1. Kufotokozera mwachidule za kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi
Kupanga magetsi amadzi ndikusintha mphamvu zamadzi za mitsinje yachilengedwe kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito. Magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malo opangira magetsi ndi osiyanasiyana, monga mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphamvu ya madzi a mitsinje, ndi mphamvu yamphepo yopangidwa ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya. Mtengo wopangira mphamvu zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi wotsika mtengo, ndipo kumanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kungathenso kuphatikizidwa ndi ntchito zina zosungira madzi. China ili ndi madzi ambiri ndipo ili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri. Mphamvu ya Hydropower imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakumanga chuma cha dziko.
Mulingo wamadzi am'mwamba mwa mtsinjewu ndi wapamwamba kuposa momwe madzi ake akutsikira pansi. Chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa mlingo wa madzi a mtsinje, mphamvu ya madzi imapangidwa. Mphamvu imeneyi imatchedwa mphamvu yotheka kapena mphamvu. Kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa madzi a mtsinje kumatchedwa dontho, amatchedwanso kusiyana kwa msinkhu wa madzi kapena mutu. Dontho ili ndilofunika kwambiri pamagetsi a hydraulic. Kuonjezera apo, kukula kwa mphamvu ya madzi kumadaliranso kukula kwa madzi akuyenda mumtsinje, womwe ndi chikhalidwe china chofunika kwambiri monga dontho. Kugwetsa ndi kutulutsa kumakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa mphamvu ya hydraulic; Pamene madzi akugwa kwambiri, mphamvu ya hydraulic imakulirakulira; Ngati dontho ndi voliyumu ya madzi ndi yaying'ono, kutulutsa kwa hydropower station kumakhala kochepa.
Kutsika kumawonetsedwa mu mita. Madzi pamwamba pa gradient ndi chiŵerengero cha dontho ndi mtunda, zomwe zingasonyeze kuchuluka kwa dontho. Ngati dontho limakhala lokhazikika, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi ndikosavuta. Dontho logwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi malo opangira magetsi amadzi ndi kusiyana pakati pa madzi akumtunda kwa siteshoni ya hydropower ndi madzi akunsi kwa mtsinje pambuyo podutsa mu turbine ya hydraulic turbine.
Kuyenda ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi akuyenda mumtsinje mu nthawi imodzi, owonetsedwa mu kiyubiki mita pa sekondi imodzi. Kiyubiki mita yamadzi ndi tani imodzi. Kuyenda kwa mtsinje kumasintha nthawi iliyonse komanso kulikonse, choncho tikamalankhula za kuyenda kwake, tiyenera kufotokoza nthawi ya malo enieni kumene ukuyenda. Kuthamanga kumasintha kwambiri pakapita nthawi. Kawirikawiri, mitsinje ku China imakhala ndi madzi ambiri m'chilimwe, autumn ndi nyengo yamvula, koma imatuluka pang'ono m'nyengo yozizira ndi masika. Kuthamanga kumasiyanasiyana mwezi ndi tsiku, ndipo kuchuluka kwa madzi kumasiyana chaka ndi chaka. Mayendedwe a mitsinje wamba ndi ochepa kumtunda; Pamene ma tributaries amasonkhana, kutsika kwamtsinje kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, ngakhale dontho lakumtunda ndilokhazikika, kutuluka kwake kumakhala kochepa; Ngakhale kuti mtsinje wapansi ndi waukulu, dontho limabalalika pang'ono. Choncho, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamadzi pakati pa mtsinjewo.
Podziwa kutsika ndi kuyenda komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi hydropower station, zotsatira zake zitha kuwerengedwa motere:
N = GQH
Mu chilinganizo, N - zotuluka, unit: kW, amatchedwanso mphamvu;
Q - otaya, mu kiyubiki mamita pamphindi;
H - Dontho, mu mita;
G=9.8, ndiko kuthamangitsa mphamvu yokoka, mu Newton/kg
Mphamvu yamalingaliro imawerengedwa molingana ndi ndondomeko yomwe ili pamwambapa, ndipo palibe kutayika komwe kumachotsedwa. M'malo mwake, popanga mphamvu ya hydropower, ma turbines amadzi, zida zotumizira, ma jenereta, ndi zina zotere zimataya mphamvu zosapeŵeka. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yamalingaliro iyenera kuchepetsedwa, ndiko kuti, mphamvu yeniyeni yomwe titha kugwiritsa ntchito iyenera kuchulukitsidwa ndi koyenefiya (chizindikiro: K).
Mphamvu yopangidwa ya jenereta mu hydropower station imatchedwa mphamvu yovotera, ndipo mphamvu yeniyeni imatchedwa mphamvu yeniyeni. M'kati mwa kusintha kwa mphamvu, n'kosapeweka kutaya mphamvu zina. Popanga mphamvu yamadzi, ma turbines a hydraulic ndi ma jenereta amatayika (kuphatikiza kutayika kwa mapaipi). M'madera akumidzi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, zotayika zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi 40 ~ 50% ya mphamvu zonse zongoyerekeza, kotero kutulutsa kwa ma hydropower station kumatha kugwiritsa ntchito 50 ~ 60% ya mphamvu zongoyerekeza, ndiye kuti, kukwanira kwake kuli pafupifupi 0.5 ~ 0.60 (kuphatikiza mphamvu ya turbine ya 0.70 ~ 0.85 ndi 0.85 0.85, 0.85, 0.85, 0.85, 0.85, Kutumiza kwa zida za 0.80 ~ 0.85). Chifukwa chake, mphamvu zenizeni (zotulutsa) za malo opangira magetsi amadzi zitha kuwerengedwa motere:
K - Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa hydropower station, (0.5~0.6) kumatengera kuwerengetsa movutikira kwa malo opangira magetsi ang'onoang'ono; Njira yomwe ili pamwambayi ingakhale yosavuta monga:
N=(0.5 ～ 0.6) QHG mphamvu yeniyeni=kuchita bwino × kuyenda × Dontho × mfundo zisanu ndi zinayi
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya hydropower ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi kuyendetsa mtundu wa makina, omwe amatchedwa turbine yamadzi. Mwachitsanzo, gudumu lamadzi lakale ku China ndi losavuta kwambiri lamadzi. Ma hydraulic turbines osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano amasinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya ma hydraulic, kuti athe kusinthasintha bwino ndikusintha mphamvu zamadzi kukhala mphamvu zamakina. Makina ena, jenereta, amalumikizidwa ndi turbine yamadzi kuti rotor ya jenereta izungulire ndi turbine yamadzi, ndiyeno magetsi amatha kupangidwa. Jenereta ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: gawo lomwe limazungulira pamodzi ndi hydraulic turbine ndi gawo lokhazikika la jenereta. Gawo lomwe limazungulira pamodzi ndi turbine ya hydraulic imatchedwa rotor ya jenereta, ndipo pali mitengo yambiri ya maginito kuzungulira rotor; Bwalo lozungulira rotor ndi gawo lokhazikika la jenereta, lomwe limatchedwa stator ya jenereta. Stator imakutidwa ndi zitsulo zamkuwa zambiri. Pamene ambiri maginito mizati ya rotor atembenuza pakati pa stator mkuwa koyilo, panopa adzakhala kwaiye pa waya wamkuwa, ndi jenereta ndi kutembenuza mawotchi mphamvu mu mphamvu zamagetsi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi malo opangira magetsi imasinthidwa kuchokera ku zida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu zamakina (motor kapena mota), mphamvu yowunikira (nyali yamagetsi), mphamvu yotentha (ng'anjo yamagetsi), ndi zina zambiri.
2, Mapangidwe a hydropower station
Malo opangira magetsi a hydropower amakhala ndi ma hydraulic, zida zamakina ndi zida zamagetsi.
(1) Zomangamanga za Hydraulic
Zimaphatikizapo weir (damu), chipata cholowera, njira (kapena ngalande), forebay (kapena tank yowongolera), penstock, nyumba yamagetsi ndi tailrace, ndi zina zambiri.
Mangani weir (damu) mumtsinje kuti atseke mtsinje, kwezani madzi pamwamba ndi kupanga posungira. Mwanjira imeneyi, dontho lokhazikika limapangidwa kuchokera pamadzi amadzi osungira pamtunda (damu) kupita kumadzi amtsinje pansi pa dziwe, ndiyeno madzi amalowetsedwa mu siteshoni ya hydropower kudzera mipope yamadzi kapena ngalande. M'mphepete mwa mtsinje wotsetsereka, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopatukira kumatha kupanga dontho. Mwachitsanzo, dontho la mtsinje wachilengedwe ndi mamita 10 pa kilomita. Ngati njira yatsegulidwa kumtunda kwa chigawo ichi cha mtsinje kuti adziwe madzi, ngalandeyo idzakumbidwa m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo, ndipo mtsinjewo udzakhala wathyathyathya. Ngati dontho la ngalandeyo ndi mita imodzi yokha pa kilomita imodzi, madziwo adzayenda makilomita 5 mumsewu, ndipo madzi adzagwa mamita 5 okha, pamene madzi adzagwa mamita 50 atayenda makilomita 5 mumtsinje wachilengedwe. Panthawiyi, madzi omwe ali mumtsinjewo amabwereranso ku nyumba yamagetsi ndi mtsinje ndi mapaipi amadzi kapena ngalande, ndipo pali dontho lokhazikika la 45m lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga magetsi.
Malo opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira, machubu kapena mapaipi amadzi (monga mapaipi apulasitiki, mapaipi achitsulo, mapaipi a konkriti, ndi zina zotero) kuti apange dontho lokhazikika limatchedwa diversion channel type hydropower station, lomwe ndi njira yofananira ndi masiteshoni amagetsi opangira magetsi.
(2) Zipangizo zamakina ndi zamagetsi
Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zama hydraulic zomwe zili pamwambapa (weir, canal, forebay, penstock ndi powerhouse), malo opangira magetsi amadzi amafunikiranso zida izi:
(1) Zipangizo zamakina
Pali ma hydraulic turbines, abwanamkubwa, mavavu a zipata, zida zotumizira ndi zida zopanda magetsi.
(2) Zida zamagetsi
Pali ma jenereta, mapanelo owongolera ogawa, ma transfoma, mizere yotumizira, ndi zina.
Komabe, si malo onse ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi omwe ali ndi zida zama hydraulic zomwe zili pamwambapa komanso zida zamakina ndi zamagetsi. Ngati malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi otsika omwe ali ndi mutu wamadzi osakwana 6 metres nthawi zambiri atengera njira yosinthira njanji ndi chipinda chotsegulira tchanelo, sipadzakhala tsogolo ndi penstock. Malo opangira magetsi omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso mtunda waufupi wotumizira amatengera kufala kwachindunji popanda thiransifoma. Malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi okhala ndi madamu safunikira kupanga madamu. Kulowera kwamadzi akuya kumatengedwa, ndipo chitoliro chamkati (kapena ngalande) ndi spillway ya damu sizifunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida za hydraulic monga weir, chipata cholowera, ngalande ndi forebay.
Kuti mupange popangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi, kufufuza mosamala ndi kamangidwe kake kayenera kuchitika kaye. Pali magawo atatu opangira mapangidwe: kapangidwe koyambirira, kapangidwe kaukadaulo ndi zambiri zomanga. Kuti tichite ntchito yabwino pakupanga, choyamba tiyenera kuchita kafukufuku wokwanira, ndiko kuti, kumvetsetsa bwino za chilengedwe ndi zachuma m'deralo - ndiko kuti, topography, geology, hydrology, capital, ndi zina zotero.
Zigawo za malo ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu zamagetsi zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi.
3. Kafukufuku waposachedwa
Ubwino wa kafukufuku wam'mlengalenga uli ndi chikoka chachikulu pamakonzedwe a projekiti ndi kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwake.
Kufufuza kwa Geological (kumvetsetsa za chikhalidwe cha nthaka) kumafuna osati kumvetsetsa ndi kufufuza pa beseni la geology ndi geology yamtsinje, komanso kumvetsetsa ngati maziko a chipinda cha makina ndi olimba, omwe amakhudza mwachindunji chitetezo cha siteshoni yamagetsi yokha. Mphepo yamkuntho yokhala ndi voliyumu inayake yosungiramo madzi ikawonongeka, sizidzangowononga malo opangira magetsi amadzi okha, komanso kuwononga kwambiri miyoyo ndi katundu kunsi kwa mtsinjewo. Chifukwa chake, kusankha kwa geological kwa forebay nthawi zambiri kumayikidwa pamalo oyamba.
4, Hydrometry
Kwa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi, zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri pamayendedwe amadzi ndi zolemba za kuchuluka kwa madzi a mitsinje, kuyenda, kusungika kwa dothi, icing, data yanyengo ndi kafukufuku wa kusefukira kwa madzi. Kukula kwa mtsinjewo kumakhudza momwe mtsinje umayambira, ndipo kuopsa kwa madzi osefukira kumachepetsedwa, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti dziwe liwonongeke; Dothi lonyamulidwa ndi mtsinjewo limatha kudzaza mosungiramo mwachangu zikavuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kulowa mu tchanelo kumayambitsa kusefukira kwa ngalande, ndipo matope owoneka bwino amadutsa mu turbine ya hydraulic ndikupangitsa kuti turbine ya hydraulic iwonongeke. Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira mphamvu yamadzi akuyenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira cha hydrological.
Choncho, tisanaganize zomanga malo opangira magetsi, m'pofunika kufufuza ndi kuphunzira momwe chitukuko cha zachuma chikuyendera komanso kufunikira kwa magetsi m'dera lamagetsi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, yerekezerani momwe zinthu zilili pamagetsi ena m'dera lachitukuko. Pokhapokha pophunzira ndi kusanthula zomwe zili pamwambazi ndizomwe tingasankhe ngati malo opangira magetsi amadzi ayenera kumangidwa komanso kukula kwake.
Nthawi zambiri, cholinga cha kafukufuku wamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi kupereka zolondola komanso zodalirika zofunikira pakupanga ndi kumanga malo opangira magetsi.
5, mikhalidwe General wa osankhidwa siteshoni site
Zomwe zimafunikira pakusankha malo okwerera zitha kufotokozedwa m'mbali zinayi izi:
(1) Malo osankhidwa a siteshoni adzatha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zamadzi ndikugwirizana ndi mfundo yochepetsera mtengo, ndiko kuti, pambuyo pomaliza malo opangira magetsi, ndalama zochepa zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo mphamvu zambiri zidzapangidwa. Nthawi zambiri, zitha kuyesedwa poyerekeza ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa pachaka kuchokera kumagetsi opangira magetsi komanso kuyika ndalama pakumanga masiteshoni kuti muwone kuti ndalama zomwe mwayikazo zitha kubwezeredwa nthawi yayitali bwanji. Komabe, chifukwa cha zosiyana za hydrological ndi topographic ndi zofuna zosiyanasiyana za mphamvu, mtengo ndi ndalama siziyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi zikhalidwe zina.
(2) Malo okwerera osankhidwa akuyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, a geological ndi hydrological, ndikuthekera pakupanga ndi kumanga. Kumanga malo ang'onoang'ono opangira magetsi opangira magetsi kumayenera kugwirizana ndi mfundo za "zida zam'deralo" momwe zingathere potengera zida zomangira.
(3) Malo osankhidwa a siteshoni adzakhala pafupi ndi malo opangira magetsi ndi kukonza momwe angathere kuti achepetse ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zotumizira ndi kutaya mphamvu.
（4） Posankha malo ochitirako siteshoni, zida za hydraulic zomwe zilipo zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito momwe zingathere. Mwachitsanzo, dontho la madzi lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pomanga malo opangira magetsi panjira zothirira, kapena malo opangira magetsi amatha kumangidwa pafupi ndi malo osungiramo madzi kuti apange magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothirira, ndi zina zotero.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-25-2022
