Lipoti la Mphamvu Zamagetsi Zamagetsi Padziko Lonse la 2021

Chidule
Mphamvu yamadzi ndi njira yopangira mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi kuti isinthe kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Mfundo yake ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuchepa kwa madzi (mphamvu yamagetsi) kuti ayende pansi pa mphamvu yokoka (mphamvu ya kinetic), monga kutsogolera madzi kuchokera ku magwero amadzi ambiri monga mitsinje kapena malo osungiramo madzi kupita ku milingo yotsika. Madzi oyenda amayendetsa turbine kuti izungulire ndikuyendetsa jenereta kuti ipange magetsi. Madzi apamwamba amachokera ku kutentha kwa dzuwa ndikusandutsa madzi otsika kukhala nthunzi, kotero amatha kuonedwa ngati akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa mwanjira ina. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wake wokhwima, pakadali pano ndi mphamvu yongowonjezwdwa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'gulu la anthu.
Malinga ndi tanthauzo la International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) la damu lalikulu, damu limatanthauzidwa ngati damu lililonse lokhala ndi kutalika kopitilira mamita 15 (kuyambira pansi kwambiri pa maziko mpaka pamwamba pa damu) kapena damu lokhala ndi kutalika pakati pa mamita 10 ndi 15, lomwe limakwaniritsa chimodzi mwa zinthu izi:
Kutalika kwa denga la damu sikuyenera kupitirira mamita 500;

Kuchuluka kwa dziwe losungira madzi komwe kudapangidwa ndi damu sikuyenera kupitirira ma kiyubiki mita imodzi miliyoni;
⑶ Madzi osefukira omwe damu limayendetsa sikuyenera kupitirira 2000 cubic metres pa sekondi imodzi;
Vuto la maziko a damu ndi lovuta kwambiri;
Kapangidwe ka damu ili ndi kodabwitsa.

Malinga ndi lipoti la BP2021, mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi zinali 4296.8/26823.2 = 16.0% ya mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020, zomwe zinali zochepa poyerekeza ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malasha (35.1%) ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi (23.4%), zomwe zili pa nambala 3 padziko lonse lapansi.
Mu 2020, kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kunali kwakukulu kwambiri ku East Asia ndi Pacific, komwe kunapanga 1643/4370 = 37.6% ya ndalama zonse padziko lonse lapansi.
Dziko lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi padziko lonse lapansi ndi China, kutsatiridwa ndi Brazil, United States, ndi Russia. Mu 2020, mphamvu zopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ku China zinali 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% ya mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi ku China.
Ngakhale kuti China ili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi pankhani yopanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi, siili pamwamba pa kapangidwe ka magetsi mdzikolo. Mayiko omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi mu 2020 anali Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) ndi Canada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
Mu 2020, mphamvu zamagetsi ku China zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi malasha (63.2%), kutsatiridwa ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi (17.0%), zomwe zinali 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% ya mphamvu zonse zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti China ili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi pakupanga mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi, sinafike pachimake. Malinga ndi lipoti la World Energy Resources 2016 lomwe linatulutsidwa ndi World Energy Council, 47% ya mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi ku China sizinapangidwebe.

Kuyerekeza Kapangidwe ka Mphamvu pakati pa Mayiko Anayi Apamwamba Opanga Mphamvu Zamagetsi ndi Madzi mu 2020
Kuchokera patebulo, zikuwoneka kuti mphamvu zamagetsi za ku China zimakwana 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% ya mphamvu zonse zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kuchuluka kwake poyerekeza ndi mphamvu zonse zamagetsi za ku China (17%) ndi kokwera pang'ono kuposa avareji yapadziko lonse (16%).
Pali mitundu inayi ya magetsi opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi: kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi a mtundu wa damu, kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi osungira madzi, kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi a mtundu wa mtsinje, ndi kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde.

Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi za mtundu wa damu
Mphamvu yamadzi ya mtundu wa damu, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mphamvu yamadzi ya mtundu wa reservoir. Reservoir imapangidwa posunga madzi m'makoma, ndipo mphamvu yake yayikulu yotulutsa madzi imatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyana pakati pa kuchuluka kwa dziwe, malo otulutsira madzi, ndi kutalika kwa pamwamba pa madzi. Kusiyana kumeneku kumatchedwa mutu, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti mutu kapena mutu, ndipo mphamvu yomwe madzi angapezeke imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mutu.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, mainjiniya wa ku France Bernard Forest de Bé lidor anasindikiza buku lakuti “Building Hydraulics”, lomwe linkafotokoza za makina osindikizira a hydraulic hydraulic presses olunjika ndi opingasa. Mu 1771, Richard Arkwright anaphatikiza ma hydraulic, ma water framing, ndi kupanga kosalekeza kuti agwire ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zomangamanga. Pangani dongosolo la fakitale ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zogwirira ntchito. Mu zaka za m'ma 1840, netiweki yamagetsi yamadzi idapangidwa kuti ipange magetsi ndikutumiza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, majenereta anali atapangidwa ndipo tsopano akhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi makina a hydraulic.

Pulojekiti yoyamba yogwiritsa ntchito magetsi padziko lonse lapansi inali Cragside Country Hotel ku Northumberland, England mu 1878, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira. Patatha zaka zinayi, malo oyamba opangira magetsi achinsinsi adatsegulidwa ku Wisconsin, USA, ndipo malo ambiri opangira magetsi amadzi adayikidwa kuti apereke magetsi am'deralo.
Siteshoni yamagetsi ya Shilongba Hydropower ndi siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yamadzi ku China, yomwe ili pa Mtsinje wa Tanglang kunja kwa mzinda wa Kunming, m'chigawo cha Yunnan. Ntchito yomangayi inayamba mu Julayi 1910 (chaka cha Gengxu) ndipo magetsi anapangidwa pa Meyi 28, 1912. Mphamvu yoyamba yomwe inayikidwa inali 480 kW. Pa Meyi 25, 2006, Siteshoni yamagetsi ya Shilongba Hydropower inavomerezedwa ndi Bungwe la Boma kuti iphatikizidwe mu gulu lachisanu ndi chimodzi la magulu oteteza zinthu zakale zachikhalidwe zadziko.
Malinga ndi lipoti la REN21 la 2021, mphamvu yamagetsi yoyikidwa padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020 inali 1170GW, pomwe China idakwera ndi 12.6GW, zomwe zimapangitsa 28% ya mphamvu yonse padziko lonse lapansi, kuposa Brazil (9%), United States (7%), ndi Canada (9.0%).
Malinga ndi ziwerengero za BP za 2021, mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zinapangidwa ndi madzi mu 2020 zinali 4296.8 TWh, pomwe mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ku China zinali 1322.0 TWh, zomwe zimapangitsa 30.1% ya mphamvu zonse padziko lonse lapansi.
Kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi padziko lonse lapansi apangidwe komanso ndi gwero lalikulu la mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za BP za 2021, kupanga magetsi padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020 kunali 26823.2 TWh, ndipo kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kunali 4222.2 TWh, zomwe zikutanthauza 4222.2/26823.2 = 15.7% ya mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Deta iyi yachokera ku International Commission on Dams (ICOLD). Malinga ndi kulembetsa mu Epulo 2020, pakadali pano pali madamu 58713 padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo China ili ndi 23841/58713 = 40.6% ya chiwerengero chonse cha padziko lonse lapansi.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero za BP za 2021, mu 2020, mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi ku China zinali 1322.0/2236.7=59% ya mphamvu zamagetsi zongowonjezwdwa ku China, zomwe zinali ndi udindo waukulu pakupanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa.
Malinga ndi International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], mu 2020, kupanga mphamvu zonse zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi kudzafika pa 4370TWh, pomwe China (31% ya zonse padziko lonse lapansi), Brazil (9.4%), Canada (8.8%), United States (6.7%), Russia (4.5%), India (3.5%), Norway (3.2%), Turkey (1.8%), Japan (2.0%), France (1.5%) ndi zina zotero zidzakhala ndi kupanga mphamvu zambiri zamadzi.

Mu 2020, dera lomwe linali ndi mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi linali East Asia ndi Pacific, zomwe zinali 1643/4370=37.6% ya mphamvu zonse padziko lonse lapansi; Pakati pawo, China ndi yotchuka kwambiri, yomwe inali 31% ya mphamvu zonse padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe inali 1355.20/1643=82.5% m'derali.
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi madzi kumafanana ndi mphamvu yonse yomwe yaikidwa komanso mphamvu yoyikidwa yosungiramo zinthu zopopera. China ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yopangira magetsi zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndithudi, mphamvu yake yoyikidwa ndi mphamvu yosungiramo zinthu zopopera ili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report, mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi yomwe China idayika (kuphatikiza yosungiramo zinthu zopopera) idafika pa 370160MW mu 2020, zomwe zimapangitsa 370160/1330106 = 27.8% ya ndalama zonse padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Siteshoni yamagetsi ya Three Gorges Hydropower Station, yomwe ndi siteshoni yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yamagetsi yamadzi, ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yopanga magetsi amadzi ku China. Siteshoni yamagetsi ya Three Gorges Hydropower imagwiritsa ntchito ma turbine 32 a Francis, iliyonse ya 700MW, ndi ma turbine awiri a 50MW, okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 22500MW ndi kutalika kwa damu la 181m. Mphamvu yopangira magetsi mu 2020 idzakhala 111.8 TWh, ndipo ndalama zomangira zidzakhala ¥ 203 biliyoni. Idzatha mu 2008.
Malo anayi opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi padziko lonse lapansi amangidwa m'chigawo cha Mtsinje wa Yangtze ku Jinsha ku Sichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, ndi Wudongde. Mphamvu yonse yoyikidwa m'malo anayi opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi 46508MW, yomwe ndi 46508/22500 = kuwirikiza kawiri mphamvu yoyikidwa ya Malo Opangira Magetsi Opangidwa ndi Madzi a Three Gorges ya 22500MW. Mphamvu yake ya pachaka yopanga magetsi ndi 185.05/101.6 = kuwirikiza 1.82. Baihetan ndi malo achiwiri akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China pambuyo pa malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi a Three Gorges.
Pakadali pano, malo opangira magetsi a Three Gorges ku China ndi malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa malo 12 akuluakulu opangira magetsi amadzi padziko lonse lapansi, China ili ndi mipando isanu ndi umodzi. Damu la Itaipu, lomwe lakhala lachiwiri kwa nthawi yayitali padziko lonse lapansi, lakankhidwira pamalo achitatu ndi Damu la Baihetan ku China.

Siteshoni yaikulu kwambiri yamagetsi yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi mu 2021
Pali malo okwana 198 opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi mphamvu yoposa 1000MW padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo China ili ndi malo 60, omwe ndi 60/198 = 30% ya mphamvu zonse padziko lonse lapansi. Ena ndi Brazil, Canada, ndi Russia.
Pali malo okwana 198 opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi mphamvu yoposa 1000MW padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo China ili ndi malo 60, omwe ndi 60/198 = 30% ya mphamvu zonse padziko lonse lapansi. Ena ndi Brazil, Canada, ndi Russia.
Pali malo 60 opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi mphamvu yoposa 1000MW ku China, makamaka 30 m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Yangtze, zomwe zimapangitsa theka la malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China okhala ndi mphamvu yoposa 1000MW.

Malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi okhala ndi mphamvu zoposa 1000MW ayamba kugwira ntchito ku China
Kukwera kuchokera ku Damu la Gezhouba ndikuwoloka mitsinje ya Mtsinje wa Yangtze kudzera mu Damu la Three Gorges, iyi ndiye mphamvu yayikulu yotumizira mphamvu ku China kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa, komanso malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi: pali malo opangira magetsi pafupifupi 90 m'chigawo chachikulu cha Mtsinje wa Yangtze, kuphatikiza Damu la Gezhouba ndi Magori atatu, 10 mu Mtsinje wa Wujiang, 16 mu Mtsinje wa Jialing, 17 mu Mtsinje wa Minjiang, 25 mu Mtsinje wa Dadu, 21 mu Mtsinje wa Yalong, 27 mu Mtsinje wa Jinsha, ndi 5 mu Mtsinje wa Muli.
Tajikistan ili ndi damu lachilengedwe lapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Damu la Usoi, lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa 567m, komwe ndi 262m kutalika kuposa damu lopangidwa la Jinping Level 1. Damu la Usoi linakhazikitsidwa pa February 18, 1911, pomwe chivomerezi cha 7.4 magnitude chinachitika ku Sarez, ndipo damu lachilengedwe la matope m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Murgab linatseka madzi a mtsinjewo. Linayambitsa matope akuluakulu, linatseka Mtsinje wa Murgab, ndipo linapanga damu lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse, Damu la Usoi, lomwe linapanga Nyanja ya Sares. Mwatsoka, palibe malipoti okhudza kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi.
Mu 2020, panali madamu 251 omwe kutalika kwake kunali kopitilira 135m padziko lonse lapansi. Damu lalitali kwambiri pakadali pano ndi Jinping-I Dam, damu lokhala ndi arched lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa mamita 305. Lotsatira ndi Damu la Nurek pa Mtsinje wa Vakhsh ku Tajikistan, lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa mamita 300.

Damu lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mu 2021
Pakadali pano, damu lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Jinping-I Dam ku China, lili ndi kutalika kwa mamita 305, koma madamu atatu omwe akumangidwa akukonzekera kulipitirira. Damu la Rogun lomwe likupitilira lidzakhala damu lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe lili pa Mtsinje wa Vakhsh kum'mwera kwa Tajikistan. Damuli lili ndi kutalika kwa mamita 335 ndipo ntchito yomanga inayamba mu 1976. Akuti lidzayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira 2019 mpaka 2029, ndipo ndalama zomangira zidzakhala madola mabiliyoni 2-5 aku US, mphamvu yokhazikika ya 600-3600MW, komanso mphamvu yopangira magetsi ya 17TWh pachaka.
Lachiwiri ndi Damu la Bakhtiari lomwe likumangidwa pa Mtsinje wa Bakhtiari ku Iran, lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa 325m ndi 1500MW. Mtengo wa polojekitiyi ndi madola mabiliyoni awiri aku US komanso kupanga magetsi a 3TWh pachaka. Damu lachitatu lalikulu kwambiri pa Mtsinje wa Dadu ku China ndi Damu la Shuangjiangkou, lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa 312m.

Damu lopitirira mamita 305 likumangidwa
Damu la mphamvu yokoka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020 linali Damu la Grande Dixence ku Switzerland, lomwe kutalika kwake ndi 285m.
Damu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi malo osungira madzi ambiri ndi Damu la Kariba lomwe lili pa Mtsinje wa Zambezi ku Zimbabwe ndi Zambezi. Linamangidwa mu 1959 ndipo lili ndi malo osungira madzi okwana 180.6 km3, kutsatiridwa ndi Damu la Bratsk lomwe lili pa Mtsinje wa Angara ku Russia ndi Damu la Akosombo lomwe lili pa Nyanja ya Kanawalt, lomwe lili ndi malo osungira madzi okwana 169 km3.

Nkhokwe yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi
Damu la Three Gorges, lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Yangtze, lili ndi malo osungira madzi ambiri ku China. Linamalizidwa mu 2008 ndipo lili ndi malo osungira madzi okwana 39.3km3, lomwe lili pa nambala 27 padziko lonse lapansi.
Nkhokwe yaikulu kwambiri ku China
Damu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Damu la Tarbela ku Pakistan. Linamangidwa mu 1976 ndipo lili ndi kutalika kwa mamita 143. Damuli lili ndi mphamvu ya mamita 153 miliyoni komanso mphamvu ya 3478MW.
Damu lalikulu kwambiri ku China ndi Damu la Three Gorges, lomwe linamalizidwa mu 2008. Kapangidwe kake ndi mamita 181 kutalika, kuchuluka kwa damu ndi 27.4 miliyoni kiyubiki mita, ndipo mphamvu yoyikidwa ndi 22500 MW. Ili pa nambala 21 padziko lonse lapansi.

Malo akuluakulu osungira madzi padziko lonse lapansi
Mtsinje wa Congo uli ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya Democratic Republic of Congo. Dziko la Democratic Republic of Congo likhoza kupanga mphamvu ya dziko lonse ya ma kilowatts 120 miliyoni (120000 MW) ndi mphamvu ya pachaka ya ma kilowatts 774 biliyoni (774 TWh). Kuyambira ku Kinshasa pamtunda wa mamita 270 mpaka kufika ku gawo la Matadi, mtsinjewo ndi wopapatiza, wokhala ndi magombe otsetsereka komanso madzi oyenda movutikira. Kuzama kwakukulu ndi mamita 150, ndi kutsika kwa mamita pafupifupi 280. Kuyenda kwa madzi kumasintha nthawi zonse, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa magetsi amadzi. Magawo atatu a malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi akonzedwa, ndipo gawo loyamba ndi damu la Pioka, lomwe lili pamalire pakati pa Democratic Republic of Congo ndi Republic of Congo; Damu la Grand Inga lachiwiri ndi damu la Matadi lachitatu lili ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Siteshoni ya Pioka Hydropower imagwiritsa ntchito mutu wa madzi wa mamita 80 ndipo ikukonzekera kukhazikitsa mayunitsi 30, okhala ndi mphamvu zonse za ma kilowatts 22 miliyoni ndi mphamvu zonse za ma kilowatts 177 biliyoni pachaka, ndipo Democratic Republic of Congo ndi Republic of Congo zimalandira theka lililonse. Siteshoni ya Matadi Hydropower imagwiritsa ntchito mutu wa madzi wa mamita 50 ndipo ikukonzekera kukhazikitsa mayunitsi 36, okhala ndi mphamvu zonse za ma kilowatts 12 miliyoni ndi mphamvu zonse za ma kilowatts 87 biliyoni pachaka. Gawo la Yingjia rapids, lomwe lili ndi kuchepa kwa mamita 100 mkati mwa makilomita 25, ndi gawo la mtsinje lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Pali malo ambiri opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi kuposa damu la Three Gorges lomwe silinamalizidwe.
Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo ndi mtsinje wautali kwambiri ku China, womwe uli ku Tibet Autonomous Region, komanso umodzi mwa mitsinje yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachidule, pambuyo poti Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Station yatha, mphamvu yoyikidwayo idzafika 50000 MW, ndipo mphamvu yopangira magetsi idzafika katatu kuposa ya Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), kufika 300 TWh, yomwe idzakhala siteshoni yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo ndi mtsinje wautali kwambiri ku China, womwe uli ku Tibet Autonomous Region, komanso umodzi mwa mitsinje yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachidule, pambuyo poti Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Station yatha, mphamvu yoyikidwayo idzafika 50000 MW, ndipo mphamvu yopangira magetsi idzafika katatu kuposa ya Three Gorges Dam (98.8 TWh), kufika 300 TWh, yomwe idzakhala siteshoni yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo unasinthidwa dzina kukhala "Mtsinje wa Brahmaputra" pambuyo potuluka m'dera la Luoyu kupita ku India. Pambuyo podutsa mu Bangladesh, unasinthidwa dzina kukhala "Mtsinje wa Jamuna". Pambuyo polumikizana ndi Mtsinje wa Ganges m'dera lake, unapita ku Bay of Bengal m'nyanja ya Indian. Kutalika konse ndi makilomita 2104, ndi kutalika kwa mtsinje wa makilomita 2057 ku Tibet, kutsika konse kwa mamita 5435, ndi phiri lapakati lomwe lili pamwamba pa mitsinje ikuluikulu ku China. Chigwachi chili ndi kutalika kuchokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo, ndi kutalika kwakukulu kwa makilomita oposa 1450 kuchokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo ndi m'lifupi mwake makilomita 290 kuchokera kumpoto kupita kum'mwera. Kutalika kwapakati ndi pafupifupi mamita 4500. Malo ake ndi okwera kumadzulo ndi otsika kum'mawa, ndipo otsika kwambiri kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Malo onse a mtsinje ndi 240480 masikweya kilomita, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi 20% ya malo onse a mtsinje ku Tibet, ndipo pafupifupi 40.8% ya malo onse a mtsinje ku Tibet, ndipo ndi wachisanu pakati pa mtsinje ku China.
Malinga ndi deta ya 2019, mayiko omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Iceland (51699 kWh/munthu) ndi Norway (23210 kWh/munthu). Iceland imadalira mphamvu zopangira magetsi kuchokera ku geothermal ndi hydroelectric; Norway imadalira mphamvu zamagetsi kuchokera ku madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa 97% ya kapangidwe ka magetsi ku Norway.
Kapangidwe ka mphamvu m'maiko otsekedwa ndi nyanja monga Nepal ndi Bhutan, omwe ali pafupi ndi Tibet ku China, sikudalira mafuta opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale, koma m'malo mwake kudalira mphamvu zawo zambiri zamadzimadzi. Mphamvu zamagetsi sizigwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko muno zokha, komanso zimatumizidwa kunja.

Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito pompu
Mphamvu yosungira madzi yopompa ndi njira yosungira mphamvu, osati njira yopangira magetsi. Pamene kufunikira kwa magetsi kuli kochepa, mphamvu yopangira magetsi yochulukirapo imapitiriza kupanga magetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pampu yamagetsi ipompe madzi kufika pamlingo wapamwamba kuti isungidwe. Pamene kufunikira kwa magetsi kuli kwakukulu, madzi apamwamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi. Njirayi ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa majenereta ogwiritsira ntchito ndipo ndi yofunika kwambiri pa bizinesi.
Kusungirako zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito pompu ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamakina amakono komanso amtsogolo amagetsi oyera. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa magwero amagetsi obwezerezedwanso monga mphamvu ya mphepo ndi dzuwa, kuphatikiza ndi kusintha kwa majenereta achikhalidwe, kwabweretsa kupanikizika kwakukulu pa gridi yamagetsi ndipo kwagogomezera kufunika kwa "mabatire amadzi" osungiramo zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito pompu.
Kuchuluka kwa magetsi opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya malo osungira madzi ndipo kumagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa malo osungira madzi. Mu 2020, panali 68 omwe akugwira ntchito ndipo 42 omwe akumangidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ku China kuli pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi, motero chiwerengero cha malo osungira magetsi opopa omwe akugwira ntchito komanso omwe akumangidwa chili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Ena ndi Japan ndi United States.

Malo osungira magetsi akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi opopera ndi Bath County Pumped Storage Station ku United States, okhala ndi mphamvu ya 3003MW.
Malo osungira magetsi akuluakulu kwambiri opopera ku China ndi Huishou Pumped Storage Power Station, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zokwana 2448MW.
Siteshoni yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri yosungiramo magetsi yopompedwa ku China ndi Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station, yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 2400MW.
Malo osungira magetsi opopa ku China omwe akumangidwa ali pamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pali malo atatu okhala ndi mphamvu yoposa 1000MW: Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, yomalizidwa kuyambira 2019 mpaka 2021), Jixi Pumped Storage Power Station (1800MW, yomalizidwa mu 2018), ndi Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station (1200MW, yomalizidwa mu 2019).
Malo osungira magetsi okwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapopedwa ndi Yamdrok Hydropower Station, omwe ali ku Tibet, China, ali pamtunda wa mamita 4441.

Kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi
Mphamvu yamagetsi ya mtsinje (ROR), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yothamanga, ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi yomwe imadalira mphamvu yamadzi koma imangofunika madzi ochepa kapena sikufuna kusungira madzi ambiri kuti ipange magetsi. Kupanga mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi yamadzi yomwe ikuyenda mumtsinje sikufuna kusungira madzi kapena kumafuna kumangidwa kwa malo osungira madzi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Pomanga malo osungira madzi ang'onoang'ono, malo osungira madzi awa amatchedwa maiwe osinthira kapena dziwe lakutsogolo. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo osungira madzi akuluakulu, kupanga mphamvu yamadzi yamadzi kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi nyengo ndi nyengo m'magwero amadzi. Chifukwa chake, malo operekera magetsi amadzi nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati magwero amagetsi osinthasintha. Ngati dziwe lowongolera lamangidwa mu malo operekera magetsi amadzi omwe amatha kulamulira kuyenda kwa madzi nthawi iliyonse, lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati malo operekera magetsi ometa kwambiri kapena malo operekera magetsi oyambira.
Siteshoni yayikulu kwambiri yopangira magetsi ya Sichuan padziko lonse lapansi ndi Damu la Jirau lomwe lili pa Mtsinje wa Madeira ku Brazil. Damuli ndi lalitali mamita 63, lalitali mamita 1500, komanso mphamvu yokhazikika ya 3075MW. Linamalizidwa mu 2016.
Malo opangira magetsi amadzi achitatu akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi ndi Damu la Chief Joseph lomwe lili pa Mtsinje wa Columbia ku United States, lomwe lili ndi kutalika kwa mamita 72, kutalika kwa mamita 1817, mphamvu yokhazikika ya 2620 MW, komanso mphamvu yopangira magetsi ya 9780 GWh pachaka. Linamalizidwa mu 1979.
Siteshoni yayikulu kwambiri yamagetsi ya Sichuan ku China ndi Damu la Tianshengqiao II, lomwe lili pa Mtsinje wa Nanpan. Damuli lili ndi kutalika kwa 58.7m, kutalika kwa 471m, voliyumu ya 4800000m3, komanso mphamvu yokhazikika ya 1320MW. Linamalizidwa mu 1997.

Kupanga mphamvu ya mafunde
Mphamvu ya mafunde imapangidwa chifukwa cha kukwera ndi kutsika kwa madzi a m'nyanja chifukwa cha mafunde. Kawirikawiri, malo osungiramo madzi amamangidwa kuti apange magetsi, koma palinso kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji madzi oyenda m'madzi kuti apange magetsi. Palibe malo ambiri padziko lonse lapansi oyenera kupanga magetsi a mafunde, ndipo pali malo asanu ndi atatu ku UK omwe akuyerekezeredwa kuti ali ndi kuthekera kokwaniritsa 20% ya zosowa za magetsi mdzikolo.
Malo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi opangira magetsi ochokera m'madzi otchedwa Lance tidal power plant, omwe ali ku Lance, France. Anamangidwa kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1966 kwa zaka 6. Mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 240MW.
Siteshoni yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse yopereka mphamvu zamagetsi ndi Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station ku South Korea, yokhala ndi mphamvu zokwana 254MW ndipo inamalizidwa mu 2011.
Siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yoyendera mafunde ku North America ndi Annapolis Royal Generating Station, yomwe ili ku Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Canada, pakhomo la Bay of Fundy. Mphamvu yoyikidwa ndi 20MW ndipo inamalizidwa mu 1984.
Siteshoni yaikulu kwambiri yamagetsi yoyendera mafunde ku China ndi Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, yomwe ili kum'mwera kwa Hangzhou, yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 4.1MW yokha ndi ma seti 6. Inayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1985.
Jenereta yoyamba ya mafunde a m'madzi ya North American Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project idayikidwa ku Vancouver Island, Canada, mu Seputembala 2006.
Pakadali pano, pulojekiti yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse yamagetsi oyendera mafunde, MeyGen (MeyGen tidal energy project), ikumangidwa ku Pentland Firth, kumpoto kwa Scotland, yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 398MW ndipo ikuyembekezeka kumalizidwa mu 2021.
Gujarat, India ikukonzekera kumanga siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yamalonda ku South Asia. Malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi mphamvu ya 50MW adayikidwa ku Gulf of Kutch kugombe lakumadzulo kwa India, ndipo ntchito yomanga inayamba kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2012.
Pulojekiti ya Penzhin Tidal Power Plant yomwe ikukonzekera ku Kamchatka Peninsula ku Russia ili ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 87100MW komanso mphamvu yopangira magetsi ya 200TWh pachaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi. Ikamalizidwa, Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power Station idzakhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika kanayi kuposa Three Gorges Power Station yomwe ilipo pano.