Kodi dontho lamadzi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwanji ka 19? Nkhani ina ikuvumbula zinsinsi za kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi
Kwa nthawi yayitali, kupanga magetsi opangira magetsi kwakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yoperekera magetsi. Mtsinjewu umayenda makilomita masauzande ambiri, ndipo uli ndi mphamvu zambiri. Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi achilengedwe mumagetsi kumatchedwa hydroelectric power generation. Njira yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu.
1, Kodi popopera mphamvu posungira mphamvu?
Malo opangira magetsi opopa ndi omwe ali okhwima mwaukadaulo komanso okhazikika njira yosungiramo mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri. Pomanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma reservoirs awiri omwe alipo, dontho limapangidwa, ndipo magetsi owonjezera kuchokera kumagetsi panthawi yocheperako amaponyedwa kumalo okwera kuti asungidwe. Panthawi yonyamula katundu wambiri, magetsi amapangidwa potulutsa madzi, omwe amadziwika kuti "super power bank"
Malo opangira magetsi a Hydropower ndi malo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kinetic yakuyenda kwamadzi kuti apange magetsi. Nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pamalo otsika kwambiri m'mitsinje, pogwiritsa ntchito madamu kuti atseke kutuluka kwa madzi ndikupanga madamu, omwe amatembenuza mphamvu yamadzi kukhala magetsi kudzera mumagetsi amadzi ndi ma jenereta.
Komabe, mphamvu yopangira mphamvu pa siteshoni imodzi yopangira mphamvu yamadzi siikwera chifukwa madzi akamadutsa pamalo opangira magetsi, pamakhalabe mphamvu zambiri zotsalira zomwe sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati masiteshoni angapo opangira mphamvu yamadzi atha kulumikizidwa motsatizana kuti apange ma cascade system, dontho lamadzi limatha kuyatsidwa kangapo pamtunda wosiyanasiyana, potero kumapangitsa kuti mphamvu zopangira magetsi ziziyenda bwino.
Kodi masiteshoni opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi chiyani? M'malo mwake, kumangidwa kwa malo opangira magetsi amadzi kumathandizanso kwambiri pazachuma komanso chitukuko cha anthu.
Kumbali imodzi, kumangidwa kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kutha kuyendetsa ntchito zomanga m'deralo ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale. Kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kumafuna anthu ambiri, chuma, komanso ndalama, zomwe zimapereka mwayi wogwira ntchito m'deralo komanso kufunikira kwa msika, kumathandizira kutukuka kwamakampani, ndikuwonjezera ndalama zanyumba. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zonse za projekiti ya Wudongde Hydropower Station ndi pafupifupi 120 biliyoni, zomwe zitha kuyendetsa mabizinesi okhudzana ndi zigawo za yuan biliyoni 100 mpaka 125 biliyoni. Panthawi yomanga, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kwapachaka kumakhala pafupifupi anthu a 70000, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiwopsezo chatsopano chakukula kwachuma.
Kumbali ina, kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kutha kupititsa patsogolo chilengedwe komanso moyo wa anthu. Kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kumayenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima a chilengedwe, komanso kukonzanso ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe, kuŵeta ndi kumasula nsomba zomwe sizikupezeka, kuwongolera madera a mitsinje, komanso kulimbikitsa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chikhazikitsireni Wudongde Hydropower Station, zowotcha nsomba zopitilira 780000 monga nsomba zam'mimba zogawanika, kamba woyera, loach woonda wautali, ndi bass carp zatulutsidwa. Kuonjezera apo, kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kumafunanso kusamutsidwa ndi kukhazikitsiranso anthu obwera kuchokera kumayiko ena, zomwe zimapereka moyo wabwino komanso mwayi wachitukuko kwa anthu amderalo. Mwachitsanzo, Qiaojia County ndi komwe kuli Baihetan Hydropower Station, zomwe zikukhudza kusamutsidwa ndikukhazikitsanso anthu 48563. Chigawo cha Qiaojia chasintha malo okhazikikawo kukhala malo amakono okhalamo anthu okhala m'matauni, kukonza zomangamanga komanso malo ogwirira ntchito zaboma, komanso kupititsa patsogolo moyo ndi chisangalalo cha anthu osamukira kwawo.
Malo opangira magetsi amadzi si malo opangira magetsi okha, komanso malo opindulitsa. Sizimangopereka mphamvu zoyera kwa dziko, komanso zimabweretsa chitukuko chobiriwira kudera lanu. Izi ndizochitika zopambana zomwe zimayenera kuyamikiridwa ndi kuphunzira.
2, Mitundu yoyambira yamagetsi amagetsi amadzi
Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakugwetsa kokhazikika zimaphatikizapo kumanga madamu, kupatutsa madzi, kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri.
Mangani dziwe m'chigawo cha mtsinje ndi dontho lalikulu, khazikitsani malo osungira madzi ndikukweza madzi, ikani makina opangira madzi kunja kwa dziwe, ndipo madzi ochokera kumalo osungiramo madzi amayenda kudzera mumtsinje wotumizira madzi (diversion channel) kupita ku turbine yamadzi kumunsi kwa damu. Madzi amayendetsa turbine kuti azungulire ndikuyendetsa jenereta kuti apange magetsi, kenako amadutsa mumsewu wa tailrace kupita kumtsinje wakumunsi. Iyi ndi njira yomangira damu komanso posungiramo madzi opangira magetsi.
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mlingo wa madzi pakati pa madzi osungiramo madzi omwe ali mkati mwa dziwe ndi malo otulutsira madzi a hydraulic turbine kunja kwa dziwe, madzi ambiri omwe ali m'malo osungiramo madzi angagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yaikulu yomwe ingatheke, yomwe imatha kukwaniritsa mlingo wogwiritsa ntchito madzi. Malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera kwambiri pomanga madamu amatchedwa madamu amtundu wa hydropower station, makamaka okhala ndi malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa madamu ndi malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa mitsinje.
Kukhazikitsa dziwe losungiramo madzi ndikukweza kuchuluka kwa madzi kumtunda kwa mtsinje, kukhazikitsa makina opangira madzi m'munsi, ndikupatutsa madzi kuchokera kumalo osungiramo madzi kupita ku turbine yamadzi yapansi kudzera munjira yopatutsira. Kutuluka kwamadzi kumayendetsa turbine kuti izungulire ndikuyendetsa jenereta kuti ipange magetsi, kenako imadutsa munjira ya tailrace kupita kumunsi kwa mtsinje. Njira yopatutsira idzakhala yayitali ndikudutsa paphiri, yomwe ndi njira yopatutsira madzi ndi kupanga mphamvu.
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mlingo wa madzi H0 pakati pa malo osungiramo madzi akumtunda ndi malo otsetsereka a turbine pamtunda, madzi ambiri omwe ali m'malo osungiramo madzi amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zingatheke kuti zitheke kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi. Zomera zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikizira madzi zimatchedwa diversion type hydropower stations, makamaka kuphatikiza ma hydropower amtundu wa pressure diversion and non pressure diversion type hydropower station.
3, Momwe mungakwaniritsire "nthawi 19 kugwiritsanso ntchito dontho lamadzi"?
Zikumveka kuti Nanshan Hydropower Station idamalizidwa mwalamulo ndikuyamba kugwira ntchito pa Okutobala 30, 2019, yomwe ili pamalire a Yanyuan County ndi Butuo County ku Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Province la Sichuan. Mphamvu zonse zoyikidwa pa siteshoni yopangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi ma megawati 102000, yomwe ndi pulojekiti yamagetsi yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi achilengedwe, mphamvu yamphepo, ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Ndipo chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti siteshoni ya hydropower iyi sikuti imangopanga magetsi, komanso imakwaniritsa bwino kwambiri madzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono. Amagwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza dontho la madzi nthawi za 19, kupanga magetsi owonjezera a 34.1 biliyoni kilowatt, kupanga zozizwitsa zambiri m'munda wa hydropower.
Choyamba, Nanshan Hydropower Station imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotsogola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa hybrid hydropower, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi achilengedwe, mphamvu yamphepo, ndi mphamvu yadzuwa, ndikukwaniritsa kukhathamiritsa mwadongosolo komanso mgwirizano kudzera muukadaulo, motero zimakwaniritsa chitukuko chokhazikika.
Kachiwiri, malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi amabweretsa ukadaulo wotsogola monga kusanthula kwakukulu kwa data, luntha lochita kupanga, ndi intaneti ya Zinthu kuti azitha kuyang'anira bwino magawo osiyanasiyana monga magawo a mayunitsi, mulingo wamadzi, mutu, ndi kayendedwe ka madzi, kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a hydropower station. Mwachitsanzo, pokhazikitsa ukadaulo wanthawi zonse wotsatiridwa ndi kuwongolera kwamutu, makina opangira makina opangira madzi amakulitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa madzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito ikuyenda bwino, kukwaniritsa cholinga cha kukhathamiritsa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito kukhathamiritsa kwamutu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, madzi osungira madzi akachepa, malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi amakhazikitsa njira yoyendetsera nkhokwe kuti achepetse kuchepa kwa madzi, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yobwezeretsanso mphamvu, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zopangira magetsi.
Kuphatikiza apo, mapangidwe abwino kwambiri a Nanshan Hydropower Station ndiwofunikanso. Imatengera turbine yamadzi ya PM (Pelton Michel turbine), yomwe imadziwika kuti madzi akapopera pa choyikapo, gawo lodutsa gawo la nozzle ndi kuthamanga kwa chopondera kumatha kusinthidwa ndi kasinthasintha, kuti lifanane ndi komwe ndi liwiro la kutsitsi kwamadzi ndikuwongolera komanso kuthamanga kwa chopondera, kukulitsa mphamvu yopangira mphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, matekinoloje apamwamba monga ukadaulo wopopera madzi amitundu yambiri komanso kuwonjezera magawo ozungulira avomerezedwa, kuwongolera kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi.
Pomaliza, Nanshan Hydropower Station imatengeranso ukadaulo wokhazikika wosungira mphamvu. Malo osungiramo madzi achangu awonjezedwa m'malo osungira madzi. Kupyolera mu nkhokwe yosungiramo madzi, madzi amatha kugawidwa mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana, kukwaniritsa ntchito zambiri monga kupanga madzi ndi kutumiza mphamvu, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti madzi akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachuma komanso motetezeka.
Ponseponse, chifukwa chomwe Nanshan Hydropower Station yakwaniritsa cholinga "chogwiritsanso ntchito nthawi 19 pa dontho lamadzi" ndichifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ukadaulo wotsogola padziko lonse lapansi wosakanizidwa wa hydropower, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono, njira zoyendetsera bwino, kapangidwe kabwino, komanso ukadaulo wapadera wosungira mphamvu. Izi sizimangobweretsa malingaliro atsopano ndi zitsanzo za chitukuko cha mafakitale opangira magetsi opangira madzi, komanso zimapereka ziwonetsero zopindulitsa ndi zolimbikitsa za chitukuko chokhazikika cha mafakitale amphamvu a China.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-14-2023
