Kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 21, chitukuko chokhazikika chakhala chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri maiko padziko lonse lapansi. Asayansi akhala akuyesetsanso kufufuza mmene angagwiritsire ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe moyenerera komanso moyenera kuti zithandize anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo ndi njira zina zaumisiri pang’onopang’ono zalowa m’malo mwa mphamvu yachikale yopangira magetsi.
Ndiye, kodi ukadaulo waku China wa hydropower wakula mpaka pano? Kodi mlingo wapadziko lonse ndi wotani? Kodi kufunikira kopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi ndi chiyani? Anthu ambiri sangamvetse. Uku ndikungogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe. Kodi zingakhaledi ndi chiyambukiro chozama chotero? Pankhani iyi, tiyenera kuyamba ndi chiyambi cha hydropower.
Chiyambi cha Mphamvu Zamagetsi
Ndipotu, malinga ngati mukumvetsetsa bwino mbiri ya chitukuko cha anthu, mudzamvetsa kuti mpaka pano, chitukuko chonse cha anthu chimachokera kuzinthu. Makamaka pakusintha koyamba kwa mafakitale ndi Kusintha Kwachiwiri Kwamafakitale, kutuluka kwa chuma cha malasha ndi mafuta amafuta kunathandizira kwambiri chitukuko cha anthu.
Tsoka ilo, ngakhale kuti zinthu ziwirizi ndi zothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu, zilinso ndi zovuta zambiri. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe ake osasinthika, kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe nthawi zonse kwakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri yomwe ikuvutitsa kafukufuku wachitukuko cha anthu. Poyang'anizana ndi mkhalidwe woterewu, asayansi akufufuza njira zowonjezereka za sayansi ndi zothandiza, pamene akuyesera kuona ngati pali mphamvu zatsopano zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwazinthu ziwirizi.
Komanso, m'kupita kwanthawi komanso kukula kwa nthawi, asayansi amakhulupiriranso kuti mphamvu zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kudzera munjira zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala. Kodi mphamvu zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito? Ndi potengera izi pamene mphamvu yamadzi, mphamvu ya mphepo, mphamvu ya geothermal ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa zalowa m'masomphenya a anthu.
Poyerekeza ndi zachilengedwe zina, chitukuko cha mphamvu yamadzi chinayamba kale. Kutengera ma wheel wheel drive omwe awonekera kangapo m'mbiri yathu yaku China monga chitsanzo. Kutuluka kwa chipangizochi ndi chiwonetsero cha momwe anthu amagwiritsira ntchito madzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi, anthu amatha kusintha mphamvuyi kukhala mbali zina.
Pambuyo pake, m’zaka za m’ma 1930, makina oyendera maginito opangidwa ndi manja anaonekera m’maso mwa anthu, ndipo asayansi anayamba kuganiza za mmene angapangire makina a electromagnetic kugwira ntchito bwinobwino popanda anthu. Komabe, panthawiyo, asayansi sanathe kulumikiza mphamvu ya kinetic ya madzi ndi mphamvu ya kinetic yomwe imafunidwa ndi makina a electromagnetic, zomwe zinachedwetsanso kubwera kwa hydropower kwa nthawi yaitali.
Mpaka 1878, mwamuna wina wa ku Britain dzina lake William Armstrong, pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ndi chuma chake, potsirizira pake anapanga jenereta yoyamba yopangira magetsi opangira madzi kuti azigwiritsa ntchito m'nyumba mwake. Pogwiritsa ntchito makinawa, William anayatsa magetsi a m’nyumba mwake ngati katswiri.
Pambuyo pake, anthu ochulukirachulukira anayamba kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za hydropower ndi madzi monga gwero la mphamvu zothandizira anthu kupanga magetsi ndikusintha mphamvu zamagetsi mu mphamvu zamakina zamakina, zomwe zakhalanso mutu waukulu wa chitukuko cha anthu kwa nthawi yaitali. Masiku ano, hydropower yakhala imodzi mwa njira zopangira mphamvu zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi. Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zonse zopangira magetsi, magetsi operekedwa ndi hydropower ndi odabwitsa.
Kukula ndi Mkhalidwe Wamakono wa Hydropower ku China
Kubwerera ku dziko lathu, hydropower kwenikweni anaonekera mochedwa kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa 1882, Edison adakhazikitsa njira yoyamba yamagetsi yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito nzeru zake, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ya China inayamba kukhazikitsidwa mu 1912. Chofunika kwambiri, Shilongba Hydropower Station inamangidwa ku Kunming, Yunnan panthawiyo, pogwiritsa ntchito luso la Germany, pamene China inangotumiza anthu kuti athandize.
Pambuyo pake, ngakhale dziko la China linayesetsanso kumanga malo osiyanasiyana opangira magetsi opangira magetsi m'dziko lonselo, cholinga chachikulu chinali choti atukule malonda. Komanso, chifukwa cha chikoka cha zinthu zapakhomo panthawiyo, ukadaulo wa hydropower ndi zida zamakina zitha kutumizidwa kuchokera kunja, zomwe zidapangitsanso kuti magetsi aku China azikhala kumbuyo kwamayiko otukuka padziko lapansi.
Mwamwayi, pamene New China idakhazikitsidwa mu 1949, dzikolo lidawona kufunika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yamadzi. Makamaka poyerekeza ndi maiko ena, China ili ndi gawo lalikulu komanso mphamvu zapadera za hydropower, mosakayika mwayi wachilengedwe pakukulitsa mphamvu yamadzi.
Muyenera kudziwa kuti si mitsinje yonse yomwe ingakhale gwero la mphamvu zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Ngati panalibe madontho akuluakulu amadzi othandizira, zikanakhala zofunikira kupanga madontho amadzi pamtsinje wamtsinje. Koma mwanjira imeneyi, sizidzangowononga anthu ambiri komanso zinthu zakuthupi, koma zotsatira zomaliza za mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi zidzachepanso kwambiri.
Koma dziko lathu ndi losiyana. China ili ndi mtsinje wa Yangtze, Mtsinje wa Yellow, Mtsinje wa Lancang, ndi Mtsinje wa Nu, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayiko padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi, timangofunika kusankha malo oyenera ndikusintha zina.
Mkati mwa zaka za m’ma 1950 mpaka m’ma 1960, cholinga chachikulu chopangira magetsi opangira magetsi ku China chinali kumanga malo atsopano opangira magetsi pamadzi potengera kukonza ndi kukonza malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970, ndi kukula kwa chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi, dziko la China linayamba kuyesa kumanga malo opangira magetsi ochulukirapo ndikupanga mitsinje ingapo.
Pambuyo pa kusintha ndi kutsegula, dziko lidzawonjezeranso ndalama zopangira mphamvu zamagetsi. Poyerekeza ndi malo opangira magetsi amadzi am'mbuyomu, dziko la China layamba kugwiritsa ntchito malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira magetsi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zopangira mphamvu komanso ntchito zabwino zopezera ndalama za anthu. M’zaka za m’ma 1990, ntchito yomanga Damu la Three Gorges inayamba mwalamulo, ndipo zinatenga zaka 15 kuti ikhale siteshoni yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse yopangira mphamvu zamadzi. Ichi ndiye chiwonetsero chabwino kwambiri cha zomangamanga zaku China komanso mphamvu zolimba za dziko.
Kumangidwa kwa Damu la Three Gorges ndikokwanira kusonyeza kuti ukadaulo wa China wopangira mphamvu zamagetsi mosakayika wafika patsogolo padziko lonse lapansi. Osanenapo kupatula Damu la Three Gorges, mphamvu zopangira magetsi ku China ndi 41% ya mphamvu zopangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa matekinoloje ambiri okhudzana ndi ma hydraulic, asayansi aku China athana ndi mavuto ovuta kwambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, ndizokwanira kuwonetsa kupambana kwamakampani aku China opangira mphamvu zamagetsi. Deta ikuwonetsa kuti poyerekeza ndi dziko lina lililonse padziko lapansi, mwayi ndi nthawi yakuzima kwa magetsi ku China ndizochepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndi umphumphu ndi mphamvu za zomangamanga za hydropower ku China.
Kufunika kwa hydropower
Ndikukhulupirira kuti aliyense amamvetsetsa bwino thandizo lomwe mphamvu ya hydropower imabweretsa kwa anthu. Chitsanzo chosavuta, poganiza kuti mphamvu yamadzi padziko lonse lapansi ikutha pakadali pano, oposa theka la zigawo za dziko lapansi sadzakhala ndi magetsi konse.
Komabe, anthu ambiri samamvetsetsabe kuti ngakhale mphamvu yamadzi imathandiza kwambiri anthu, kodi ndikofunikira kuti tipitilize kupanga mphamvu yamadzi? Kupatula apo, tengani zomanga mopenga za malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi ku Lop Nur monga chitsanzo. Kutsekedwa kosalekeza kunachititsa kuti mitsinje ina iume ndi kuzimiririka.
M'malo mwake, chifukwa chachikulu chakutha kwa mitsinje yozungulira Lop Nur ndikugwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso kwa madzi ndi anthu m'zaka zapitazi, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mphamvu yamadzi yokha. Kufunika kwa mphamvu yamagetsi sikumangowonekera popereka magetsi okwanira kwa anthu. Mofanana ndi ulimi wothirira, kulamulira madzi osefukira ndi kusunga, ndi kutumiza, onse amadalira chithandizo cha hydraulic engineering.
Tangoganizani kuti popanda thandizo la Damu la Three Gorges ndi kuphatikiza kwapakati kwa madzi, ulimi wozungulira ukhoza kukhalabe wabwino komanso wosagwira ntchito bwino. Poyerekeza ndi chitukuko chaulimi chamakono, madzi opezeka pafupi ndi Mitsinje Yatatu “adzawonongeka”
Pankhani yoletsa kusefukira kwa madzi komanso kusunga, Damu la Three Gorges labweretsanso thandizo lalikulu kwa anthu. Tinganene kuti malinga ngati Damu la Three Gorges silisuntha, anthu ozungulira sayenera kuda nkhawa ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Mukhoza kusangalala ndi magetsi okwanira ndi madzi ochuluka, pamene mumapereka mtendere wamaganizo pazinthu zamoyo.
Mphamvu ya hydropower yokha ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi. Monga imodzi mwazinthu zongowonjezedwanso m'chilengedwe, ilinso imodzi mwamagwero amphamvu kwambiri ogwiritsira ntchito anthu. Idzapambanadi malingaliro aumunthu.
Tsogolo la Mphamvu Zongowonjezwdwa
Pamene kuipa kwa mafuta ndi malasha kukuchulukirachulukira, kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe kwakhala mutu waukulu wachitukuko masiku ano. Makamaka malo opangira magetsi opangira mafuta oyaka kale, ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri kuti apereke mphamvu zochepa, mosakayikira adzawononga kwambiri chilengedwe, zomwe zinakakamizanso malo opangira magetsi kuti achoke m'mbiri yakale.
Pamenepa, njira zatsopano zopangira magetsi monga mphamvu ya mphepo ndi mphamvu ya geothermal, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi zopangira magetsi opangira madzi, zakhala njira zazikulu zofufuzira za mayiko padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano komanso kwa nthawi yaitali. Dziko lililonse likuyembekezera thandizo lalikulu lomwe zinthu zongowonjezereka zingaperekedwe kwa anthu.
Komabe, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri pano, mphamvu ya hydropower ikadali yoyamba pakati pa zida zongowonjezwdwa. Kumbali imodzi, izi ndi chifukwa cha kusakhwima kwa luso la kupanga magetsi, monga kupanga magetsi a mphepo, ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito; Kumbali ina, mphamvu yamadzi imangofunika kutsika ndipo sidzakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chochuluka chosalamulirika.
Choncho, njira yopita ku chitukuko chokhazikika cha mphamvu zowonjezereka ndi yaitali komanso yovuta, ndipo anthu amafunikabe kukhala ndi chipiriro chokwanira kuti athane ndi nkhaniyi. Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe malo omwe adawonongeka kale angabwezeretsedwe pang'onopang'ono.
Tikayang'ana m'mbuyo pa mbiri yonse ya chitukuko cha anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito chuma kwabweretsa thandizo kwa anthu lomwe anthu sangaganizire. Mwina m'mbuyomu yachitukuko, tapanga zolakwika zambiri ndikuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe, koma masiku ano, zonsezi zikusintha pang'onopang'ono, ndipo chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ndi chowala.
Chofunika koposa, pamene mavuto akuchulukirachulukira aukadaulo akuthetsedwa, kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazinthu ka anthu kakuyenda bwino pang'onopang'ono. Kutengera chitsanzo cha mphamvu yamphepo, akukhulupirira kuti anthu ambiri apanga mitundu yambiri ya ma turbine amphepo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana, koma ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti m'tsogolomu mphamvu zamagetsi zimatha kupanga magetsi kudzera kugwedezeka.
Inde, sizowona kunena kuti mphamvu ya hydropower ilibe zovuta. Pomanga malo opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi, ntchito zazikulu za nthaka ndi konkriti sizingalephereke. Akayambitsa kusefukira kwa madzi, dziko lililonse liyenera kulipira chindapusa chachikulu chokhazikitsanso anthu.
Chofunika koposa, ngati kumanga kwa siteshoni yopangira magetsi kulephera, kukhudzidwa kwa madera akunsi kwa mtsinje ndi zomangamanga kudzaposa momwe anthu angaganizire. Chifukwa chake, musanamange malo opangira magetsi amadzi, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa kapangidwe kaumisiri ndi zomangamanga, komanso mapulani azadzidzidzi angozi. Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe malo opangira magetsi amadzi atha kukhaladi mapulojekiti omwe amapindulitsa anthu.
Mwachidule, tsogolo lachitukuko chokhazikika ndiloyenera kuyang'ana, ndipo chinsinsi chimakhala ngati anthu ali okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi mphamvu zokwanira. Pankhani ya mphamvu yamadzi, anthu apambana kwambiri, ndipo chotsatira ndikungowonjezera pang'onopang'ono kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu zina zachilengedwe.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-23-2023
