Padziko lonse lapansi, mafakitale opangira magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi amatulutsa pafupifupi 24 peresenti ya magetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo amapereka mphamvu kwa anthu oposa 1 biliyoni. Mafakitale opangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi amatulutsa ma megawati 675,000, mphamvu yofanana ndi migolo yamafuta 3.6 biliyoni, malinga ndi National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Ku United States kuli malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi opitilira 2,000, zomwe zikupangitsa mphamvu yamadzi kukhala gwero lalikulu kwambiri lamphamvu mdziko muno.
M'nkhaniyi, tiwona momwe madzi akugwa amapangira mphamvu komanso kuphunzira za hydrologic cycle yomwe imapangitsa kuyenda kwamadzi kukhala kofunikira pakupanga mphamvu zamagetsi. Mupezanso chithunzithunzi chakugwiritsa ntchito kwapadera kwa hydropower komwe kungakhudze moyo wanu watsiku ndi tsiku.
Poyang'ana mtsinje ukudutsa, zimakhala zovuta kulingalira mphamvu yomwe ikunyamula. Ngati mudakhalapo rafting yamadzi oyera, ndiye kuti mwamvapo gawo laling'ono la mphamvu ya mtsinje. Mitsinje yamadzi oyera imapangidwa ngati mtsinje, womwe umanyamula madzi ochulukirapo kutsika, kutsekereza njira yopapatiza. Pamene mtsinjewo ukukanikizidwa kudutsa pobowoli, kuyenda kwake kumafulumira. Kusefukira kwa madzi ndi chitsanzo china cha mmene madzi angakhalire ndi mphamvu zochuluka.
Mafakitale opangira magetsi a Hydropower amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamadzi ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zimango zosavuta kusintha mphamvuzo kukhala magetsi. Zomera zamphamvu za Hydropower zimatengera lingaliro losavuta - madzi oyenda mu damu amatembenuza makina opangira magetsi, omwe amatembenuza jenereta.
Nazi zigawo zikuluzikulu za fakitale wamba ya hydropower:
Shaft yomwe imagwirizanitsa turbine ndi jenereta
Damu - Zomera zambiri zopangira mphamvu yamadzi zimadalira dziwe lomwe limasunga madzi, kupanga dziwe lalikulu. Nthawi zambiri, malo osungiramo madziwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyanja yosangalatsa, monga Nyanja ya Roosevelt ku Damu la Grand Coulee ku Washington State.
Kudya - Zipata pa damu zimatseguka ndipo mphamvu yokoka imakoka madzi kudzera mu penstock, payipi yopita ku turbine. Madzi amawonjezera kuthamanga pamene akuyenda mupaipi iyi.
Turbine - Madzi amamenya ndi kutembenuza masamba akuluakulu a turbine, omwe amamangiriridwa ku jenereta pamwamba pake kudzera pa shaft. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya turbine yamagetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi ndi Francis Turbine, yomwe imawoneka ngati chimbale chachikulu chokhala ndi masamba opindika. Makina opangira magetsi amatha kulemera matani 172 ndikutembenuka pamlingo wa 90 revolutions pamphindi (rpm), malinga ndi Foundation for Water & Energy Education (FWEE).
Majenereta - Pamene masamba a turbine amatembenukira, momwemonso maginito angapo mkati mwa jenereta. Maginito akuluakulu amazungulira zitsulo zamkuwa zamkuwa, kupanga ma alternating current (AC) posuntha ma elekitironi. (Muphunzira zambiri za momwe jenereta imagwirira ntchito pambuyo pake.)
Transformer - Transformer mkati mwa nyumba yamagetsi imatenga AC ndikuisintha kukhala yamagetsi apamwamba kwambiri.
Zingwe zamagetsi - Pamalo opangira magetsi pamakhala mawaya anayi: magawo atatu amagetsi amapangidwa nthawi imodzi kuphatikiza osalowerera ndale kapena malo omwe amafanana ndi onse atatu. (Werengani Momwe Magulu Ogawira Mphamvu Amagwirira Ntchito kuti mudziwe zambiri za kaphatikizidwe ka chingwe chamagetsi.)
Kutuluka - Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito amatengedwa kudzera m'mapaipi, otchedwa tailraces, ndikulowanso mumtsinje kunsi kwa mtsinje.
Madzi omwe ali m'malo osungiramo madzi amatengedwa kuti ndi mphamvu yosungidwa. Zitseko zikatseguka, madzi oyenda mu penstock amakhala mphamvu ya kinetic chifukwa akuyenda. Kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe amapangidwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zifukwa zingapo. Ziwiri mwazinthuzo ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi oyenda ndi kuchuluka kwa mutu wa hydraulic. Mutu umanena za mtunda wa pakati pa madzi pamwamba ndi ma turbines. Pamene mutu ndi kutuluka zikuwonjezeka, momwemonso magetsi opangidwa. Mutu nthawi zambiri umadalira kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe ali mu dziwe.
Palinso mtundu wina wa fakitale yopangira mphamvu yamadzi, yotchedwa pumped-storage plant. Pamalo opangira mphamvu yamadzi wamba, madzi ochokera m'malo osungiramo madzi amadutsa mufakitale, kutuluka ndikutsitsidwa pansi pamtsinje. Chomera chopopera chili ndi malo awiri osungira:
Malo osungiramo madzi apamwamba - Monga malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi, dziwe limapanga posungira. Madzi omwe ali m'chitsimechi amayenda kudzera mu fakitale yopangira mphamvu yamadzi kuti apange magetsi.
Malo osungiramo madzi otsika - Madzi otuluka mu fakitale yopangira magetsi amadzi amapita kumalo otsika m'malo molowanso mumtsinje ndikuyenderera pansi.
Pogwiritsa ntchito turbine yosinthika, chomeracho chimatha kupopera madzi kubwerera kumtunda wapamwamba. Izi zimachitika m'maola otsika kwambiri. Kwenikweni, nkhokwe yachiwiri imadzazanso chosungira chakumtunda. Popopa madzi kuti abwerere ku dziwe lakumtunda, chomeracho chimakhala ndi madzi ochulukirapo opangira magetsi panthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.
Jenereta
Mtima wa malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi jenereta. Malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangira madzi amakhala ndi angapo mwa majenereta awa.
Jenereta, monga momwe mungaganizire, imapanga magetsi. Njira yopangira magetsi motere ndikutembenuza maginito angapo mkati mwa waya. Njirayi imasuntha ma elekitironi, omwe amapanga magetsi.
Damu la Hoover lili ndi majenereta okwana 17, aliwonse omwe amatha kupanga ma megawati 133. Mphamvu yonse ya fakitale yamadzi ya Hoover Dam ndi megawati 2,074. Jenereta iliyonse imapangidwa ndi zigawo zina zofunika:
Pamene turbine ikutembenuka, excitor imatumiza magetsi ku rotor. Rotor ndi ma electromagnets akuluakulu omwe amazungulira mkati mwa waya wamkuwa wokhala ndi mabala olimba, otchedwa stator. Mphamvu ya maginito pakati pa koyilo ndi maginito imapanga mphamvu yamagetsi.
Mu Damu la Hoover, ma amps a 16,500 akuyenda kuchokera ku jenereta kupita ku thiransifoma, komwe ma ramp apano mpaka 230,000 amps asanatumizidwe.
Zomera zopangira mphamvu ya Hydropower zimatengera mwayi wochitika mwachilengedwe, mosalekeza - njira yomwe imapangitsa kuti mvula igwe komanso mitsinje ikukwera. Tsiku lililonse, dziko lathu lapansi limataya madzi pang'ono kupyola mumlengalenga pamene kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumaswa mamolekyu amadzi. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, madzi atsopano amatuluka kuchokera mkati mwa dziko lapansi kudzera m'ziphalaphala. Kuchuluka kwa madzi opangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi otayika kumakhala kofanana.
Panthaŵi ina iliyonse, kuchuluka kwa madzi padziko lonse kumakhala kosiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala zamadzimadzi, monga m'nyanja, mitsinje ndi mvula; olimba, monga mu madzi oundana; kapena mpweya, monga mu nthunzi yosaoneka ya madzi mumpweya. Madzi amasintha pamene amayenda mozungulira dziko lapansi ndi mphepo. Mafunde amphepo amapangidwa ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa. Kuzungulira kwa mpweya kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa kwambiri pa equator kusiyana ndi madera ena a dziko lapansi.
Kuzungulira kwapamlengalenga kumayendetsa madzi a Dziko lapansi kudzera mkuzungulira kwake, komwe kumatchedwa hydrologic cycle. Dzuwa likamatenthetsa madzi amadzimadzi, madziwo amasanduka nthunzi mumpweya. Dzuwa limatenthetsa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya utuluke mumlengalenga. Mpweya umakhala wozizira kwambiri, motero nthunzi wamadzi ukakwera, umazizira, n’kukhala madontho. Madontho okwanira akaunjikana m’dera limodzi, madonthowo amatha kukhala olemera kwambiri moti amatha kubwerera ku Dziko Lapansi ngati mvula.
Kuzungulira kwa hydrologic ndikofunikira ku mafakitale opangira mphamvu yamadzi chifukwa amadalira madzi akuyenda. Ngati pali kusowa kwa mvula pafupi ndi chomera, madzi satolera kumtunda. Popanda madzi otolera m'mitsinje, madzi ochepa amayenda kudzera mu fakitale yopangira magetsi amadzi ndipo magetsi amachepa.
Lingaliro lalikulu la mphamvu ya hydropower ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi oyenda kutembenuza tsamba la turbine. Nthawi zambiri, dziwe lalikulu liyenera kumangidwa pakati pa mtsinje kuti ligwire ntchito imeneyi. Kupangidwa kwatsopano kukutengera lingaliro la mphamvu yamadzi pamlingo wocheperako kuti apereke magetsi pazida zonyamulika.
Woyambitsa Robert Komarechka wa ku Ontario, Canada, wabwera ndi lingaliro loyika majenereta ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi muzitsulo za nsapato. Amakhulupirira kuti ma turbine ang'onoang'ono awa apanga magetsi okwanira kuti azitha kuyendetsa zida zilizonse. Mu Meyi 2001, Komarechka adalandira chilolezo cha chipangizo chake chapadera choyendera phazi.
Pali mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya mmene timayendera: Phazi limagwa chidendene mpaka chala pa sitepe iliyonse. Pamene phazi lanu likugwera pansi, mphamvu imatsitsidwa ndi chidendene chanu. Mukakonzekera sitepe yotsatira, mumayendetsa phazi lanu kutsogolo, kotero mphamvu imasamutsidwa ku mpira wa phazi lanu. Komarechka mwachiwonekere anawona mfundo yaikulu iyi yoyendayenda ndipo wapanga lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya ntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku iyi.
Pali magawo asanu a "nsapato zokhala ndi jenereta ya hydroelectric" za Komarechka, monga tafotokozera patent yake:
Fluid - Dongosolo lidzagwiritsa ntchito madzimadzi oyendetsa magetsi.
Masamba oti agwire madzimadzi - Thumba limodzi limayikidwa pa chidendene ndipo lina m'chigawo chala cha nsapato.
Makondomu - Makondomu amalumikiza thumba lililonse ku microgenerator.
Turbine - Pamene madzi amayenda mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo pachokhacho, amasuntha masamba a turbine yaying'ono.
Microgenerator - Jenereta ili pakati pa matumba awiri odzaza madzimadzi, ndipo imaphatikizapo rotor ya vane, yomwe imayendetsa shaft ndikutembenuza jenereta.
Pamene munthu akuyenda, kukanikiza kwa madzimadzi mu thumba lomwe lili mu chidendene cha nsapato kumakakamiza madzimadzi kudzera mu ngalande ndi kulowa mu gawo la hydroelectric generator. Pamene wogwiritsa ntchito akupitiriza kuyenda, chidendene chidzakwezedwa ndi kutsika pansi pa thumba pansi pa mpira wa phazi la munthuyo. Kuyenda kwamadzimadzi kumatembenuza rotor ndi shaft kupanga magetsi.
Soketi yakunja idzaperekedwa kuti ilumikize mawaya ku chipangizo chonyamulika. Mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu yotulutsa mphamvu ingaperekedwenso kuti ivalidwe pa lamba wa wogwiritsa ntchito. Zipangizo zamagetsi zimatha kulumikizidwa ku gawo lotulutsa mphamvu zowongolera mphamvu, zomwe zimapereka magetsi okhazikika.
"Pakuchulukirachulukira kwa zida zoyendetsedwa ndi batri, zonyamulika," patent imati, "pakufunika kowonjezereka kuti pakhale gwero lamagetsi lokhalitsa, losinthika, logwira ntchito bwino." Komarechka akuyembekeza kuti chipangizo chake chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa mphamvu makompyuta, mafoni am'manja, ma CD player, GPS receiver ndi mawailesi awiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-21-2022
