2021 Global Hydroelectric Power Report

Chidule
Mphamvu ya Hydropower ndi njira yopangira mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi kuti isinthe kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Mfundo yake ndikugwiritsa ntchito dontho la madzi (mphamvu zomwe zingatheke) kuti ziyende pansi pa mphamvu yokoka (mphamvu ya kinetic), monga madzi otsogolera kuchokera kumadzi okwera kwambiri monga mitsinje kapena malo osungiramo madzi otsika. Madzi oyenda amayendetsa turbine kuti azizungulira ndikuyendetsa jenereta kuti apange magetsi. Madzi okwera kwambiri amachokera ku kutentha kwa dzuwa ndipo amasungunula madzi otsika kwambiri, choncho akhoza kuonedwa ngati molakwika pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za dzuwa. Chifukwa cha luso lake lokhwima, pakali pano ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati pa anthu.
Malinga ndi tanthauzo la International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) la dziwe lalikulu, damu limatanthauzidwa ngati damu lililonse lomwe kutalika kwake kupitilira 15 metres (kuchokera pansi pa maziko mpaka pamwamba pa damu) kapena damu lomwe kutalika kwake kuli pakati pa 10 ndi 15 metres, lomwe limakwaniritsa chimodzi mwazinthu izi:
Kutalika kwa chitsime cha damu sichiyenera kuchepera mamita 500;

Kuchuluka kwa madzi osungiramo madzi opangidwa ndi damu sikuyenera kuchepera 1 miliyoni kiyubiki mita;
⑶ Kuchuluka kwa madzi osefukira oyendetsedwa ndi damu sikuyenera kuchepera ma cubic metres 2000 pa sekondi iliyonse;
Vuto la maziko a madamu ndilovuta kwambiri;
Mapangidwe a damuli ndi odabwitsa.

Malinga ndi lipoti la BP2021, mphamvu yamagetsi yapadziko lonse lapansi inali 4296.8/26823.2 = 16.0% ya mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020, zotsika kuposa zopangira malasha (35.1%) ndi magetsi a gasi (23.4%), omwe ali pachitatu padziko lonse lapansi.
Mu 2020, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi anali ochuluka kwambiri ku East Asia ndi Pacific, zomwe zidawerengera 1643/4370 = 37.6% ya kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi.
Dziko lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndi China, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Brazil, United States, ndi Russia. Mu 2020, mphamvu yaku China yopangira mphamvu yamadzi idakwana 1322.0/7779.1=17.0% yamagetsi onse aku China.
Ngakhale kuti dziko la China lili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi pankhani yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi, silokwera kwambiri pamapangidwe amagetsi adzikolo. Mayiko omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri lamagetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi mu 2020 anali Brazil (396.8/620.1=64.0%) ndi Canada (384.7/643.9=60.0%).
Mu 2020, mphamvu yaku China idapangidwa makamaka ndi malasha (yowerengera 63.2%), kutsatiridwa ndi hydropower (yowerengera 17.0%), zomwe zidawerengera 1322.0/4296.8 = 30.8% ya mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti dziko la China lili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi popanga mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi, silinafike pachimake. Malinga ndi lipoti la World Energy Resources 2016 lomwe linatulutsidwa ndi World Energy Council, 47% yazinthu zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi ku China sizinapangidwebe.

Kufananiza kwa Kapangidwe ka Mphamvu pakati pa Maiko Otsogola 4 Opangira Mphamvu Zamagetsi mu 2020
Kuchokera patebulo, zitha kuwoneka kuti mphamvu zamagetsi ku China ndi 1322.0/4296.8=30.8% ya mphamvu zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi zopangira mphamvu yamadzi, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, gawo lake lamagetsi onse aku China (17%) ndilokwera pang'ono kuposa kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse (16%).
Pali mitundu inayi yopangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi: mtundu wa madamu opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, kupangira magetsi opangira magetsi opopera, mtundu wamagetsi opangira magetsi opangira madzi, komanso kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi.

Dam mtundu wa hydroelectric mphamvu yopanga
Dam type hydropower, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti reservoir type hydropower. Dala losungiramo madzi limapangidwa posunga madzi m'mingamo, ndipo mphamvu yake yayikulu yotulutsa imatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyana pakati pa voliyumu ya posungira, malo otulutsiramo, ndi kutalika kwa madzi. Kusiyana kwa kutalika kumeneku kumatchedwa mutu, womwe umatchedwanso mutu kapena mutu, ndipo mphamvu yamadzi yomwe ingakhalepo imayenderana mwachindunji ndi mutu.
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, injiniya wa ku France Bernard Forest de B é lidor adafalitsa "Building Hydraulics", yomwe inalongosola makina osindikizira a hydraulic vertical and horizontal axis. Mu 1771, Richard Arkwright anaphatikiza ma hydraulics, kupanga madzi, ndi kupanga kosalekeza kuti agwire ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zomangamanga. Kupanga dongosolo la fakitale ndikutengera njira zamakono zogwirira ntchito. M'zaka za m'ma 1840, makina opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi adapangidwa kuti apange magetsi ndikutumiza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omaliza. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, majenereta anali atapangidwa ndipo tsopano akhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi makina a hydraulic.

Ntchito yoyamba yopangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi inali Cragside Country Hotel ku Northumberland, England mu 1878, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito powunikira. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, malo oyamba opangira magetsi achinsinsi anatsegulidwa ku Wisconsin, USA, ndipo masiteshoni mazanamazana opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi anayamba kugwira ntchito kuti aziunikirako.
Shilongba Hydropower Station ndiye malo oyamba opangira magetsi ku China, omwe ali pamtsinje wa Tanglang kunja kwa mzinda wa Kunming, m'chigawo cha Yunnan. Ntchito yomangayi inayamba mu July 1910 (chaka cha Gengxu) ndipo mphamvu inapangidwa pa May 28, 1912. Mphamvu yoyamba yoyikidwa inali 480 kW. Pa Meyi 25, 2006, Shilongba Hydropower Station idavomerezedwa ndi State Council kuti iphatikizidwe mugulu lachisanu ndi chimodzi la magawo oteteza zinthu zakale zachikhalidwe.
Malinga ndi lipoti la REN21's 2021, mphamvu yamagetsi yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2020 inali 1170GW, pomwe China idakwera ndi 12.6GW, zomwe zimawerengera 28% yapadziko lonse lapansi, apamwamba kuposa Brazil (9%), United States (7%), ndi Canada (9.0%).
Malinga ndi ziwerengero za BP za 2021, mphamvu zamagetsi zapadziko lonse lapansi mu 2020 zinali 4296.8 TWh, pomwe mphamvu zamagetsi zaku China zinali 1322.0 TWh, zomwe zidapangitsa 30.1% yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kupanga magetsi a Hydroelectric ndi amodzi mwamagwero akuluakulu opanga magetsi padziko lonse lapansi komanso gwero lotsogola lamphamvu pakupangira mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za BP za 2021, kupanga magetsi padziko lonse lapansi mu 2020 kunali 26823.2 TWh, pomwe magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi anali 4222.2 TWh, zomwe zimawerengera 4222.2/26823.2 = 15.7% yamagetsi onse padziko lonse lapansi.
Izi zachokera ku International Commission on Dams (ICOLD). Malinga ndi kulembetsa mu Epulo 2020, pakadali pano pali madamu 58713 padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe China ndi 23841/58713 = 40.6% ya chiwopsezo chapadziko lonse lapansi.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero za BP za 2021, mu 2020, magetsi aku China adapanga 1322.0/2236.7=59% yamagetsi ongowonjezwdwa aku China, omwe amakhala pachiwonetsero chachikulu pakupangira mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa.
Malinga ndi International Hydropower Association (iha) [2021 Hydropower Status Report], mu 2020, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi kudzafika 4370TWh, pomwe China (31% yapadziko lonse lapansi), Brazil (9.4%), Canada (8.8%), United States (6.7%), Russia (4.5%), India (3.5%), India (3.5%), India (3.5%) (1.8%), Japan (2.0%), France (1.5%) ndi zina zotero adzakhala ndi m'badwo waukulu hydropower.

Mu 2020, dera lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zamagetsi kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi linali East Asia ndi Pacific, zomwe zidawerengera 1643/4370 = 37.6% ya kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi; Pakati pawo, China ndi yotchuka kwambiri, yomwe imawerengera 31% ya chiwerengero cha padziko lonse lapansi, chomwe chimawerengera 1355.20 / 1643 = 82.5% m'dera lino.
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi zimayenderana ndi mphamvu zonse zomwe zayikidwa komanso mphamvu yoyikapo posungira. China ili ndi mphamvu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zopangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, ndipo zowonadi, mphamvu yake yoyikapo komanso mphamvu zosungirako zopopera zilinso pamalo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi International Hydroelectric Association (iha) 2021 Hydroelectric Power Status Report, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yaku China yokhazikitsidwa ndi madzi (kuphatikiza zosungira zopopera) idafika 370160MW mu 2020, zomwe zidawerengera 370160/1330106=27.8% ya mphamvu zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi, kukhala woyamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Malo opangira magetsi a Three Gorges Hydropower Station, omwe ndi malo akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi opangira mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yopangira magetsi amadzi ku China. The Three Gorges Hydropower Station imagwiritsa ntchito turbine ya 32 ya Francis, 700MW iliyonse, ndi ma turbines awiri a 50MW, okhala ndi mphamvu yoyika 22500MW ndi kutalika kwa damu 181m. Mphamvu yopangira magetsi mu 2020 idzakhala 111.8 TWh, ndipo mtengo womanga udzakhala ¥ 203 biliyoni. Idzamalizidwa mu 2008.
Malo anayi opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi amangidwa m'chigawo cha Yangtze River Jinsha River ku Sichuan: Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, ndi Wudongde. Mphamvu zonse zomwe zidayikidwa pamasiteshoni anayi opangira magetsi amadzi ndi 46508MW, zomwe ndi 46508/22500=2.07 kuchulukitsa mphamvu zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi Three Gorges Hydropower Station ya 22500MW. Mphamvu zake zapachaka ndi 185.05/101.6=1.82 nthawi. Baihetan ndi yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri yopangira mphamvu zamagetsi ku China pambuyo pa malo opangira magetsi a Three Gorges.
Pakadali pano, Three Gorges Hydropower Station ku China ndiye malo opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa malo 12 akuluakulu opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi, China ili ndi mipando isanu ndi umodzi. Damu la Itaipu, lomwe kwa nthawi yayitali lakhala lachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi, lakankhidwira pamalo achitatu ndi Damu la Baihetan ku China.

Malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi wamba padziko lonse lapansi mu 2021
Pali malo opangira magetsi okwana 198 okhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 1000MW padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe China ndi 60, zomwe zimawerengera 60/198=30% yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kenako ndi Brazil, Canada, ndi Russia.
Pali malo opangira magetsi okwana 198 okhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 1000MW padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe China ndi 60, zomwe zimawerengera 60/198=30% yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kenako ndi Brazil, Canada, ndi Russia.
Pali masiteshoni 60 opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ku China, omwe ali ndi mphamvu yopitilira 1000MW ku China, makamaka 30 mumtsinje wa Yangtze River Basin, womwe ndi theka la malo opangira magetsi ku China omwe ali ndi mphamvu yopitilira 1000MW.

Zomera zamagetsi zamagetsi zokhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 1000MW zidayamba kugwira ntchito ku China
Kukwera mtsinje kuchokera ku Damu la Gezhouba ndikuwoloka matsinje a mtsinje wa Yangtze kudzera pa Damu la Three Gorges, iyi ndiye mphamvu yayikulu yaku China yotumiza magetsi kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa, komanso malo opangira magetsi ochulukirapo padziko lonse lapansi: pali malo pafupifupi 90 opangira magetsi ophatikizika ndi madzi mumtsinje waukulu wa Yangtze, kuphatikiza Gezhou 6, Damu la Wu, ndi Gezhou, Damu la Wu. Mtsinje wa Jialing, 17 mumtsinje wa Minjiang, 25 mumtsinje wa Dadu, 21 mumtsinje wa Yalong, 27 mumtsinje wa Jinsha, 5 mumtsinje wa Muli.
Tajikistan ili ndi dziwe lachilengedwe lapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Damu la Usoi, lomwe kutalika kwake ndi 567m, lomwe ndi lalitali mamita 262 kuposa Damu la Jinping Level 1 lomwe lilipo kale kwambiri. Damu la Usoi linapangidwa pa February 18, 1911, pamene chivomezi chachikulu cha 7.4 chinachitika ku Sarez, ndipo dambo lachilengedwe lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Murgab linatsekereza mtsinjewo. Zinayambitsa kugumuka kwa nthaka, kutsekereza mtsinje wa Murgab, ndikupanga damu lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Damu la Usoi, kupanga Nyanja ya Sares. Tsoka ilo, palibe malipoti okhudza kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi.
Mu 2020, panali madamu 251 okhala ndi kutalika kopitilira 135m padziko lapansi. Damu lalitali kwambiri pakali pano ndi Damu la Jinping-I, dambo lopindika lotalika mamita 305. Chotsatira ndi Damu la Nurek pa Mtsinje wa Vakhsh ku Tajikistan, wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 300m.

Damu lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mu 2021
Pakali pano, Damu lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse la Jinping-I ku China, ndi lalitali mamita 305, koma madamu atatu omwe akumangidwa akukonzekera kuliposa. Damu la Rogun lomwe likupitilira likhala damu lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe lili pamtsinje wa Vakhsh kum'mwera kwa Tajikistan. Damuli ndi lalitali mamita 335 ndipo ntchito yomanga inayamba mu 1976. Akuti adzayamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira 2019 mpaka 2029, ndi mtengo womanga 2-5 biliyoni wa madola US, mphamvu yoikidwa ya 600-3600MW, ndi mphamvu yapachaka ya 17TWh.
Lachiwiri ndi Damu la Bakhtiari lomwe likumangidwa pamtsinje wa Bakhtiari ku Iran, lomwe kutalika kwake kuli 325m ndi 1500MW. Mtengo wa pulojekitiyi ndi madola 2 biliyoni aku US ndi kupanga mphamvu pachaka 3TWh. Damu lachitatu lalikulu kwambiri pamtsinje wa Dadu ku China ndi Damu la Shuangjiangkou, lomwe kutalika kwake ndi 312m.

Damu lopitirira mamita 305 likumangidwa
Damu lamphamvu kwambiri yokoka padziko lapansi mu 2020 linali Damu la Grande Dixence ku Switzerland, lomwe kutalika kwake ndi 285m.
Damu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zosungira madzi ndi Damu la Kariba pamtsinje wa Zambezi ku Zimbabwe ndi Zambezi. Inamangidwa mu 1959 ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yosungira madzi 180.6 km3, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Damu la Bratsk pamtsinje wa Angara ku Russia ndi Akosombo Dam pa Nyanja ya Kanawalt, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yosungira 169 km3.

Malo osungiramo madzi aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi
Damu la Three Gorges, lomwe lili pamtunda waukulu wa mtsinje wa Yangtze, lili ndi malo akuluakulu osungira madzi ku China. Idamalizidwa mu 2008 ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yosungira madzi 39.3km3, yomwe ili pa nambala 27 padziko lonse lapansi.
Chosungira chachikulu kwambiri ku China
Damu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Damu la Tarbela ku Pakistan. Inamangidwa mu 1976 ndipo ili ndi nyumba yotalika mamita 143. Damuli lili ndi mphamvu yokwana 153 miliyoni cubic metres komanso mphamvu yoyika 3478MW.
Damu lalikulu kwambiri ku China ndi Damu la Three Gorges, lomwe linamalizidwa mu 2008. Damuli ndi lalitali mamita 181, voliyumu yake ndi ma kiyubiki mita 27.4 miliyoni, ndipo mphamvu yoyikidwa ndi 22500 MW. Ali pa nambala 21 padziko lonse lapansi.

Damu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi
Mtsinje wa Kongo umapangidwa makamaka ndi Democratic Republic of Congo. Dziko la Democratic Republic of Congo likhoza kupanga mphamvu yoyika dziko lonse ya ma kilowatts 120 miliyoni (120000 MW) ndi mphamvu yapachaka ya maola 774 biliyoni kilowatt (774 TWh). Kuyambira ku Kinshasa pamtunda wa mamita 270 ndi kukafika kuchigawo cha Matadi, mtsinjewu ndi wopapatiza, wokhala ndi magombe otsetsereka komanso madzi akuyenda mosokonekera. Kuzama kwakukulu ndi mamita 150, ndi dontho la mamita 280. Kuyenda kwa madzi kumasintha nthawi zonse, zomwe zimapindulitsa kwambiri pakupanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Miyezo itatu ya malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira madzi akonzedwa, ndipo gawo loyamba ndi dziwe la Pioka, lomwe lili pamalire a Democratic Republic of Congo ndi Republic of Congo; Damu lachiwiri la Grand Inga ndi lachitatu la Matadi onse ali ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Pioka Hydropower Station imagwiritsa ntchito mutu wamadzi wa mamita 80 ndipo ikukonzekera kukhazikitsa mayunitsi a 30, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zonse za 22 miliyoni kilowatts ndi mphamvu yapachaka ya 177 biliyoni kilowatt maola, ndi Democratic Republic of Congo ndi Republic of Congo amalandira theka lililonse. Matadi Hydropower Station imagwiritsa ntchito mutu wa madzi wa 50 metres ndipo ikukonzekera kukhazikitsa mayunitsi 36, okhala ndi mphamvu zonse za kilowatts 12 miliyoni ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yapachaka ya maola 87 biliyoni a kilowatt. Gawo la Yingjia Rapids, lotsika mamita 100 mkati mwa makilomita 25, ndilo gawo lamtsinje lomwe lili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Pali malo ambiri opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi kuposa Damu la Three Gorges lomwe silinamalizidwebe
Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo ndiye mtsinje wautali kwambiri ku China, womwe uli m'chigawo cha Tibet Autonomous Region, ndipo ndi umodzi mwa mitsinje yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachidziwitso, kukwaniritsidwa kwa Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Station, mphamvu yomwe idakhazikitsidwa idzafika pa 50000 MW, ndipo mphamvu yopangira magetsi idzakhala katatu kuposa Damu la Three Gorges (98.8 TWh), kufika 300 TWh, yomwe idzakhala malo opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo ndiye mtsinje wautali kwambiri ku China, womwe uli m'chigawo cha Tibet Autonomous Region, ndipo ndi umodzi mwa mitsinje yayitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachidziwitso, kukwaniritsidwa kwa Yarlung Zangbo River Hydropower Station, mphamvu yomwe idakhazikitsidwa idzafika pa 50000 MW, ndipo mphamvu yopangira magetsi idzakhala katatu kuposa Damu la Three Gorges (98.8 TWh), kufika 300 TWh, yomwe idzakhala malo opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo unatchedwanso "Mtsinje wa Brahmaputra" utatuluka m'chigawo cha Luoyu kupita ku India. Atadutsa ku Bangladesh, adatchedwanso "Mtsinje wa Jamuna". Atakumana ndi Mtsinje wa Ganges m’gawo lake, unadutsa ku Bay of Bengal m’nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Kutalika konse ndi makilomita a 2104, ndi kutalika kwa mtsinje wa makilomita 2057 ku Tibet, dontho lonse la mamita 5435, ndi malo otsetsereka oyambirira pakati pa mitsinje ikuluikulu ku China. Derali ndi lalitali kulowera kum’mawa ndi kumadzulo, ndipo kutalika kwake kuli makilomita oposa 1450 kuchokera kum’mawa kupita kumadzulo ndi m’lifupi mwake makilomita 290 kuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera. Kutalika kwapakati ndi pafupifupi mamita 4500. Malowa ndi okwera kwambiri kumadzulo ndi otsika kum’mawa, ndipo otsika kwambiri kum’mwera chakum’mawa. Chigawo chonse cha mtsinjewu ndi 240480 ma kilomita lalikulu, kuwerengera 20% ya malo okwana mabeseni onse a mitsinje ku Tibet, ndipo pafupifupi 40,8% ya dera lonse la mitsinje yotuluka ku Tibet, yomwe ili pachisanu mwa mitsinje yonse ku China.
Malinga ndi data ya 2019, mayiko omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Iceland (51699 kWh/munthu) ndi Norway (23210 kWh/munthu). Dziko la Iceland limadalira mphamvu za magetsi a geothermal ndi hydroelectric; Dziko la Norway limadalira mphamvu ya hydropower, yomwe imapanga 97% ya magetsi aku Norway.
Mapangidwe amphamvu a maiko osazunguliridwa ndi nyanja Nepal ndi Bhutan, omwe ali pafupi ndi Tibet ku China, sadalira mafuta oyaka, koma m'malo mwazinthu zawo zambiri zama hydraulic. Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi samangogwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba, komanso kutumizidwa kunja.

Pumped storage hydroelectric power generation
Pumped storage hydropower ndi njira yosungirako mphamvu, osati njira yopangira magetsi. Pamene kufunikira kwa magetsi kuli kochepa, mphamvu yowonjezera magetsi ikupitirizabe kupanga magetsi, kuyendetsa pampu yamagetsi kuti ipope madzi kumtunda wapamwamba kuti asungidwe. Pamene kufunikira kwa magetsi kuli kwakukulu, madzi okwera kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira magetsi. Njirayi imatha kupititsa patsogolo kuchuluka kwa ma seti a jenereta ndipo ndiyofunikira kwambiri pabizinesi.
Kusungirako pompopompo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri lamagetsi amakono komanso amtsogolo. Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa monga mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa, pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa majenereta achikhalidwe, kwabweretsa kuwonjezereka kwa gridi yamagetsi ndikugogomezera kufunikira kwa "mabatire amadzi" opopera.
Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi kumayenderana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yoyikapo posungirako ndipo kumakhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa malo opopera. Mu 2020, panali 68 ogwira ntchito ndipo 42 akumangidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Kupanga magetsi opangira magetsi ku China ndikoyamba padziko lonse lapansi, motero kuchuluka kwa malo opangira magetsi opopera omwe akugwira ntchito komanso omwe akumangidwa ndi oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Otsatira ndi Japan ndi United States.

Malo opangira magetsi opopa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Bath County Pumped Storage Station ku United States, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yoyika 3003MW.
Malo opangira magetsi opopera kwambiri ku China ndi Huishou Pumped Storage Power Station, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu ya 2448MW.
Malo achiwiri akulu kwambiri osungira magetsi ku China ndi Guangdong Pumped Storage Power Station, yokhala ndi mphamvu yoyika 2400MW.
Malo opangira magetsi aku China omwe akumangidwa amakhala oyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Pali masiteshoni atatu okhala ndi mphamvu yoyikapo yopitilira 1000MW: Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station (3600MW, yomalizidwa kuyambira 2019 mpaka 2021), Jixi Pumped Storage Power Station (1800MW, yomalizidwa mu 2018), ndi Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station (1200MW, yomalizidwa mu 1200MW).
Malo okwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi opopera magetsi ndi Yamdrok Hydropower Station, yomwe ili ku Tibet, China, pamtunda wa 4441 metres.

Kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi
Run of the river hydropower (ROR), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti runoff hydropower, ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imadalira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi koma imangofunika madzi ochepa kapena safuna kusungirako madzi ochulukirapo kuti apange magetsi. Mtsinje otaya magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pafupifupi kwathunthu safuna kusungirako madzi kapena kumangofunika kumanga malo osungiramo madzi ochepa kwambiri. Pomanga malo osungiramo madzi ang'onoang'ono, malo osungira madziwa amatchedwa maiwe osintha kapena ma forepools. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo akuluakulu osungiramo madzi, magetsi opangira magetsi amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa madzi kwa nyengo mu gwero la madzi. Choncho, magetsi oyendetsa magetsi nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati magwero amphamvu apakati. Ngati dziwe loyang'anira limangidwa m'malo opangira magetsi omwe amatha kuyendetsa madzi nthawi iliyonse, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo opangira mphamvu zometa kapena malo opangira magetsi.
Sichuan flow hydropower station yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Damu la Jirau pamtsinje wa Madeira ku Brazil. Damu ndi 63m kutalika, 1500m kutalika, ndi 3075MW anaika mphamvu. Idamalizidwa mu 2016.
Chomera chachitatu chachikulu kwambiri chamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndi Chief Joseph Dam pamtsinje wa Columbia ku United States, wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 72 metres, kutalika kwa 1817 metres, mphamvu yoyika 2620 MW, komanso mphamvu yapachaka ya 9780 GWh. Inamalizidwa mu 1979.
Damu lalikulu kwambiri la Sichuan ku China ndi Damu la Tianshengqiao II, lomwe lili pamtsinje wa Nanpan. Damuli lili ndi kutalika kwa 58.7m, kutalika kwake ndi 471m, voliyumu ya 4800000m3, ndikuyika mphamvu ya 1320MW. Inamalizidwa mu 1997.

Kupanga mphamvu zamafunde
Mphamvu ya mafunde imapangidwa ndi kukwera ndi kugwa kwa madzi a m'nyanja chifukwa cha mafunde. Nthawi zambiri, malo osungira amamangidwa kuti apange magetsi, koma palinso ntchito zachindunji zakuyenda kwamadzi am'madzi popanga magetsi. Palibe malo ambiri padziko lonse lapansi oyenera kupangira magetsi othamanga, ndipo pali malo asanu ndi atatu ku UK omwe akuti atha kukwaniritsa 20% yamagetsi omwe akufunika mdziko muno.
Malo opangira magetsi oyamba padziko lonse lapansi anali a Lance tidal power plant, ku Lance, France. Inamangidwa kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1966 kwa zaka 6. Mphamvu yoyikapo ndi 240MW.
Malo opangira magetsi akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station ku South Korea, yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 254MW ndipo idamalizidwa mu 2011.
Malo oyamba opangira magetsi ku North America ndi Annapolis Royal Generating Station, yomwe ili ku Royal, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Canada, pakhomo la Bay of Fundy. Mphamvu yoyikapo ndi 20MW ndipo idamalizidwa mu 1984.
Malo opangira magetsi akulu kwambiri ku China ndi Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, yomwe ili kumwera kwa Hangzhou, yomwe imayika mphamvu ya 4.1MW ndi seti 6 zokha. Inayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1985.
Jenereta yoyamba yaposachedwa ya North American Rock Tidal Power Demonstration Project idakhazikitsidwa ku Vancouver Island, Canada, mu Seputembala 2006.
Pakadali pano, projekiti yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yamagetsi, MeyGen (MeyGen tidal energy project), ikumangidwa ku Pentland Firth, kumpoto kwa Scotland, ndi mphamvu yoyika 398MW ndipo ikuyembekezeka kumalizidwa mu 2021.
Gujarat, India akufuna kumanga malo oyamba opangira magetsi ku South Asia. Malo opangira magetsi okhala ndi mphamvu ya 50MW adayikidwa ku Gulf of Kutch kugombe lakumadzulo kwa India, ndipo ntchito yomanga inayamba kumayambiriro kwa 2012.
Project Penzhin Tidal Power Plant Project pa Kamchatka Peninsula ku Russia ili ndi mphamvu yoyika 87100MW komanso mphamvu yapachaka ya 200TWh, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale fakitale yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yamagetsi. Ikamalizidwa, Pinrenna Bay Tidal Power Station idzakhala ndi mphamvu zowirikiza kanayi zomwe zayikidwapo pa Three Gorges Power Station.