Kuyambira pachiyambi cha zaka za m'ma 2000, chitukuko chokhazikika chakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri kwa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi. Asayansi akhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti aphunzire momwe angagwiritsire ntchito bwino komanso moyenera zinthu zachilengedwe kuti apindule anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, kupanga mphamvu za mphepo ndi ukadaulo wina pang'onopang'ono kwalowa m'malo mwa kupanga mphamvu zachikhalidwe zotentha.
Ndiye, kodi ukadaulo wamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China wafika pamlingo wotani tsopano? Kodi padziko lonse lapansi pali pamlingo wotani? Kodi kufunika kwa kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi n'kotani? Anthu ambiri sangamvetse. Uku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zokha. Kodi kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu chonchi? Ponena za mfundo iyi, tiyenera kuyamba ndi chiyambi cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi.
Chiyambi cha Mphamvu ya Magesi Yochokera ku Madzi
Ndipotu, bola ngati mukumvetsa bwino mbiri ya chitukuko cha anthu, mudzamvetsa kuti mpaka pano, chitukuko chonse cha anthu chakhala chikuyang'ana pa zinthu zofunika. Makamaka mu kusintha koyamba kwa mafakitale ndi Kusintha Kwachiwiri kwa Mafakitale, kubuka kwa zinthu za malasha ndi mafuta kunapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha anthu chifulumire kwambiri.
Mwatsoka, ngakhale kuti zinthu ziwirizi zimathandiza kwambiri anthu, zilinso ndi zovuta zambiri. Kuwonjezera pa makhalidwe ake osasinthika, momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira nthawi zonse yakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri yomwe imavutitsa kafukufuku wa chitukuko cha anthu. Pokumana ndi vutoli, asayansi akufufuza njira zasayansi komanso zothandiza kwambiri, pamene akuyesera kuona ngati pali magwero atsopano a mphamvu omwe angalowe m'malo mwa zinthu ziwirizi.
Komanso, ndi kupita ndi chitukuko cha nthawi, asayansi amakhulupiriranso kuti mphamvu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kudzera munjira zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala. Kodi mphamvu zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito? Ndi chifukwa cha izi kuti mphamvu yamadzi, mphamvu ya mphepo, mphamvu ya geothermal ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa zalowa m'masomphenya a anthu.
Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi m'madzi chinayamba kalekale. Potengera chitsanzo cha njira yoyendetsera madzi yomwe yawonekera kangapo m'mbiri yathu ya ku China. Kubwera kwa chipangizochi ndi chizindikiro cha momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito madzi moyenera. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi, anthu amatha kusintha mphamvu imeneyi kukhala zinthu zina.
Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za m'ma 1930, makina opangira ma elekitiroma oyendetsedwa ndi manja anaonekera mwalamulo m'maso mwa anthu, ndipo asayansi anayamba kuganizira momwe angapangire makina opangira ma elekitiroma kugwira ntchito bwino popanda anthu. Komabe, panthawiyo, asayansi sanathe kulumikiza mphamvu ya kinetic ya madzi ndi mphamvu ya kinetic yomwe makina opangira ma elekitiroma amafunikira, zomwe zinachedwetsanso kufika kwa mphamvu ya madzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mpaka mu 1878, mwamuna wina wa ku Britain dzina lake William Armstrong, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lake laukadaulo komanso chuma chake, pomaliza pake adapanga jenereta yoyamba yamagetsi yogwiritsidwa ntchito panyumba pake. Pogwiritsa ntchito makina amenewa, William anayatsa magetsi a nyumba yake ngati katswiri.
Pambuyo pake, anthu ambiri anayamba kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndi madzi ngati gwero la mphamvu zothandizira anthu kupanga magetsi ndikusintha mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi, zomwe zakhalanso mutu waukulu wa chitukuko cha anthu kwa nthawi yayitali. Masiku ano, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zakhala imodzi mwa njira zachilengedwe zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zonse zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi, magetsi operekedwa ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndi odabwitsa.
Chitukuko ndi Mkhalidwe Wamakono wa Mphamvu ya Madzi ku China
Pobwerera kudziko lathu, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi anaonekera mochedwa kwambiri. Kale mu 1882, Edison anakhazikitsa njira yoyamba yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi padziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito nzeru zake, ndipo mphamvu yopangidwa ndi madzi ku China inayamba kukhazikitsidwa mu 1912. Chofunika kwambiri, malo ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Shilongba anamangidwa ku Kunming, Yunnan panthawiyo, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa ku Germany, pomwe China inkangotumiza anthu kuti akathandize.
Pambuyo pake, ngakhale kuti China idayesetsanso kumanga malo osiyanasiyana opangira magetsi m'dziko lonselo, cholinga chachikulu chinali chitukuko cha malonda. Komanso, chifukwa cha momwe zinthu zinalili m'dzikomo panthawiyo, ukadaulo wamagetsi ndi zida zamakaniko zinkangotumizidwa kuchokera kunja, zomwe zidapangitsanso kuti magetsi amadzi aku China azikhala otsalira m'maiko ena otukuka padziko lonse lapansi.
Mwamwayi, pamene New China idakhazikitsidwa mu 1949, dzikolo lidaika patsogolo kwambiri mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi. Makamaka poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena, China ili ndi gawo lalikulu komanso zinthu zapadera zamagetsi zamadzi, mosakayikira ubwino wachilengedwe pakukulitsa mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi.
Muyenera kudziwa kuti si mitsinje yonse yomwe ingakhale gwero la mphamvu zopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi. Ngati panalibe madontho akuluakulu amadzi othandizira, pakadakhala kofunikira kupanga madontho amadzi mwaluso pa ngalande ya mtsinje. Koma mwanjira imeneyi, sikuti idzangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri za anthu ndi zinthu zina, komanso zotsatira zake zomaliza za kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi zidzachepa kwambiri.
Koma dziko lathu ndi losiyana. China ili ndi Mtsinje wa Yangtze, Mtsinje wa Yellow, Mtsinje wa Lancang, ndi Mtsinje wa Nu, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, pomanga siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi, timangofunika kusankha malo oyenera ndikupanga zosintha zina.
Kuyambira m'ma 1950 mpaka m'ma 1960, cholinga chachikulu cha kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China chinali kumanga malo atsopano opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi potengera kukonza ndi kukonza malo omwe alipo kale opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970, pamene chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi chinali kutha, China inayamba kuyesa kumanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndikupititsa patsogolo mitsinje yambiri.
Pambuyo pa kusintha ndi kutsegulira, dzikolo lidzawonjezeranso ndalama mu magetsi amadzi. Poyerekeza ndi malo operekera magetsi amadzi am'mbuyomu, China yayamba kutsatira malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi amadzi okhala ndi mphamvu zopangira magetsi amphamvu komanso ntchito yabwino kwa anthu. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, ntchito yomanga damu la Three Gorges inayamba mwalamulo, ndipo zinatenga zaka 15 kuti likhale malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi amadzi padziko lonse lapansi. Ichi ndi chizindikiro chabwino kwambiri cha zomangamanga za China komanso mphamvu ya dziko.
Kumangidwa kwa Damu la Three Gorges ndikokwanira kusonyeza kuti ukadaulo wamagetsi amadzi ku China mosakayikira wafika patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi. Kupatula Damu la Three Gorges, mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi ku China zimayimira 41% ya mphamvu zamagetsi zamadzi padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa ukadaulo wambiri wokhudzana ndi hydraulic, asayansi aku China apambana mavuto ovuta kwambiri.
Komanso, pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, ndikokwanira kuwonetsa ubwino wa makampani opanga magetsi amadzi ku China. Deta ikuwonetsa kuti poyerekeza ndi dziko lina lililonse padziko lapansi, mwayi ndi nthawi ya kuzima kwa magetsi ku China ndi zochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu cha vutoli ndi kulimba mtima ndi kulimba kwa zomangamanga za magetsi amadzi ku China.
Kufunika kwa mphamvu ya madzi
Ndikukhulupirira kuti aliyense akumvetsa bwino thandizo lomwe magetsi amadzi amapereka kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, poganiza kuti magetsi amadzi padziko lonse lapansi atha panthawiyi, madera oposa theka la dziko lapansi sadzakhala ndi magetsi konse.
Komabe, anthu ambiri sakumvetsabe kuti ngakhale kuti magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi othandiza kwambiri kwa anthu, kodi ndikofunikiradi kuti tipitirize kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi? Kupatula apo, ganizirani za kumanga kwachilendo kwa siteshoni yamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku Lop Nur mwachitsanzo. Kutsekedwa kosalekeza kunapangitsa kuti mitsinje ina iume ndikutha.
Ndipotu, chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chachititsa kuti mitsinje yozungulira Lop Nur iwonongeke ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso madzi ndi anthu m'zaka zana zapitazi, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mphamvu ya madzi yokha. Kufunika kwa mphamvu ya madzi sikungowoneka kokha popereka magetsi okwanira kwa anthu. Mofanana ndi ulimi wothirira, kuwongolera ndi kusunga madzi, komanso kutumiza katundu, zonse zimadalira thandizo la uinjiniya wa hydraulic.
Tangoganizirani kuti popanda thandizo la damu la Three Gorges ndi kuphatikiza madzi pakati, ulimi wozungulira ukanapitirirabe kukhala wosakhazikika komanso wosagwira ntchito bwino. Poyerekeza ndi chitukuko cha ulimi cha masiku ano, madzi omwe ali pafupi ndi Three Gorges "adzawonongeka"
Ponena za kuchepetsa kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kusunga madzi, Damu la Three Gorges lathandizanso kwambiri anthu. Tinganene kuti bola Damu la Three Gorges silisuntha, anthu okhala m'derali sayenera kuda nkhawa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Mutha kusangalala ndi magetsi okwanira ndi madzi ambiri, komanso kukupatsani mtendere wamumtima pazinthu zamoyo.
Mphamvu yamadzi yokha ndiyo njira yogwiritsira ntchito bwino madzi. Popeza ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zongowonjezekekanso m'chilengedwe, ndi imodzi mwa magwero amphamvu kwambiri ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za anthu. Idzaposa malingaliro a anthu.
Tsogolo la Mphamvu Zongowonjezedwanso
Pamene kuipa kwa mafuta ndi malasha kukuonekera kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe kwakhala nkhani yaikulu ya chitukuko m'nthawi ino. Makamaka malo akale opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale, ngakhale kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri kuti apereke mphamvu zochepa, mosakayikira adzawononga kwambiri chilengedwe, zomwe zinapangitsanso kuti malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale achotsedwe pa siteji yakale.
Mu mkhalidwe uwu, njira zatsopano zopangira mphamvu monga mphamvu ya mphepo ndi mphamvu ya geothermal, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi zopangira mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi, zakhala njira zazikulu zofufuzira mayiko padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Dziko lililonse likuyembekezera thandizo lalikulu lomwe zinthu zosinthika zokhazikika zingapereke kwa anthu.
Komabe, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili pano, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zikadali pamwamba pa zinthu zongowonjezedwanso. Kumbali imodzi, izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kusakhwima kwa ukadaulo wopanga magetsi, monga kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mphepo, komanso kuchuluka kochepa kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito; Kumbali ina, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zimangofunika kuchepa ndipo sizingakhudzidwe ndi malo ambiri achilengedwe osalamulirika.
Chifukwa chake, njira yopita ku chitukuko chokhazikika cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ndi yayitali komanso yovuta, ndipo anthu akufunikabe kukhala oleza mtima mokwanira kuti athane ndi vutoli. Mwanjira imeneyi chilengedwe chomwe chinawonongeka kale chingabwezeretsedwe pang'onopang'ono.
Poganizira mbiri yonse ya chitukuko cha anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kwathandiza anthu kwambiri kuposa momwe anthu angaganizire. Mwina kale, tinachita zolakwa zambiri ndipo tinawononga chilengedwe, koma masiku ano, zonsezi zikusintha pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso chili chowala kwambiri.
Chofunika kwambiri, pamene mavuto ambiri aukadaulo akuchulukirachulukira, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu ndi anthu kakukwera pang'onopang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri apanga mitundu yambiri ya ma turbine amphepo pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, koma ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti kupanga magetsi amphepo mtsogolo kungathe kupanga magetsi kudzera mu kugwedezeka.
Zachidziwikire, sizowona kunena kuti magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi alibe zovuta. Pomanga malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, ntchito zazikulu zomanga nthaka ndi ndalama zokhazikika sizingapeweke. Poyambitsa kusefukira kwa madzi, dziko lililonse liyenera kulipira ndalama zambiri zosinthira malo okhala.
Chofunika kwambiri, ngati kumanga siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi kwalephera, zotsatira zake pa madera omwe ali pansi pa mtsinje ndi zomangamanga zidzapitirira kwambiri malingaliro a anthu. Chifukwa chake, musanamange siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti mapangidwe ndi zomangamanga zaukadaulo zakwaniritsidwa, komanso mapulani adzidzidzi a ngozi. Mwanjira imeneyi yokha ndi pomwe malo opangira magetsi amadzi angakhaliredi mapulojekiti omanga omwe amapindulitsa anthu.
Mwachidule, tsogolo la chitukuko chokhazikika ndilofunika kuliyembekezera, ndipo mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti anthu ali okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi mphamvu zokwanira pa izi. Pankhani ya mphamvu zamagetsi, anthu apambana kwambiri, ndipo sitepe yotsatira ndikungowonjezera pang'onopang'ono kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zachilengedwe.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-23-2023
