Chiŵerengero chapakati cha chitukuko cha zinthu zazing'ono zamagetsi ku China chafika pa 60%, ndipo madera ena akuyandikira 90%. Kufufuza momwe magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi angathandizire pakusintha kobiriwira ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga zatsopano za mphamvu pansi pa maziko a kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa kaboni ndi kusalowerera ndale kwa mpweya wa kaboni.
Mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zogwiritsa ntchito madzi zathandiza kwambiri kuthetsa vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi m'madera akumidzi ku China, kuthandizira chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akumidzi, komanso kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwapakati pa chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zogwiritsa ntchito madzi ku China kwafika pa 60%, ndipo madera ena akuyandikira 90%. Cholinga chachikulu cha chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zogwiritsa ntchito madzi chasanduka kuchoka pa chitukuko chowonjezereka kupita ku kufukula ndi kuyang'anira katundu. Posachedwapa, mtolankhaniyo adafunsa Dr. Xu Jincai, Mtsogoleri wa International Small Hydropower Center ya Unduna wa Zachilengedwe ndi Mtsogoleri wa Komiti Yapadera ya Mphamvu zamagetsi ya Chinese Water Conservancy Society, kuti afufuze momwe mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zogwiritsa ntchito madzi zingathandizire pakusintha kobiriwira ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga za dongosolo latsopano la mphamvu pansi pa carbon peak ndi carbon neutrality.
Kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, mayiko 136 adapereka zolinga zoletsa mpweya woipa, zomwe zikuphatikizapo 88% ya mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi, 90% ya GDP, ndi 85% ya anthu. Chikhalidwe chonse cha kusintha kwa chilengedwe ndi mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi sichingalephereke. China yaperekanso lingaliro lokhazikitsa mfundo ndi njira zolimba, zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa mpweya woipa pofika chaka cha 2030 ndikuyesetsa kukwaniritsa mpweya woipa pofika chaka cha 2060.
Kuposa 70% ya mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi umachokera ku mphamvu, ndipo vuto la nyengo limafuna kuti tiwongolere mwamphamvu mpweya woipa. China ndiye dziko lomwe limapanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo limapanga pafupifupi 1/5 ndi 1/4 ya mphamvu zonse padziko lonse lapansi. Mphamvu zake zimakhala ndi malasha ambiri, mafuta ochepa, komanso mpweya wochepa. Kudalira kwakunja kwa mafuta ndi mpweya wachilengedwe kumaposa 70% ndi 40% motsatana.
Komabe, liwiro la chitukuko cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ku China m'zaka zaposachedwapa likuonekera kwa aliyense. Kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, mphamvu zonse zongowonjezwdwa zomwe zinayikidwa zinali zoposa ma kilowatts 1.2 biliyoni, ndipo mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zomwe zinayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi zinali pafupifupi ma kilowatts 3.3 biliyoni. Tinganene kuti zoposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa zomwe zinayikidwa zinachokera ku China. Makampani opanga mphamvu zoyera ku China apanga phindu lalikulu padziko lonse lapansi, ndi zigawo zazikulu monga photovoltaic ndi mphamvu ya mphepo zomwe zimayimira 70% ya gawo la msika wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kukula mwachangu kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kudzafuna zinthu zambiri zowongolera, ndipo ubwino wowongolera wa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi madzi udzawonekeranso kwambiri. Mphamvu yongowonjezwdwa ndi madzi ndi ukadaulo wokhwima kwambiri wa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndipo udzakhala ndi gawo labwino pakuletsa mpweya woipa padziko lonse lapansi. Poyankha, boma la US likukonzekera kuyika ndalama zokwana $630 miliyoni pakukonzanso ndikusintha mayunitsi amagetsi ongowonjezwdwa m'dziko lonselo, makamaka kuyang'ana kwambiri pakukonza mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi madzi ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito.
Ngakhale kuti magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi ndi ochepa kwambiri mumakampani opanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China, akadali ofunikira kwambiri. Pali malo opitilira 10000 ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi ku China okhala ndi malo osungira okwana ma cubic metres 100000 kapena kuposerapo, omwe ndi malo apadera osungira mphamvu ndi malamulo omwe angathandize kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zatsopano m'madera osiyanasiyana kudzera mu kulumikizana kwa gridi.
Kukula pang'ono kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi kukhala mogwirizana kwa chilengedwe
Poganizira za kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa komanso kusagwirizana ndi mpweya woipa, njira yopititsira patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zamadzi yasintha kuti igwirizane ndi kapangidwe ka njira zatsopano zamagetsi ndikupeza mgwirizano wogwirizana pakati pa chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zamadzi ndi chilengedwe. Ndondomeko Yogwirira Ntchito ya Mpweya Woipa isanafike chaka cha 2030 ikupereka lingaliro loti kufulumizitse chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono zamadzi ngati gawo lofunikira pakusintha mphamvu zobiriwira komanso mpweya wochepa wa kaboni.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, China yachita zambiri pakusintha ndi kupanga magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi. Chimodzi mwa izi ndi kusintha bwino ndi kukulitsa mphamvu za magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi. Boma lalikulu layika ma yuan 8.5 biliyoni mu Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 12, kumaliza kukulitsa bwino ndi kukulitsa mphamvu za magetsi ndi kukonzanso malo okwana 4300 amagetsi akumidzi. Boma lalikulu layika ma yuan 4.6 biliyoni mu Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 13, kumaliza kukulitsa bwino ndi kukulitsa mphamvu za magetsi ndi kukonzanso malo okwana 2100 ang'onoang'ono amagetsi m'maboma 22, komanso kusintha kwa chilengedwe ndi kubwezeretsa mitsinje yoposa 1300. Mu 2017, International Small Hydropower Center inakonza kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Global Environment Facility" China Small Hydropower Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency, Expansion, and Transformation value-added projekiti. Pakadali pano, ntchito yoyesera yatha pa mapulojekiti 19 m'maboma 8, ndipo chidziwitso chikufotokozedwa kuti chigawidwe padziko lonse lapansi.
Chachiwiri ndi kuyeretsa ndi kukonza magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi Unduna wa Zamadzi kuti abwezeretse kulumikizana kwa mitsinje, kuchepetsa kusowa madzi m'thupi, ndikukonza magawo a mitsinje. Kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2020, Yangtze River Economic Belt idayeretsa ndi kukonza malo opitilira 25000 ang'onoang'ono operekera magetsi, ndipo malo opitilira 21000 adakhazikitsa kayendedwe ka zachilengedwe motsatira malamulo ndipo alumikizidwa ku nsanja zosiyanasiyana zowongolera. Pakadali pano, kuyeretsa ndi kukonza malo opitilira 2800 ang'onoang'ono operekera magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Yellow River Basin kukupitilira.
Chachitatu ndi kupanga malo owonetsera magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira. Kuyambira pomwe malo owonetsera magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira adakhazikitsidwa mu 2017, kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, China yapanga malo owonetsera magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira opitilira 900. Masiku ano, kusintha ndi chitukuko cha magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira kwakhala mfundo ya dziko lonse. Malo ambiri owonetsera magetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira m'maboma ndi m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana akonza miyezo yamagetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira obiriwira, akonza malo otulutsira madzi ndi kuyang'anira kayendedwe ka chilengedwe, komanso akhazikitsa kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe m'mitsinje. Mwa kupanga magulu a ziwonetsero zamagetsi ang'onoang'ono obiriwira obiriwira, cholinga chathu ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko chapamwamba cha kusintha kwa magetsi m'mitsinje, m'madera, komanso ngakhale m'makampani ang'onoang'ono owonetsera magetsi.
Chachinayi ndikusintha malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi. Pakadali pano, malo ambiri opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi asintha njira yachikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito paokha komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana a siteshoni imodzi, ndipo akukhazikitsa njira yogwirira ntchito yogwirizana ya magulu a malo opangira magetsi m'madera osiyanasiyana kapena m'madera ena.
Ponseponse, kale, ntchito yomanga magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi inali yopereka magetsi ndikukwaniritsa magetsi akumidzi. Kusintha kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi pakadali pano cholinga chake ndi kukonza magwiridwe antchito, chitetezo, komanso zotsatira za malo opangira magetsi, komanso kukwaniritsa kusintha kwabwino kwambiri kobiriwira. Kukula kokhazikika kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi mtsogolo kudzatenga gawo lapadera pakuwongolera kusungira mphamvu, kuthandiza kukwaniritsa cholinga cha "kabotolo kawiri".
Poganizira zamtsogolo, malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono omwe alipo kale akhoza kusinthidwa kukhala malo opangira magetsi opopa kuti alimbikitse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso mwachisawawa ndikupangitsa kuti magetsi ang'onoang'ono opopa akhale obiriwira. Mwachitsanzo, mu Meyi chaka chatha, pambuyo pokonzanso malo opangira magetsi opopa a Chunchangba ku Xiaojin County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, kuphatikiza kwa magetsi opopa, photovoltaic, ndi malo opopa kunakhazikitsidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi mphamvu zatsopano ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu, ndipo malo opangidwa ndi magetsi ang'onoang'ono ali ndi madera osiyanasiyana komanso kuchuluka kwakukulu, ndipo gawo lalikulu silikugwira ntchito bwino pakulamulira magetsi. Malo opangidwa ndi magetsi ang'onoang'ono amatha kutenga nawo mbali m'malo opangira magetsi kuti agwirizane bwino pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi zochitika pamsika, kupereka ntchito zothandizira monga kumeta tsitsi pafupipafupi, kulamulira pafupipafupi, komanso kusunga gridi yamagetsi.
Mwayi wina womwe sunganyalanyazidwe ndi wakuti kuphatikiza magetsi amadzi ndi ziphaso zobiriwira, magetsi obiriwira, ndi malonda a kaboni kudzabweretsa phindu latsopano. Potengera chiphaso chobiriwira chadziko lonse monga chitsanzo, mu 2022, tinayambitsa kupanga ziphaso zobiriwira zadziko lonse za magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi. Tinasankha malo 19 amagetsi ku Lishui Demonstration Zone ya International Small Hydropower Center ngati ziwonetsero za chitukuko cha ziphaso zobiriwira zadziko lonse, ndipo tinamaliza kulembetsa, kupereka, ndi kugulitsa ziphaso zobiriwira zapadziko lonse 140000 za malo oyamba amagetsi 6. Pakadali pano, pakati pa ziphaso zonse zobiriwira zapadziko lonse lapansi monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaic, ndi magetsi amadzi, magetsi amadzi ndiye pulojekiti yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kotulutsa, pomwe magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi ali pafupifupi 23%. Ziphaso zobiriwira, magetsi obiriwira, ndi malonda a kaboni zikuwonetsa kufunika kwa chilengedwe cha mapulojekiti atsopano amagetsi, kuthandiza kupanga njira yamsika ndi njira yayitali yopangira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zobiriwira.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kutsindika kuti chitukuko chobiriwira cha magetsi ang'onoang'ono opangidwa ndi madzi ku China chingathandizenso kukonzanso kumidzi. Chaka chino, China ikukhazikitsa "Ntchito Yamphamvu Yamphepo Ya Midzi ndi Matauni Ambirimbiri" ndi "Ntchito Yamagetsi Yamagetsi Yanyumba Zambirimbiri" kuti ilimbikitse pang'onopang'ono chitukuko choyesera cha magetsi opangidwa ndi denga ogawidwa m'chigawo chonse, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyera kumidzi, ndikuchita ntchito yoyesera yomanga kusintha kwa mphamvu zakumidzi. Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yopangidwa ndi madzi ndi gwero lamphamvu yongowonjezwdwanso yokhala ndi ntchito zapadera zosungira ndi kulamulira mphamvu, komanso ndi chinthu chachilengedwe chomwe n'chosavuta kusintha mtengo m'madera amapiri. Ikhoza kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu zakumidzi koyera komanso kotsika mpweya wabwino komanso kuthandiza kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu onse.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-07-2023
