Mbiri ya hydropower ku China

Malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi oyambilira padziko lonse lapansi adawonekera ku France mu 1878, pomwe malo oyamba opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi adamangidwa.
Woyambitsa Edison adathandiziranso kuti pakhale malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi. Mu 1882, Edison anamanga Abel Hydropower Station ku Wisconsin, USA.
Pachiyambi, mphamvu ya malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi oyambira inali yochepa kwambiri. Mu 1889, malo opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi anali ku Japan, koma mphamvu yake yoyika inali 48 kW. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi apita patsogolo kwambiri. Mu 1892, mphamvu ya Niagara Hydropower Station ku United States inali 44000 kW. Pofika m'chaka cha 1895, mphamvu ya Niagara Hydropower Station inali itakwana 147000 kW.

Pambuyo polowa m'zaka za zana la 20, mphamvu zamagetsi m'mayiko akuluakulu otukuka zapeza chitukuko chofulumira. Pofika mchaka cha 2021, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi idzafika pa 1360GW.
Mbiri yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yamadzi ku China ikhoza kuyambika zaka zoposa 2000 zapitazo, pogwiritsa ntchito madzi kuyendetsa mawilo a madzi, mphero zamadzi, ndi mphero zamadzi kuti apange ndi moyo.
Malo oyambirira opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ku China anamangidwa mu 1904. Inali Guishan Hydropower Station yomangidwa ndi adani a ku Japan ku Taiwan, China.
Malo oyamba opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ku China anali Shilongba Hydropower Station ku Kunming, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu Ogasiti 1910 ndikutulutsa mphamvu mu Meyi 1912, yokhala ndi mphamvu zokwana 489kW.
M'zaka makumi awiri zotsatira, chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwa zochitika zapakhomo, chitukuko cha magetsi ku China sichinapite patsogolo kwambiri, ndipo masiteshoni ochepa opangira magetsi opangira madzi adamangidwa, kuphatikizapo Dongwo Hydropower Station ku Luxian County, Sichuan, Duodi Hydropower Station ku Tibet, ndi Xiadao, Shunchang, ndi Longxi Hydropower Station ku Fujian Station.
Nthawi inafika pa Nkhondo Yotsutsana ndi Japan, pamene chuma chapakhomo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kukana nkhanza, ndipo malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono okha anamangidwa kumadera akumwera chakumadzulo, monga Taohuaxi Hydropower Station ku Sichuan ndi Nanqiao Hydropower Station ku Yunnan; M'dera la Japan, Japan yamanga malo angapo akuluakulu opangira mphamvu zamagetsi, makamaka Fengman Hydropower Station pamtsinje wa Songhua kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China.
Dziko la People's Republic of China lisanakhazikitsidwe, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu yamadzi ku China Mainland idafika 900000 kW. Komabe, chifukwa cha zotayika zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo, pomwe People's Republic of China idakhazikitsidwa, mphamvu yamagetsi yamadzi ku China inali 363300 kW yokha.
Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa New China, hydropower yalandira chidwi ndi chitukuko chomwe sichinachitikepo. Choyamba, mapulojekiti angapo opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi otsala m'zaka zankhondo akonzedwa ndikumangidwanso; Pofika kumapeto kwa pulani yoyamba ya zaka zisanu, dziko la China linali litamanga ndi kumanganso masiteshoni 19 opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi, ndipo lidayambanso kupanga ndi kupanga mapulojekiti akuluakulu opangira magetsi pawokha. Zhejiang Xin'anjiang Hydropower Station yokhala ndi mphamvu yoyikapo 662500 kilowatts idamangidwa panthawiyi, komanso ndi malo oyamba opangira magetsi amadzi opangidwa, kupangidwa, ndikumangidwa ndi China yomwe.
Munthawi ya “Great Leap Forward”, ntchito zopangira magetsi ku China zomwe zidangoyambika kumene zafika 11.862 miliyoni kW. Ntchito zina sizinawonetsedwe mokwanira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ntchito zina zilekedwe zitayamba. M’zaka zitatu zotsatira za masoka achilengedwe, ntchito zambiri zinaimitsidwa kapena kuimitsidwa. Mwachidule, kuyambira 1958 mpaka 1965, chitukuko cha hydropower ku China chinali chovuta kwambiri. Komabe, malo opangira magetsi okwana 31, kuphatikiza Xin'anjiang ku Zhejiang, Xinfengjiang ku Guangdong, ndi Xijin ku Guangxi, adayikidwanso ntchito yopangira magetsi. Ponseponse, makampani opanga magetsi aku China apeza chitukuko china.
Yafika nthawi ya "Cultural Revolution". Ngakhale kuti ntchito yomanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi yakumananso ndi kusokonezedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu, ganizo la njira yomanga mzere wachitatu waperekanso mwayi wosowa wa chitukuko cha mphamvu ya madzi kumadzulo kwa China. Panthawiyi, malo opangira magetsi okwana 40, kuphatikiza Liujiaxia m'chigawo cha Gansu ndi Gongzui m'chigawo cha Sichuan, adakhazikitsidwa kuti apange magetsi. Mphamvu yoyikapo ya Liujiaxia Hydropower Station idafika pa 1.225 miliyoni kW, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale siteshoni yoyamba yopangira mphamvu zamadzi ku China yokhala ndi mphamvu yopitilira 1 miliyoni kW. Panthawiyi, malo oyamba opangira magetsi aku China, Gangnan, Hebei, adamangidwanso. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mapulojekiti 53 akuluakulu komanso apakati opangira mphamvu yamadzi anayambika kapena kuyambiranso panthawiyi. Mu 1970, Gezhouba Project ndi mphamvu anaika 2.715 miliyoni kW anayamba, chizindikiro chiyambi cha ntchito yomanga malo opangira magetsi pamtsinje waukulu wa Yangtze River.
Pambuyo pa kutha kwa "Cultural Revolution", makamaka pambuyo pa Gawo Lachitatu la Plenary Session ya Komiti Yaikulu ya 11, makampani opanga magetsi ku China adalowanso m'gawo lachitukuko chofulumira. Ma projekiti angapo opangira mphamvu yamadzi monga Gezhouba, Wujiangdu, ndi Baishan apita patsogolo, ndipo Longyangxia Hydropower Station yokhala ndi mphamvu yokwana 320000 kW yayamba ntchito yomanga. Pambuyo pake, m'nyengo yamasika yokonzanso ndikutsegula, njira yomanga magetsi aku China yakhala ikusintha mosalekeza komanso kupanga zatsopano, kuwonetsa mphamvu zazikulu. Panthawi imeneyi, malo opangira magetsi opopera adapezanso chitukuko chachikulu, ndi gawo loyamba la kupopera ndi kusunga ku Panjiakou, Hebei, ndi Guangzhou kuyambira; Mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yamadzi ikukulanso, ndikukhazikitsa gawo loyamba la zigawo 300 zopangira magetsi kumidzi; Pankhani ya mphamvu zazikulu zamadzi, yomanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangira madzi, monga Tianshengqiao Class II yokhala ndi mphamvu yoyika 1.32 miliyoni kW, Guangxi Yantan yokhala ndi mphamvu yoyika 1.21 miliyoni kW, Yunnan Manwan yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 1.5 miliyoni kW, ndi Lijiaxia hydropower yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamiliyoni ya Lijiaxia. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri apakhomo adakonzedwa kuti awonetse mitu 14 ya Malo Opangira Magetsi a Three Gorges Hydropower Station, ndipo ntchito yomanga ya Three Gorges Project inayikidwa pa ndandanda.
M'zaka khumi zapitazi za zaka za m'ma 1900, ntchito yopangira magetsi ku China yapita patsogolo kwambiri. Mu September 1991, ntchito yomanga siteshoni ya Ertan Hydropower Station ku Panzhihua, Sichuan, inayamba. Pambuyo pa kukangana kwakukulu ndi kukonzekera, mu December 1994, Project yapamwamba ya Three Gorges Hydropower Station inayamba mwalamulo. Pankhani ya malo opangira magetsi opopera, manda a Ming ku Beijing (800000kW), Tianhuangping (1800000kW) a Zhejiang, ndi gawo lachiwiri la Guangzhou (12000000kW) ayambikanso motsatizana; Pankhani ya mphamvu yamagetsi yaying'ono yamadzi, ntchito yomanga magawo achiwiri ndi achitatu a zigawo zopangira magetsi m'midzi ya m'midzi yayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu yamagetsi ku China yakwera ndi 38.39 miliyoni kW.
M'zaka khumi zoyambirira za zaka za m'ma 21, pali malo 35 akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira magetsi omwe akumangidwa, okhala ndi mphamvu yokwana pafupifupi 70 miliyoni kW, kuphatikizapo malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangira madzi monga Three Gorges Project's 22.4 miliyoni kW ndi Xiluodu's 12.6 miliyoni kW. Panthawi imeneyi, pafupifupi 10 miliyoni kW akhala akugwira ntchito chaka chilichonse. Chaka chodziwika bwino kwambiri ndi cha 2008, pamene gawo lomaliza la malo opangira magetsi ku banki yakumanja ya Three Gorges Project lidalumikizidwa mwalamulo ku gridi yopangira magetsi, ndipo magawo onse 26 a malo opangira magetsi a banki yakumanzere ndi yakumanja a Project ya Three Gorges adayamba kugwira ntchito.
Kuyambira zaka khumi zachiwiri zazaka za m'ma 2100, malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamtsinje waukulu wa Jinsha apangidwa motsatizana ndipo akugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza popangira magetsi. Xiluodu Hydropower Station yokhala ndi mphamvu zokwana 12.6 miliyoni kW, Xiangjiaba yokhala ndi mphamvu yokwana 6.4 miliyoni kW, Baihetan Hydropower Station yokhala ndi yuan 12 miliyoni, Wudongde Hydropower Station yokhala ndi yuan 10.2 miliyoni, ndi malo ena akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira magetsi. Pakati pawo, gawo limodzi lokha la Baihetan Hydropower Station lafika pa 1 miliyoni kW, Kufika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ponena za malo opangira magetsi opopera, pofika chaka cha 2022, panali malo opangira magetsi okwana 70 okha omwe amamangidwa m'dera la State Grid la China, ndi mphamvu yoyika ma kilowatts miliyoni 85.24, yomwe inali nthawi 3.2 ndi 4.1 nthawi ya 2012, motsatana. Pakati pawo, Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station ndiye malo opangira magetsi opopera padziko lonse lapansi, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zokwana ma kilowatts 3.6 miliyoni.
Ndi kulimbikitsa mosalekeza cholinga cha "dual carbon" komanso kulimbikitsa kosalekeza kwa chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitukuko cha mphamvu yamadzi ku China chikukumananso ndi zovuta zina. Choyamba, malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono omwe ali m'malo otetezedwa apitiliza kutseka ndi kutseka, ndipo chachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zoyendera dzuwa ndi mphepo m'malo omwe angokhazikitsidwa kumene, zipitilira kukula, ndipo gawo la mphamvu zopangira madzi lidzacheperanso; Pomaliza, tiyang'ana kwambiri pomanga mapulojekiti akuluakulu amagetsi amadzi, ndipo sayansi ndi kulingalira kwa ntchito zomanga zipitilira kukula.