalimoto imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa zida zonyamulira, kuyendetsa zipata, ndikulumikiza magalimoto odutsa.
Chigawo cholumikizira kumtunda: chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mphamvu yotsalira ya madzi othamanga kudutsa pachipata, kutsogolera kufalikira kwa yunifolomu kwa madzi otuluka kunja kwa chipata, kusintha kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake ndi kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa liwiro, ndi kuteteza kutsika kwa nthaka pambuyo pa kutuluka kwa madzi kunja kwa chipata.
Nthawi zambiri, imaphatikizapo dziwe lopumira, apuloni, apuloni, njira yotsika pansi yotsutsana ndi scour, makoma a mapiko otsika, ndi chitetezo chotsetsereka mbali zonse.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-21-2023
