Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi ndi imodzi mwa njira zokhwima kwambiri zopangira magetsi, ndipo yakhala ikupanga zatsopano ndikutukuka pakupanga kachitidwe kamagetsi. Zapita patsogolo kwambiri potengera masikelo oima pawokha, mulingo wa zida zaukadaulo, komanso ukadaulo wowongolera. Monga gwero lokhazikika komanso lodalirika lamagetsi oyendetsedwa bwino kwambiri, mphamvu yamadzi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi malo opangira magetsi wamba komanso malo opangira magetsi opopera. Kuwonjezera pa kutumikira monga wothandizira wofunikira wa mphamvu yamagetsi, akhala akugwiranso ntchito yofunikira pakumeta nsonga, kusinthasintha kwafupipafupi, kusintha kwa gawo, chiyambi chakuda, ndi kuyimilira kwadzidzidzi panthawi yonse ya ntchito yamagetsi. Ndi kukula kwachangu kwa magwero amphamvu atsopano monga mphamvu ya mphepo ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kusiyana kwa chigwa m'makina amagetsi ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu zozungulira zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zipangizo, zofunikira monga dongosolo lamagetsi ndi zomangamanga, ntchito zotetezeka, ndi kutumiza kwachuma zikukumana ndi mavuto aakulu, komanso ndizovuta zazikulu zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa pomanga machitidwe atsopano a magetsi. Pankhani ya chuma cha China, mphamvu ya hydropower idzagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamtundu watsopano wamagetsi, ikuyang'anizana ndi zosowa zazikulu zachitukuko ndi mwayi, ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo chachuma chomanga mtundu watsopano wamagetsi.
Kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili pano komanso momwe zinthu zilili pakukula kwamphamvu yamagetsi amadzi
Mkhalidwe wachitukuko chatsopano
Kusintha kwa mphamvu zoyera padziko lonse lapansi kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo gawo la mphamvu zatsopano monga mphamvu yamphepo ndi kupanga magetsi a photovoltaic likuchulukirachulukira. Kukonzekera ndi kumanga, kugwira ntchito motetezeka, ndi ndondomeko ya zachuma ya machitidwe a mphamvu zachikhalidwe akukumana ndi zovuta ndi zovuta zatsopano. Kuchokera mu 2010 mpaka 2021, kuyika kwa mphamvu ya mphepo padziko lonse kunapitirizabe kukula, ndi kukula kwapakati pa 15%; Kukula kwapakati pachaka ku China kwafika 25%; Kukula kwa kuyika kwa magetsi padziko lonse lapansi pazaka 10 zapitazi kwafika 31%. Dongosolo lamagetsi lomwe lili ndi gawo lalikulu la mphamvu zatsopano likuyang'anizana ndi zovuta zazikulu monga kuvutikira kulinganiza kokwanira ndi kufunikira, kuwonjezereka kwa zovuta pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi ngozi zokhazikika zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa inertia yozungulira, komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kufunikira kwa kumeta kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zoyendetsera dongosolo. Ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa pamodzi kuthetsa nkhanizi kuchokera pamagetsi, gridi, ndi mbali zolemetsa. Kupanga magetsi a Hydroelectric ndi gwero lamagetsi lofunikira lomwe limayendetsedwa bwino lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe monga kusinthasintha kwakukulu, kuthamanga kwachangu, komanso magwiridwe antchito osinthika. Lili ndi ubwino wachilengedwe pothetsa mavuto ndi mavuto atsopanowa.
Mulingo wamagetsi ukupitilirabe bwino, ndipo zofunika kuti magetsi azikhala otetezeka komanso odalirika kuchokera ku ntchito zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akupitilira kukula. Pazaka 50 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa magetsi padziko lonse lapansi kukupitilirabe bwino, ndipo gawo la mphamvu zamagetsi pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi likuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. M'malo mwamagetsi amagetsi omwe amaimiridwa ndi magalimoto amagetsi apita patsogolo. Anthu amasiku ano azachuma amadalira kwambiri magetsi, ndipo magetsi akhala njira yopangira ntchito zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mphamvu zotetezedwa ndi zodalirika ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga ndi moyo wa anthu amakono. Kuzimitsidwa kwa magetsi m'madera akuluakulu sikungobweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma, komanso kungayambitse chisokonezo chachikulu. Chitetezo champhamvu chakhala chofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo cha mphamvu, ngakhale chitetezo cha dziko. Utumiki wakunja wa machitidwe atsopano amagetsi umafuna kupititsa patsogolo kosalekeza kwa kudalirika kwa magetsi otetezeka, pamene chitukuko chamkati chikuyang'anizana ndi kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa zinthu zoopsa zomwe zimawopseza kwambiri chitetezo cha mphamvu.
Ukadaulo watsopano ukupitilizabe kuwonekera ndikugwiritsa ntchito m'makina amagetsi, kuwongolera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa luntha komanso zovuta zamakina amagetsi. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa zida zamagetsi zamagetsi m'magawo osiyanasiyana opangira mphamvu, kufalitsa, ndi kugawa kwapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu muzochita zolemetsa ndi machitidwe a dongosolo lamagetsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa magwiridwe antchito amagetsi. Kuyankhulana kwachidziwitso, kuwongolera, ndi matekinoloje anzeru amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagawo onse opanga ndi kasamalidwe kamagetsi. Kuchuluka kwanzeru zamakina amagetsi kwasintha kwambiri, ndipo amatha kusintha kusanthula kwakukulu kwapaintaneti ndi kusanthula zisankho. Kugawidwa kwa magetsi kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi mbali yogwiritsira ntchito makina ogawa pamlingo waukulu, ndipo kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka mphamvu ka gridi kasintha kuchokera ku njira imodzi kupita ku njira ziwiri kapena ngakhale njira zambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zamagetsi zanzeru zikutuluka mumtsinje wopanda malire, mita yanzeru imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa malo olowera magetsi akuchulukirachulukira. Chitetezo cha chidziwitso chakhala chofunikira kwambiri pachiwopsezo chamagetsi.
Kusintha ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu zamagetsi pang'onopang'ono kumalowa m'malo abwino, ndipo malo a ndondomeko monga mitengo yamagetsi ikupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono. Ndi chitukuko chofulumira chachuma cha China komanso anthu, makampani opanga magetsi akumana ndi kudumpha kwakukulu kuchokera ku zazing'ono kupita zazikulu, kuchokera ku zofooka mpaka zamphamvu, komanso kuchokera kutsata kupita patsogolo. Pankhani ya dongosolo, kuchokera ku boma kupita ku bizinesi, kuchokera ku fakitale imodzi kupita ku maukonde amodzi, kulekanitsa mafakitale ndi maukonde, mpikisano wochepetsetsa, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pakukonzekera kupita kumsika kwachititsa kuti pakhale njira yowonjezera mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ili yoyenera pazochitika za dziko la China. Kuthekera kopanga ndi kumanga komanso kuchuluka kwaukadaulo wamagetsi ndi zida zaku China ndizomwe zili m'gulu loyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zizindikiritso za chilengedwe pabizinesi yamagetsi zikuyenda bwino pang'onopang'ono, ndipo njira yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso yotsogola kwambiri yamagetsi yamagetsi idamangidwa ndikuyendetsedwa. Msika wamagetsi waku China ukupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono, ndi njira yomveka bwino yomangira msika wogwirizana wamagetsi kuchokera kumadera akudera kupita kumadera mpaka kumayiko, ndipo watsatira mzere waku China wofunafuna chowonadi. Njira za ndondomeko monga mitengo yamagetsi zakhala zikutsimikiziridwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo njira yamtengo wapatali ya magetsi yoyenera kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zosungirako zopopera yakhazikitsidwa poyamba, ndikupereka malo a ndondomeko kuti azindikire kufunika kwachuma kwa hydropower innovation ndi chitukuko.
Kusintha kwakukulu kwachitika m'malire akukonzekera, kupanga, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu yamadzi. Ntchito yayikulu yokonzekera ndi kapangidwe ka malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi kusankha masikelo amagetsi otheka mwaukadaulo komanso okwera mtengo komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri ndi kuganizira nkhani zokonzekera pulojekiti ya hydropower potengera cholinga chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi. Ndikofunikira kuganizira mozama zofunikira monga kuwongolera kusefukira kwa madzi, kuthirira, kutumiza, ndi kupereka madzi, ndikufananiza bwino kwambiri pazachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi chilengedwe. Pankhani yakupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komanso kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa gawo la mphamvu yamphepo ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic, mphamvu yamagetsi imayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira mphamvu zama hydraulic, kulemeretsa njira yopangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi, ndikutenga gawo lalikulu pakumeta nsonga, kusinthasintha pafupipafupi, ndikusintha masitepe. Zolinga zambiri zomwe sizinali zotheka m'mbuyomu pankhani yaukadaulo, zida, ndi zomangamanga zakhala zotheka mwachuma komanso mwaukadaulo. Njira yoyambirira ya njira imodzi yosungiramo madzi ndi kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi sangathenso kukwaniritsa zofunikira za machitidwe atsopano amagetsi, ndipo m'pofunika kugwirizanitsa njira zosungirako magetsi opopera kuti apititse patsogolo kwambiri mphamvu zoyendetsera magetsi opangira magetsi; Panthawi imodzimodziyo, poganizira zoperewera za magetsi omwe amayendetsedwa ndi nthawi yayitali monga malo osungira magetsi opopera polimbikitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magetsi atsopano monga mphamvu ya mphepo ndi magetsi a photovoltaic, ndi kuvutika kwa ntchito ya magetsi otetezeka komanso okwera mtengo, ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti muwonjezere mphamvu yosungiramo madzi kuti mupititse patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. malasha amachotsedwa.
Zofuna zachitukuko zatsopano
Pakufunika mwachangu kufulumizitsa chitukuko cha mphamvu zopangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, kuwonjezera gawo lamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi munjira yatsopano yamagetsi, ndikuchita nawo gawo lalikulu. M'lingaliro la "dual carbon" cholinga, mphamvu zonse zoyika mphamvu za mphepo ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic zidzafika pa 1.2 biliyoni kilowatts pofika 2030; Zikuyembekezeka kufika pa 5 biliyoni mpaka 6 biliyoni kilowatts mu 2060. M'tsogolomu, padzakhala kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kayendetsedwe kazinthu mu machitidwe atsopano a magetsi, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi ya hydropower ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yoyendetsera magetsi. Ukadaulo wamagetsi wamagetsi waku China utha kupanga mphamvu yoyika ma kilowatts 687 miliyoni. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2021, ma kilowatts 391 miliyoni adapangidwa, ndi chiwongoladzanja cha 57%, chotsika kwambiri kuposa 90% yachitukuko cha mayiko ena otukuka ku Ulaya ndi United States. Poganizira kuti mkombero chitukuko cha ntchito hydropower ndi yaitali (kawirikawiri zaka 5-10), pamene mkombero mkombero wa mphamvu ya mphepo ndi ntchito photovoltaic mphamvu kupanga ndi yochepa (kawirikawiri 0.5-1 zaka, kapena ngakhale wamfupi) ndipo akukula mofulumira, m'pofunika kufulumizitsa patsogolo chitukuko cha ntchito mphamvu ya hydropower, kumaliza iwo posachedwapa, ndi kuchita nawo gawo lawo.
Pakufunika mwachangu kusintha njira yopangira mphamvu yamadzi kuti ikwaniritse zofunikira zatsopano zometa kwambiri pamakina atsopano amagetsi. Pansi pa zopinga za "dual carbon" cholinga, dongosolo lamagetsi lamtsogolo limatsimikizira zofunikira zazikulu za kayendetsedwe ka mphamvu yamagetsi pakumeta kwambiri, ndipo ili si vuto lomwe kukonzekera kusakaniza ndi mphamvu za msika kungathe kuthetsa, koma ndizovuta zaukadaulo. Ntchito zachuma, zotetezeka komanso zokhazikika zamakina amagetsi zitha kupezedwa kokha kudzera muupangiri wamisika, kukonzekera, ndi kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito poganiza kuti ukadaulo ndi zotheka. Pamalo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi omwe akugwira ntchito, pakufunika mwachangu kukhathamiritsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo osungira ndi malo omwe alipo, kuwonjezera ndalama zosinthira pakafunika kutero, ndi kuyesetsa kuwongolera mphamvu zowongolera; Kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi wamba omwe angokonzedwa kumene ndi kumangidwa, ndikofunikira kulingalira za kusintha kwakukulu kwa malire omwe abwera chifukwa cha makina atsopano amagetsi, ndikukonzekera ndi kumanga malo opangira magetsi osinthika komanso osinthika mophatikiza masikelo anthawi yayitali komanso yaifupi malinga ndi momwe zinthu ziliri mdera lanu. Ponena za kusungirako kupopera, zomangamanga ziyenera kufulumizitsidwa pansi pa zomwe zikuchitika panopa pamene mphamvu zoyendetsera nthawi yochepa sizikwanira kwambiri; M'kupita kwa nthawi, kufunikira kwa kachitidwe ka luso lometa kwakanthawi kochepa kuyenera kuganiziridwa ndi dongosolo lake lachitukuko lopangidwa mwasayansi. Kwa malo opangira magetsi amtundu wa pumped storage, m'pofunika kuphatikiza zofunikira za madzi amtundu uliwonse pakusamutsa madzi kudera lonse, monga projekiti yotumizira madzi m'beseni komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zida zoyendetsera mphamvu zamagetsi. Ngati ndi kotheka, zitha kuphatikizidwanso ndikukonzekera kwathunthu ndi kapangidwe ka ntchito zochotsa mchere m'madzi am'nyanja.
Pakufunika kofunika kulimbikitsa kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kuti apange phindu lalikulu lazachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito zachuma ndi zotetezeka za machitidwe atsopano amagetsi. Kutengera ndi cholinga cha chitukuko chazovuta za carbon peak ndi kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni mumagetsi, mphamvu zatsopano pang'onopang'ono zimakhala mphamvu yayikulu pakupanga mphamvu yamagetsi amtsogolo, ndipo gawo la magwero amphamvu a carbon monga mphamvu ya malasha lidzachepa pang'onopang'ono. Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku mabungwe angapo ofufuza, pansi pa zochitika za kuchotsedwa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya malasha, ndi 2060, mphamvu ya China yomwe inayikidwa ya mphamvu ya mphepo ndi mphamvu ya photovoltaic inali pafupifupi 70%; Mphamvu yonse yoyika mphamvu ya hydropower poganizira zosungirako zopopera ndi pafupifupi ma kilowati 800 miliyoni, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 10%. M'tsogolomu mphamvu zamagetsi, hydropower ndi gwero lodalirika komanso losinthika komanso losinthika, lomwe ndi mwala wapangodya wowonetsetsa kuti machitidwe atsopano amagetsi akuyenda bwino, okhazikika komanso azachuma. Ndikofunikira kusuntha kuchoka pa "kupanga mphamvu zopangira mphamvu, kuwongolera kowonjezera" katukuko ndi machitidwe ogwirira ntchito kupita ku "malamulo, kupanga mphamvu zowonjezera". Chifukwa chake, phindu lazachuma la mabizinesi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi liyenera kuwonetseredwa pamtengo wokulirapo, komanso phindu lamakampani opangira magetsi amadzi liyeneranso kukulitsa kwambiri ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa popereka malamulo oyendetsera dongosololi potengera ndalama zoyambirira zopangira magetsi.
M'pofunika mwachangu kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zaukadaulo wamagetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi ndondomeko ndi machitidwe kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti kutukuka koyenera komanso kosatha kwa mphamvu yamadzi. M'tsogolomu, cholinga cha machitidwe atsopano a magetsi ndi chakuti chitukuko chatsopano cha magetsi opangira madzi chiyenera kufulumizitsidwa, ndipo mfundo zamakono zomwe zilipo, ndondomeko, ndi machitidwe ziyeneranso kugwirizana ndi chitukuko chatsopano cholimbikitsa chitukuko chabwino cha mphamvu zamagetsi. Pankhani ya miyeso ndi mafotokozedwe, ndikofunikira kukhathamiritsa miyezo ndi zofunikira pakukonza, mapangidwe, magwiridwe antchito ndi kukonza kutengera kuwonetsa ndi kutsimikizira kwa oyendetsa molingana ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo wamagetsi atsopano opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi, malo opangira magetsi opopera, malo opangira magetsi osakanizidwa, komanso malo opangira magetsi opopera (kuphatikiza malo opopera mphamvu); Pankhani ya ndondomeko ndi machitidwe, pakufunika kofunika kwambiri kuphunzira ndi kupanga ndondomeko zolimbikitsira kuti zitsogolere, kuthandizira, ndi kulimbikitsa chitukuko chatsopano cha mphamvu zamagetsi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pakufunika kofunika kupanga mapangidwe a mabungwe monga mitengo ya msika ndi magetsi kuti atembenuzire makhalidwe atsopano a magetsi a hydropower kukhala phindu lachuma, ndikulimbikitsa mabungwe amakampani kuti azigwira mwakhama ntchito yaukadaulo yachitukuko, ziwonetsero zoyesa, ndi chitukuko chachikulu.
Njira yachitukuko chatsopano komanso chiyembekezo cha hydropower
Kukula kwatsopano kwa mphamvu yamagetsi ndikofunikira mwachangu kuti apange mtundu watsopano wamagetsi. Ndikofunikira kutsatira mfundo yosinthira miyeso kuti igwirizane ndi momwe zinthu zilili mdera lanu ndikukhazikitsa mfundo zomveka bwino. Njira zosiyanasiyana zamaluso ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yama projekiti opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi omwe amangidwa ndikukonzedwa. Ndikofunikira kuganizira osati zofunikira zogwirira ntchito zopangira magetsi ndi kumeta nsonga, kusinthasintha pafupipafupi, ndi kufananiza, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira kwa madzi, kupanga mphamvu zosinthika, ndi zina. Pomaliza, dongosolo labwino kwambiri liyenera kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuwunika kokwanira kwa phindu. Pakuwongolera mphamvu zoyendetsera mphamvu zamagetsi wamba komanso kumanga malo opangira magetsi opopera am'mabasin (malo opopera), pali phindu lalikulu pazachuma poyerekeza ndi malo opangira magetsi opopera kumene. Ponseponse, palibe zopinga zaukadaulo zosagonjetseka pakukula kwamphamvu kwamagetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, okhala ndi malo akulu otukuka komanso mapindu azachuma ndi chilengedwe. Ndikoyenera kusamala kwambiri ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko chachikulu potengera machitidwe oyendetsa.
"Power generation + pumping"
Njira ya "mphamvu yopangira mphamvu + yopopera" imatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zama hydraulic monga malo opangira magetsi amadzi ndi madamu, komanso malo otumizira magetsi ndikusintha, kusankha malo oyenera kumunsi kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi kuti amange dambo lopatutsira madzi kuti likhale posungira m'munsi, kuwonjezera mapampu opopera, mapaipi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyambira, malo osungiramo madzi. Pamaziko a ntchito yopangira mphamvu yamagetsi a hydropower poyambira, onjezerani ntchito yopopa yamagetsi panthawi yotsika, ndikugwiritsabe ntchito mayunitsi opangira ma hydraulic turbine jenereta popangira mphamvu, Kuti muwonjezere kupopera ndi kusungirako malo oyambira magetsi opangira magetsi, potero kuwongolera mphamvu ya malo opangira magetsi (onani Chithunzi 1). Malo osungiramo madzi a m'munsi amathanso kumangidwa paokha pa malo oyenera kunsi kwa mtsinje wa hydropower station. Pomanga malo osungiramo madzi kunsi kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa madzi kuti zisawononge mphamvu yopangira magetsi pamalo oyamba opangira magetsi. Poganizira kukhathamiritsa kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso zofunikira zogwirira ntchito kuti mutenge nawo gawo pakuwongolera, ndikofunikira kuti pampu ikhale ndi injini yolumikizirana. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito pakusintha kwamalo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi omwe akugwira ntchito. Zida ndi malo osinthika komanso osavuta, okhala ndi ndalama zochepa, nthawi yayitali yomanga, komanso zotsatira zachangu.
"Power generation + pumped power generation"
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa "mphamvu yopangira mphamvu + yopopera mphamvu" ndi njira ya "power generation + pumping" ndikuti kusintha pampu yopopera kukhala malo osungiramo madzi kumawonjezera ntchito yosungirako poyambira poyambira wamba, potero kumapangitsa kuti malo opangira magetsi azitha kuyendetsa bwino. Mfundo yokhazikitsira malo osungiramo pansi imagwirizana ndi "power generation + pumping" mode. Chitsanzochi chingagwiritsenso ntchito chosungira choyambirira monga chosungira chapansi ndikumanga chosungira chapamwamba pamalo abwino. Kwa malo atsopano opangira mphamvu yamadzi, kuwonjezera pakuyika ma seti ena wamba a jenereta, magawo osungira opopera okhala ndi mphamvu inayake akhoza kukhazikitsidwa. Pongoganiza kuti kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa siteshoni imodzi yamagetsi amadzi ndi P1 ndipo mphamvu yowonjezereka yosungiramo kupopa ndi P2, kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a malo opangira magetsi okhudzana ndi magetsi kudzakulitsidwa kuchokera ku (0, P1) mpaka (- P2, P1 + P2).
Kubwezeredwa kwa ma cascade hydropower station
Njira yachitukuko cha Cascade imatengedwa kuti ipangitse mitsinje yambiri ku China, ndipo masiteshoni angapo opangira magetsi amadzi, monga mtsinje wa Jinsha ndi Dadu River, amamangidwa. Kwa gulu latsopano kapena lomwe lilipo lopangira mphamvu zamadzi, m'malo awiri oyandikana nawo opangira mphamvu zamadzi, malo osungiramo magetsi opangira mphamvu pamadzi a pamwamba amakhala ngati malo opangira magetsi apamwamba ndipo malo otsika kwambiri opangira magetsi opangira madzi amakhala ngati malo ocheperako. Malingana ndi malo enieni, madzi oyenerera amatha kusankhidwa, ndipo chitukuko chikhoza kuchitidwa mwa kuphatikiza njira ziwiri za "kutulutsa mphamvu + kupopera" ndi "kutulutsa mphamvu + kupopera mphamvu". Njira imeneyi ndi yoyenera kumangidwanso kwa malo opangira magetsi a cascade hydropower, omwe angathandize kwambiri kuwongolera mphamvu komanso nthawi yoyendetsera malo opangira magetsi amadzi, ndi phindu lalikulu. Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi mtsinje ku China. Mtunda wochokera pamalo opangira madamu opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi kumtunda kwa mtsinjewu kukafika kumtunda wa madzi otsetsereka ndi pafupifupi makilomita 50.
Kulinganiza kwanuko
“Local balancing” (Local balancing) imatanthawuza kupanga mapulojekiti opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo ndi photovoltaic pafupi ndi malo opangira magetsi amadzi, komanso kudzisintha nokha ndi kusanja kachitidwe ka masiteshoni amagetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi kuti akwaniritse kutulutsa kwamagetsi kokhazikika molingana ndi zomwe mukufuna. Poganizira kuti mayunitsi akuluakulu a hydropower onse amayendetsedwa molingana ndi njira yotumizira magetsi, njira iyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ku malo opangira magetsi obwera ndi ma radial ndi malo ena ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi omwe sali oyenera kusintha kwakukulu ndipo nthawi zambiri samakonzedwa ngati kumeta kwanthawi zonse komanso kusinthasintha pafupipafupi. Kugwira ntchito kwa mayunitsi a hydropower kumatha kuyendetsedwa bwino, mphamvu zawo zowongolera nthawi yayitali zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kukhazikika kwapafupipafupi ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kokhazikika kumatha kukwaniritsidwa, ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kakatundu ka mizere yomwe ilipo kale.
Madzi ndi mphamvu pachimake malamulo zovuta
Njira ya "malamulo amadzi ndi nsonga zapamwamba zowongolera mphamvu" zimachokera pamalingaliro omanga malo opangira magetsi opopera madzi, kuphatikiza ndi ntchito zazikulu zosungira madzi monga kutengerapo kwa madzi am'madzi, kumanga gulu la madamu ndi malo osinthira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito dontho lapakati pakati pa madamu kuti amange gulu, malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi. kupanga mphamvu ndi kusungirako zovuta. Posamutsa madzi kuchokera kumadzi okwera kwambiri kupita kumadera otsika, "Water Transfer ndi Power Peak shaving Complex" angagwiritse ntchito bwino dontho lamutu kuti apeze phindu lopangira magetsi, pamene akukwaniritsa kusuntha kwa madzi mtunda wautali ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zotumizira madzi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, "madzi ndi mphamvu pachimake chometa zovuta" akhoza kukhala lalikulu dispatchable katundu ndi mphamvu gwero la mphamvu dongosolo, kupereka malamulo malamulo dongosolo. Kuphatikiza apo, zovutazi zitha kuphatikizidwanso ndi ma projekiti ochotsa madzi am'nyanja kuti akwaniritse bwino ntchito yopititsa patsogolo gwero lamadzi ndikuwongolera dongosolo lamagetsi.
Posungira madzi a m'nyanja
Malo opangira magetsi opopera madzi a m'nyanja amatha kusankha malo oyenera pamphepete mwa nyanja kuti amange dziwe lapamwamba, pogwiritsa ntchito nyanja ngati dziwe lapansi. Ndi malo ovuta kwambiri a malo opangira magetsi opopera magetsi, malo opangira magetsi opopera madzi a m'nyanja alandira chidwi ndi madipatimenti adziko lonse ndipo achita kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zofunikira komanso mayeso oyang'ana kutsogolo. Kusungirako madzi a m'nyanja kungathenso kuphatikizidwa ndi chitukuko chokwanira cha mphamvu zamafunde, mphamvu zamafunde, mphamvu zamphepo zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi zina zotero, kumanga mphamvu zosungirako zazikulu komanso nthawi yayitali yosungirako magetsi.
Kupatula malo opangira magetsi othamangira mtsinje ndi malo ena ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi opanda mphamvu yosungira, malo ambiri opangira mphamvu zamagetsi omwe ali ndi malo ena osungira amatha kuphunzira ndikupanga kusintha kosungirako. Pamalo opangira magetsi opangidwa kumene, mphamvu zina zosungirako zopopera zimatha kupangidwa ndikukonzedwa zonse. Poyambirira akuti kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zachitukuko kungawonjezere msanga kukula kwapamwamba kwambiri kumeta mphamvu ndi osachepera 100 miliyoni kilowatts; Kugwiritsa ntchito "malamulo amadzi ndi mphamvu pachimake kumeta zovuta" ndi madzi a m'nyanja kupopera mphamvu yosungirako mphamvu kungathenso kubweretsa chofunika kwambiri apamwamba nsonga kumeta mphamvu, amene ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa yomanga ndi ntchito otetezeka ndi khola kachitidwe mphamvu zatsopano, ndi phindu lalikulu zachuma ndi chikhalidwe.
Malingaliro pazatsopano ndi chitukuko cha hydropower
Choyamba, konzekerani mapangidwe apamwamba a luso lamagetsi a hydropower ndi chitukuko mwamsanga, ndipo perekani chitsogozo chothandizira chitukuko ndi chitukuko cha hydropower potengera ntchitoyi. Chitani kafukufuku pazovuta zazikulu monga malingaliro otsogolera, kaimidwe kachitukuko, mfundo zoyambira, zotsogola zokonzekera, ndi masanjidwe a chitukuko champhamvu yamagetsi amadzi, ndipo pachifukwa ichi konzani mapulani achitukuko, kumveketsa bwino magawo a chitukuko ndi ziyembekezo, ndikuwongolera mabungwe amsika kuti achite mwadongosolo chitukuko cha polojekiti.
Chachiwiri ndikukonza ndikuchita kusanthula kwaukadaulo ndi zachuma komanso ziwonetsero. Kuphatikizana ndi ntchito yomanga machitidwe atsopano amagetsi, konzekerani ndikuchita kafukufuku wazinthu zamagawo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kusanthula kwaukadaulo ndi zachuma pama projekiti, perekani mapulani omanga a uinjiniya, sankhani ma projekiti aukadaulo kuti achite ziwonetsero za uinjiniya, ndikupeza chidziwitso cha chitukuko chachikulu.
Chachitatu, thandizirani kafukufuku ndikuwonetsa ukadaulo wofunikira. Pokhazikitsa mapulojekiti a dziko la sayansi ndi zamakono ndi njira zina, tidzathandizira kupititsa patsogolo kwaumisiri wofunikira komanso wapadziko lonse, chitukuko cha zipangizo zazikulu, ndi ntchito zowonetsera m'munda wa hydropower innovation and development, kuphatikizapo, koma osati malire a zipangizo zopangira madzi a m'nyanja popopera ndi kusunga makina opangira mpope, kufufuza ndi kupanga mapangidwe akuluakulu a madzi am'deralo ndi malo ometa mphamvu.
Chachinayi, kupanga ndondomeko zandalama ndi misonkho, kuvomereza mapulojekiti, ndi ndondomeko za mitengo ya magetsi pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko chatsopano cha mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi. Poyang'ana mbali zonse za chitukuko chatsopano cha mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndondomeko monga kuchotsera chiwongoladzanja cha ndalama, ndalama zothandizira ndalama, ndi zolimbikitsa zamisonkho ziyenera kupangidwa motsatira zomwe zikuchitika m'deralo kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko cha polojekiti, kuphatikizapo thandizo la ndalama zobiriwira, kuti achepetse ndalama za polojekitiyi; Pamapulojekiti okonzanso malo opopera omwe sasintha kwambiri mawonekedwe a hydrological a mitsinje, njira zosavuta zovomerezera ziyenera kutsatiridwa kuti muchepetse kuvomereza kwa oyang'anira; Kulinganiza njira yamtengo wamagetsi wamagetsi amagetsi opopera ndi njira yamtengo wamagetsi popangira magetsi opopera kuti muwonetsetse kubweza koyenera.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-22-2023
