Mbiri ya mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi ku China

Siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yamadzi padziko lonse idawonekera ku France mu 1878, komwe idamangidwa siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yamadzi padziko lonse lapansi.
Wopanga Edison nayenso anathandiza pakukula kwa malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi. Mu 1882, Edison anamanga malo opangira magetsi otchedwa Abel Hydropower Station ku Wisconsin, USA.
Poyamba, mphamvu ya malo opangira magetsi a madzi omwe adakhazikitsidwa inali yochepa kwambiri. Mu 1889, malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi anali ku Japan, koma mphamvu yake yokhazikitsidwa inali 48 kW yokha. Komabe, mphamvu yoyikidwa ya malo opangira magetsi a madzi yakula kwambiri. Mu 1892, mphamvu ya malo opangira magetsi a Niagara ku United States inali 44000 kW. Pofika mu 1895, mphamvu yoyikidwa ya malo opangira magetsi a Niagara Hydropower inali itafika 147000 kW.

Pambuyo polowa m'zaka za m'ma 1900, mphamvu zamagetsi m'maiko akuluakulu otukuka zakula mofulumira. Pofika chaka cha 2021, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi zidzafika pa 1360GW.
Mbiri yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya madzi ku China imayambira zaka zoposa 2000 zapitazo, pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kuyendetsa mawilo amadzi, mphero zamadzi, ndi mphero zamadzi popanga ndi kukhala ndi moyo.
Siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yochokera ku madzi ku China inamangidwa mu 1904. Inali Siteshoni yamagetsi yochokera ku Guishan yomwe inamangidwa ndi ankhondo aku Japan ku Taiwan, China.
Siteshoni yoyamba yamagetsi yomangidwa ku China Mainland inali Shilongba Hydropower Station ku Kunming, yomwe idayambitsidwa mu Ogasiti 1910 ndipo idapanga magetsi mu Meyi 1912, yokhala ndi mphamvu yonse ya 489kW.
M'zaka makumi awiri zotsatira kapena kuposerapo, chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa mkhalidwe wa m'dzikolo, chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China sichinapite patsogolo kwambiri, ndipo malo ochepa okha opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi omwe adamangidwa, nthawi zambiri kuphatikizapo Dongwo Hydropower Station ku Luxian County, Sichuan, Duodi Hydropower Station ku Tibet, ndi Xiadao, Shunchang, ndi Longxi Hydropower Stations ku Fujian.
Nthawi inafika panthawi ya Nkhondo Yotsutsana ndi Japan, pomwe chuma cha m'nyumba chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polimbana ndi nkhanza, ndipo malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono okha ndi omwe anamangidwa m'chigawo chakumwera chakumadzulo, monga Taohuaxi Hydropower Station ku Sichuan ndi Nanqiao Hydropower Station ku Yunnan; M'dera lomwe Japan idali ndi anthu ambiri, Japan yamanga malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu angapo, makamaka Fengman Hydropower Station pa Mtsinje wa Songhua kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Dziko la People's Republic of China lisanakhazikitsidwe, mphamvu yamagetsi yoyikidwa m'madzi ku China inali kufika pa 900000 kW. Komabe, chifukwa cha kutayika komwe kunabwera chifukwa cha nkhondo, pamene dziko la People's Republic of China linakhazikitsidwa, mphamvu yamagetsi yoyikidwa m'madzi ku China inali 363300 kW yokha.
Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa New China, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi alandiridwa chidwi ndi chitukuko chosayerekezeka. Choyamba, mapulojekiti angapo amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi omwe adatsala m'zaka za nkhondo adakonzedwanso ndikumangidwanso; Pofika kumapeto kwa dongosolo loyamba la zaka zisanu, China idamanga ndikumanganso malo 19 opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, ndipo idayamba kupanga ndikumanga mapulojekiti akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi okha. Siteshoni yamagetsi ya Zhejiang Xin'anjiang yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya ma kilowatts 662500 idamangidwa panthawiyi, ndipo ndi siteshoni yoyamba yayikulu yopanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi yomwe idapangidwa, kupangidwa, ndikumangidwa ndi China yokha.
Mu nthawi ya "Great Leap Forward", mapulojekiti atsopano amagetsi amadzi ku China adafika 11.862 miliyoni kW. Mapulojekiti ena sanawonetsedwe mokwanira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mapulojekiti ena ayimitse ntchito yomanga atayamba. M'zaka zitatu zotsatira za masoka achilengedwe, mapulojekiti ambiri adayimitsidwa kapena kuimitsidwa. Mwachidule, kuyambira 1958 mpaka 1965, chitukuko cha magetsi amadzi ku China chinali chovuta kwambiri. Komabe, malo 31 opangira magetsi amadzi, kuphatikizapo Xin'anjiang ku Zhejiang, Xinfengjiang ku Guangdong, ndi Xijin ku Guangxi, nawonso adayikidwa kuti apange magetsi. Ponseponse, makampani opanga magetsi amadzi ku China afika pamlingo winawake wa chitukuko.
Nthawi yafika ya nthawi ya "Chisinthiko Chachikhalidwe". Ngakhale kuti kumanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kwasokonezedwanso kwambiri, chisankho chanzeru pa kumanga mzere wachitatu chaperekanso mwayi wosowa kwambiri pakukula kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kumadzulo kwa China. Munthawi imeneyi, malo 40 opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, kuphatikizapo Liujiaxia ku Gansu Province ndi Gongzui ku Sichuan Province, adayikidwa kuti apange magetsi. Mphamvu yoyikidwa ya Liujiaxia Hydropower Station idafika 1.225 miliyoni kW, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale malo oyamba opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China okhala ndi mphamvu yoyikidwa yoposa miliyoni imodzi kW. Munthawi imeneyi, malo oyamba osungira magetsi opangidwa ndi pompu ku China, Gangnan, Hebei, adamangidwanso. Nthawi yomweyo, mapulojekiti 53 akuluakulu ndi apakatikati amagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi adayambitsidwa kapena kuyambiranso panthawiyi. Mu 1970, Gezhouba Project yokhala ndi mphamvu yoyikidwa ya 2.715 miliyoni kW idayamba, zomwe zidayambitsa ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi pamtsinje waukulu wa Yangtze.
Pambuyo pa kutha kwa "Chisinthiko cha Chikhalidwe", makamaka pambuyo pa Msonkhano Wachitatu wa Komiti Yaikulu ya 11, makampani opanga magetsi amadzi ku China alowanso mu gawo la chitukuko chofulumira. Mapulojekiti angapo opanga magetsi amadzi monga Gezhouba, Wujiangdu, ndi Baishan afulumira, ndipo Siteshoni yamagetsi yamadzi ya Longyangxia yokhala ndi mphamvu ya unit ya 320000 kW yayamba ntchito yomanga. Pambuyo pake, mu mphepo ya masika yokonzanso ndi kutsegulira, njira yomanga magetsi amadzi ku China yakhala ikusintha nthawi zonse komanso kupanga zatsopano, kusonyeza mphamvu zazikulu. Panthawiyi, malo osungira magetsi opompedwa nawonso adapanga chitukuko chachikulu, ndi gawo loyamba la kupompedwa ndi kusungira ku Panjiakou, Hebei, ndi Guangzhou likuyamba; Mphamvu yaying'ono yamadzi ikukulanso, ndi kukhazikitsa gulu loyamba la madera 300 opangira magetsi amadzi akumidzi; Ponena za magetsi akuluakulu opangidwa ndi madzi, kumanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, monga Tianshengqiao Class II yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 1.32 miliyoni kW, Guangxi Yantan yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 1.21 miliyoni kW, Yunnan Manwan yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 1.5 miliyoni kW, ndi Lijiaxia Hydropower Station yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 2 miliyoni kW, kwayamba motsatizana. Nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri am'dziko adakonzedwa kuti awonetse mitu 14 ya Malo Opangira Magetsi Opangidwa ndi Madzi a Three Gorges, ndipo ntchito yomanga Nyumba Zazikulu za Three Gorges idayikidwa pa mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zidzachitike.
M'zaka khumi zapitazi za m'ma 1900, ntchito yomanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China yakula mofulumira. Mu Seputembala 1991, ntchito yomanga Siteshoni ya Mphamvu ya Madzi ya Ertan ku Panzhihua, Sichuan, inayamba. Pambuyo pa mikangano yambiri ndi kukonzekera, mu Disembala 1994, ntchito yomanga Siteshoni ya Mphamvu ya Madzi ya Three Gorges inayamba mwalamulo. Ponena za malo osungira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, Manda a Ming ku Beijing (800000kW), Tianhuangping ku Zhejiang (1800000kW), ndi gawo lachiwiri la Guangzhou losungira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi (12000000kW) nawonso ayambitsidwa motsatizana; Ponena za mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono, ntchito yomanga magulu achiwiri ndi achitatu a zigawo zamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kumidzi yakhazikitsidwa. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, mphamvu yokhazikika ya mphamvu yamadzi ku China yawonjezeka ndi 38.39 miliyoni kW.
M'zaka khumi zoyambirira za m'ma 2000, pali malo opangira magetsi akuluakulu 35 omwe akumangidwa, okhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira pafupifupi 70 miliyoni kW, kuphatikiza malo ambiri opangira magetsi akuluakulu monga a Three Gorges Project a 22.4 miliyoni kW ndi a Xiluodu a 12.6 miliyoni kW. Munthawi imeneyi, avareji ya ma kW opitilira 10 miliyoni yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse. Chaka cha mbiri yakale kwambiri ndi cha 2008, pomwe gawo lomaliza la malo opangira magetsi a Three Gorges Project lamanja linalumikizidwa mwalamulo ku gridi kuti lipange magetsi, ndipo mayunitsi onse 26 a malo opangira magetsi a Three Gorges Project omwe adapangidwa poyamba kumanzere ndi kumanja adayikidwa.
Kuyambira zaka khumi zachiwiri za m'ma 2000, malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi pamtsinje waukulu wa Jinsha akhala akupangidwa motsatizana ndipo nthawi zonse amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi. Malo Opangira Magetsi a Xiluodu okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 12.6 miliyoni kW, Xiangjiaba yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 6.4 miliyoni kW, Malo Opangira Magetsi a Baihetan okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya yuan 12 miliyoni, Malo Opangira Magetsi a Wudongde okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya yuan 10.2 miliyoni, ndi malo ena akuluakulu opangira magetsi agwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi. Pakati pawo, mphamvu yokhazikika ya Baihetan Hydropower Station yafika pa 1 miliyoni kW, kufika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ponena za malo osungira magetsi opompedwa, pofika mu 2022, panali malo osungira magetsi opompedwa 70 okha omwe anali kumangidwa m'dera logwirira ntchito la State Grid of China, okhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya ma kilowatts 85.24 miliyoni, omwe anali nthawi 3.2 ndi nthawi 4.1 kuposa a 2012, motsatana. Pakati pawo, Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station ndiye malo akuluakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi osungiramo zinthu zopopera, okhala ndi mphamvu zonse zoyika ma kilowatts 3.6 miliyoni.
Ndi kupititsa patsogolo kosalekeza cholinga cha "dual carbon" komanso kulimbitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitukuko cha magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ku China chikukumananso ndi zinthu zatsopano. Choyamba, malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi omwe ali m'malo otetezedwa apitiliza kutsika ndi kutsekedwa, ndipo chachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo mu mphamvu yatsopano yomwe yakhazikitsidwa kudzapitirira kukwera, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya madzi kudzachepa mofanana; Pomaliza, tidzayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga mapulojekiti akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, ndipo sayansi ndi nzeru za mapulojekiti omanga zidzapitirira kukwera.