Makhalidwe a ma hydropower station ndi awa:
1. Mphamvu zoyera: Malo opangira magetsi a Hydropower samatulutsa zowononga kapena mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, ndipo ndi gwero lamphamvu laukhondo.
2. Mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso: Malo opangira mphamvu ya Hydropower amadalira kayendedwe ka madzi, ndipo madzi sangawonongedwe kotheratu, kuwapanga kukhala magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezereka.
3. Kukhazikika kwapamwamba: Madzi ochuluka komanso kuyenda kwamadzi okhazikika kumapangitsa kuti magetsi azituluka m'malo opangira magetsi amadzi azikhala okhazikika, oyenera kufunikira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomangira komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamadzi, malo opangira magetsi atha kugawidwa m'magulu awa:
1. Malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa Reservoir: Posunga madzi mu damu, kuchuluka kwa madzi a mtsinje kumayendetsedwa, ndipo dontho lakumutu limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyendetsa makina opangira magetsi opangira magetsi.
2. Malo opangira magetsi opopera: M'madera otsika kwambiri, malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa nkhokwe amakhala ochepa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi. Malo opangira magetsi opopera amagwiritsa ntchito mapampu kupopera madzi kuchokera kumunsi kupita kumalo okwera, kenako amapanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera madzi.
3. Malo opangira magetsi pamadzi: Kugwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha kwa mafunde kuti asonkhanitse kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa madzi akusinthasintha ndi kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya mafunde.
4. Malo opangira magetsi a piston: Kugwiritsa ntchito kusefukira kwa madzi, mafunde ndi nthawi zina zokwera madzi kuti mulowetse madzi ambiri mwamsanga, kupanga magetsi mofulumira kupyolera mudontho lamutu mu nthawi yochepa kuti mukwaniritse zosowa za magetsi.
Mwachidule, malo opangira magetsi amadzi ndi gwero lofunikira lamphamvu lamphamvu lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe monga ukhondo, kusinthikanso, komanso kukhazikika, ndipo amagawidwa molingana ndi njira zomangira komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamadzi.
Pali mitundu ingapo yayikulu yamadamu m'malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi:
1. Damu la mphamvu yokoka: Ndi khoma loyima lomangidwa ndi zinthu monga konkire kapena mwala, lomwe limanyamula mphamvu ya madzi kudzera mu mphamvu yokoka. Madamu okokera nthawi zambiri amakhala okhazikika, koma amafunikira zida zomangira zambiri komanso malo otsetsereka. Maonekedwe ake ndi oti kunsi kwa madamu ndikotambasuka ndipo pamwamba pa madamuwo ndi opapatiza, komwe kuli koyenera kumadera omwe mbali zonse za zigwa za mitsinje zimathandizidwa ndi maziko abwino amiyala.
2. Damu la Arch: Ndi mtundu wa damu wopangidwa ndi makoma okhotakhota, omwe amamwaza kuthamanga kwa madzi kupyola m'mbali mwake. Popanga dambo la arch, ndikofunikira kupanga kachipangizo kakang'ono kakang'ono ka matabwa, kenaka kutsanulira konkire kuti apange. Madamu a Arch ndi oyenera kumadera ang'onoang'ono komanso aatali a canyon, omwe ali ndi maubwino monga kuchepa kwa nthaka komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino a zivomezi.
3. Damu la miyala ya Earth-rock: Ndi mtundu wa damu womwe umapangidwa ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa nthaka ndi miyala, ndipo mkati mwake mumagwiritsa ntchito njira zoletsa madzi kuti asatayike. Madamu a miyala ya Earth amadya simenti yocheperako ndi zinthu zina, koma zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti amalize kulimba kwa madamuwo. Madamu a miyala ya Earth ndi oyenera madera omwe ali ndi madzi athyathyathya komanso mapiri.
4. Damu la Diversion: Ndi kagawo kakang’ono kamene kamagwiritsa ntchito kutsogolera madzi oyenda, ndipo kaonekedwe kake ndi kamangidwe kake n’kosiyana ndi ka damu. Madamu opatulira nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pakati pa mitsinje kuti apatutse madzi kupita kumalo opangira magetsi kapena kuthirira. Damu la diversion nthawi zambiri limakhala lotsika ndipo zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimakhalanso zopepuka.
Ponseponse, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madamu opangira magetsi amadzi ali ndi zochitika zake komanso zabwino ndi zovuta zake. Kusankhidwa kwa madamu amtundu wanji kukuyenera kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri m'dera lanu, hydrological ndi nyengo, ndi zina zenizeni.
Dongosolo la malo opangira magetsi amadzi nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo magawo awa:
1. Dala losungiramo madzi: lomwe lili ndi udindo wosunga magwero a madzi ndi kupereka madzi ofunikira popangira magetsi.
2. Malo otulutsa madzi osefukira: amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutuluka kwa dziwe, kuonetsetsa kuti malo osungiramo madzi akuyenda bwino, komanso kupewa kuchitika kwa masoka monga kusefukira kwa madzi.
3. Diversion System: Yambitsani madzi ochokera m'malo osungiramo magetsi kuti apange magetsi. Dongosolo losinthira madzi limaphatikizapo zida monga kulowetsa madzi, njira yolowera, mapaipi othamanga, ndi valavu yowongolera.
4. Seti ya jenereta: chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mphamvu yamadzi yomwe idayambitsidwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.
5. Njira yotumizira: Magetsi opangidwa ndi jenereta amaperekedwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito.
6. Dongosolo loyang'anira: Dongosolo lomwe limayang'anira, kuyang'anira, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a malo opangira mphamvu yamadzi, kuphatikiza makina owongolera, zida zowunikira, ndi makina owongolera makompyuta.
Zolinga pakuwunidwa kwa chuma cha malo opangira magetsi amadzi ndi izi:
1. Kumene kuli malo opangira mphamvu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi: Malo omwe masiteshoni opangira mphamvu zamagetsi amachokera kumadzi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza kufunikira kwake. Pakhoza kukhala kusiyana kwakukulu m'malo amsika ndi chithandizo cha mfundo zomwe malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi amakumana nawo m'malo osiyanasiyana, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa bwino.
2. Magawo aukadaulo a malo opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi: Mphamvu yoyikidwa, mutu wamadzi, kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe ndi zina zaukadaulo zamagawo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi zimakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu yawo yopangira magetsi komanso phindu lachuma, ndipo zimafunikira kumvetsetsa bwino komanso kuunika kwasayansi.
3. Mkhalidwe wolumikizira ma gridi: Mkhalidwe wolumikizira ma gridi pamalo opangira magetsi amadzi umakhudza kwambiri ndalama zopangira magetsi awo komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito, ndipo ndikofunikira kuganizira mozama zinthu monga kukhazikika kwa gridi, kutalika kwa mzere wotumizira magetsi, ndi mphamvu ya ma transfoma.
4. Kasamalidwe ka ntchito ndi kukonza: Mkhalidwe wa zida, malo osamalira, ndi zolemba zachitetezo cha malo opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndizizindikiro zofunika zowunikira mtengo wake, komanso kuyang'anira ndi kuunika kwathunthu ndikofunikira.
5. Ndondomeko ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake
6. Zachuma: Mkhalidwe wachuma wa malo opangira magetsi amadzi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza mtengo wake, kuphatikiza ndalama, ndalama, ndalama zogwirira ntchito, ndalama zopangira magetsi, ndi zina.
7. Mpikisano: Mpikisano wamsika momwe malo opangira magetsi amapangira magetsi adzakhalanso ndi zotsatira zosiyanirana pazachuma komanso momwe msika uliri. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino momwe msika ulili wopikisana nawo komanso momwe akupikisana nawo.
Mwachidule, kuwunika kwachuma kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kumayenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo, kusanthula mozama ndikuzindikira kufunikira kwake.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-06-2023
