Mphamvu yamagetsi yochokera ku madzi ndi mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri yongowonjezedwanso padziko lonse lapansi, imapanga mphamvu zowirikiza kawiri kuposa mphepo, komanso mphamvu ya dzuwa yoposa kanayi. Ndipo kupopa madzi pamwamba pa phiri, lotchedwa "mphamvu yamagetsi yosungira madzi yopompedwa", limaphatikizapo mphamvu yoposa 90% ya mphamvu zonse zosungira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.
Koma ngakhale kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zachepa kwambiri, sitimva zambiri za izi ku US Ngakhale kuti m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi mitengo ya mphepo ndi dzuwa yatsika kwambiri komanso kupezeka kwake kwakwera kwambiri, kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi m'nyumba kwakhalabe kokhazikika, chifukwa dzikolo lamanga kale malo opangira magetsi zamagetsi m'malo abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Padziko lonse lapansi, nkhani ndi yosiyana. China yalimbikitsa kukula kwachuma chake pomanga madamu ambiri atsopano, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala akuluakulu, m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Africa, India, ndi mayiko ena ku Asia ndi Pacific akukonzekera kuchita chimodzimodzi.
Koma kukulitsa popanda kuyang'anira bwino zachilengedwe kungayambitse mavuto, chifukwa madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi amasokoneza chilengedwe cha mitsinje ndi malo ozungulira, ndipo kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti malo osungiramo madzi amatha kutulutsa mpweya woipa ndi methane wochuluka kuposa momwe ankaganizira kale. Kuphatikiza apo, chilala choyambitsidwa ndi nyengo chikupangitsa madzi kukhala gwero losadalirika la mphamvu, chifukwa madamu ku America West ataya mphamvu zambiri zopangira magetsi.
“Chaka chilichonse, Hoover Dam idzapanga mphamvu ya maola pafupifupi 4.5 biliyoni a kilowatt,” anatero Mark Cook, Manejala wa Hoover Dam wotchuka. “Popeza nyanjayi ili momwe ilili panopa, ili ngati maola 3.5 biliyoni a kilowatt.”
Komabe akatswiri amati hydro ili ndi gawo lalikulu loti ligwire ntchito mtsogolomu 100% yongowonjezedwanso, kotero kuphunzira momwe mungachepetsere mavutowa ndikofunikira.
Mphamvu yamagetsi ya m'nyumba
Mu 2021, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi anali pafupifupi 6% ya magetsi opangidwa ndi anthu ambiri ku US ndi 32% ya magetsi opangidwanso. M'dziko muno, unali waukulu kwambiri wopangidwanso mpaka mu 2019, pomwe unagonjetsedwa ndi mphepo.
Sikuyembekezeka kuti dziko la US lidzaona kukula kwakukulu kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi, chifukwa cha njira yovuta yopezera zilolezo ndi zilolezo.
"Zimawononga ndalama mamiliyoni ambiri ndi zaka zambiri kuti zitheke kupeza zilolezo. Ndipo pa malo ena, makamaka malo ena ang'onoang'ono, alibe ndalama kapena nthawi imeneyo," akutero Malcolm Woolf, Purezidenti ndi CEO wa National Hydropower Association. Akuyerekeza kuti pali mabungwe osiyanasiyana ambiri omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kupereka zilolezo kapena kupatsanso zilolezo malo amodzi opangira magetsi. Iye anati, njirayi imatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa kupereka zilolezo ku malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya.
Popeza chomera chamagetsi chamadzi ku US chili ndi zaka zoposa 60, ambiri adzafunika kupatsidwanso ziphaso posachedwa.
"Chifukwa chake tikhoza kukumana ndi mavuto ambiri opereka layisensi, zomwe n'zosadabwitsa pamene tikuyesera kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kupanga kosinthika komanso kopanda kaboni komwe tili nako mdziko muno," adatero Woolf.
Koma Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu ikunena kuti pali kuthekera kwa kukula kwa dzikolo, kudzera mu kukweza mafakitale akale ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ku madamu omwe alipo.
"Tili ndi madamu 90,000 mdziko muno, ambiri mwa iwo adamangidwa kuti achepetse kusefukira kwa madzi, kuthirira, kusungira madzi, komanso zosangalatsa. 3% yokha ya madamu amenewo ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi," adatero Woolf.
Kukula kwa gawoli kumadaliranso kukulitsa mphamvu yamagetsi yosungira madzi yopompedwa, yomwe ikupeza mphamvu ngati njira yolimbikitsira mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso, kusunga mphamvu yochulukirapo kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pamene dzuwa silikuwala ndipo mphepo siikuwomba.
Pamene malo osungiramo zinthu omwe amapopedwa akupanga mphamvu, amagwira ntchito ngati malo osungiramo madzi wamba: Madzi amayenda kuchokera ku dziwe lapamwamba kupita ku dziwe lapansi, ndikuzungulira turbine yopanga magetsi panjira. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti malo osungiramo zinthu omwe amapopedwa amatha kubwezeretsanso mphamvu, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuchokera ku gridi kuti apope madzi kuchokera pansi kupita ku dziwe lapamwamba, potero amasunga mphamvu zomwe zingatulutsidwe zikafunika.
Ngakhale malo osungira magetsi omwe amapopedwa ali ndi mphamvu zopanga magetsi zokwana ma gigawati 22 masiku ano, pali mapulojekiti opitilira ma gigawati 60 omwe akuganiziridwa kuti akupangidwa. Ndi malo achiwiri kwa China.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mapempho ndi ma layisensi ofunsira makina osungira madzi opopa awonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo ukadaulo watsopano ukuganiziridwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo malo otsekedwa, momwe palibe malo osungira madzi omwe amalumikizidwa ndi gwero la madzi lakunja, kapena malo ang'onoang'ono omwe amagwiritsa ntchito matanki m'malo mwa malo osungira madzi. Njira zonsezi mwina sizingasokoneze chilengedwe chozungulira.
Mpweya woipa ndi chilala
Kuyika madamu m'mitsinje kapena kupanga malo osungiramo madzi atsopano kungalepheretse kusamuka kwa nsomba ndikuwononga zachilengedwe zozungulira komanso malo okhala. Madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi apangitsa kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri asamuke m'nyumba zawo kuyambira kalekale, makamaka m'madera akumidzi kapena m'madera ena.
Zoipa zimenezi zikudziwika kwambiri. Koma vuto latsopano - mpweya wochokera m'malo osungiramo madzi - tsopano likuwonjezeka.
"Chimene anthu sadziwa n'chakuti malo osungiramo zinthu amenewa amatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide ndi methane mumlengalenga, zomwe zonsezi ndi mpweya wamphamvu wowononga kutentha," anatero Ilissa Ocko, Katswiri Wamkulu wa Zanyengo ku Environmental Defense Fund.
Mpweya woipa umachokera ku zomera ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe zomwe zimawola, zomwe zimaswa ndi kutulutsa methane pamene dera limasefukira kuti apange malo osungiramo madzi. "Nthawi zambiri methane imeneyo imasanduka carbon dioxide, koma mumafunikira mpweya kuti muchite zimenezo. Ndipo ngati madzi ali ofunda kwambiri, ndiye kuti mpweya wa pansi umachepa," anatero Ocko, kutanthauza kuti methane imatulutsidwa mumlengalenga.
Ponena za kutentha kwa dziko lapansi, methane ndi yamphamvu kwambiri kuwirikiza ka 80 kuposa CO2 kwa zaka 20 zoyambirira pambuyo poti yatulutsidwa. Pakadali pano, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti madera otentha kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, monga India ndi Africa, amakhala ndi zomera zambiri zoipitsa mpweya, pomwe Ocko akunena kuti malo osungiramo madzi ku China ndi US si odetsa nkhawa kwenikweni. Koma Ocko akuti pakufunika njira yolimba kwambiri yoyezera mpweya woipa.
"Kenako mutha kukhala ndi mitundu yonse ya zolimbikitsa kuti muchepetse vutoli, kapena malamulo ochokera kwa akuluakulu osiyanasiyana kuti atsimikizire kuti simukutulutsa zinthu zambiri," adatero Ocko.
Vuto lina lalikulu la magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi chilala chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha nyengo. Malo osungiramo madzi osaya amapereka mphamvu zochepa, ndipo izi ndi zomwe zikudetsa nkhawa kwambiri ku America West, komwe kwakhala kouma kwambiri kwa zaka 22 m'zaka 1,200 zapitazi.
Pamene malo osungiramo madzi monga Lake Powell, yomwe imadyetsa Damu la Glen Canyon, ndi Lake Mead, yomwe imadyetsa Damu la Hoover, imapanga magetsi ochepa, mafuta opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale akuchepa. Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti kuyambira 2001-2015, matani ena 100 miliyoni a carbon dioxide adatulutsidwa m'maboma 11 akumadzulo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chilala kuchokera ku magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi. Panthawi yovuta kwambiri ku California pakati pa 2012-2016, kafukufuku wina adawonetsa kuti kutayika kwa kupanga magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kudawononga boma $2.45 biliyoni.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, kusowa kwa madzi kwalengezedwa ku Lake Mead, zomwe zayambitsa kuchepetsedwa kwa madzi ku Arizona, Nevada ndi Mexico. Madzi, omwe pakadali pano ali pa 1,047 feet, akuyembekezeka kutsika kwambiri, pomwe Bureau of Reclamation yatenga gawo losayembekezereka loletsa madzi ku Lake Powell, yomwe ili pamwamba pa Nyanja ya Mead, kuti Damu la Glen Canyon lipitirize kupanga magetsi. Ngati Lake Mead itatsika pansi pa 950 feet, sipanganso magetsi.
Tsogolo la magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi
Kusintha kwamakono kwa zomangamanga zamagetsi zomwe zilipo kale kungawonjezere magwiridwe antchito ndikubwezeretsa zina zomwe zatayika chifukwa cha chilala, komanso kuonetsetsa kuti mafakitale amatha kugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri zikubwerazi.
Kuyambira pano mpaka chaka cha 2030, ndalama zokwana $127 biliyoni zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusintha mafakitale akale padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a ndalama zonse zomwe zayikidwa padziko lonse lapansi pamagetsi opangidwa ndi madzi, komanso pafupifupi 90% ya ndalama zomwe zayikidwa ku Europe ndi North America.
Ku Hoover Dam, zimenezi zikutanthauza kukonzanso ma turbine awo ena kuti agwire ntchito bwino kwambiri pamalo otsika, kukhazikitsa zipata zopyapyala, zomwe zimawongolera kuyenda kwa madzi m'ma turbine ndikulowetsa mpweya wopanikizika m'ma turbine kuti ziwonjezeke bwino.
Koma m'madera ena a dziko lapansi, ndalama zambiri zomwe zayikidwa zikupita ku mafakitale atsopano. Mapulojekiti akuluakulu aboma ku Asia ndi Africa akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi mphamvu zoposa 75% ya mphamvu zatsopano zamagetsi kudzera mu 2030. Koma ena akuda nkhawa ndi momwe mapulojekiti oterewa angakhudzire chilengedwe.
"Malinga ndi maganizo anga, amangidwa mopitirira muyeso. Amangidwa mwamphamvu kwambiri zomwe sizofunikira," adatero Shannon Ames, Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Low Impact Hydropower Institute, "Akhoza kupangidwa ngati oyenda mumtsinje ndipo angapangidwe mosiyana."
Malo ogwiritsira ntchito madzi otuluka mumtsinje sali ndi dziwe losungira madzi, motero sakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe, koma sangathe kupanga mphamvu ngati pakufunika, chifukwa mphamvu zake zimadalira kayendedwe ka nyengo. Mphamvu zamagetsi zotuluka mumtsinje zikuyembekezeka kukhala pafupifupi 13% ya mphamvu zonse zomwe zawonjezeredwa m'zaka khumi zino, pomwe mphamvu zamagetsi zachikhalidwe zotuluka mumtsinje zidzakhala 56% ndipo mphamvu zamagetsi zotuluka mumtsinje zidzakhala 29%.
Koma ponseponse, kukula kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kukuchepa, ndipo kukuyembekezeka kuchepa ndi pafupifupi 23% mpaka 2030. Kusintha izi kudzadalira kwambiri kukonza malamulo ndi njira zololeza, ndikukhazikitsa miyezo yapamwamba yokhazikika komanso mapulogalamu oyezera mpweya woipa kuti anthu azilandira. Nthawi yochepa yopangira chitukuko ingathandize opanga mapulogalamu kupeza mapangano ogulira magetsi, motero kulimbikitsa ndalama chifukwa phindu lidzatsimikizika.
"Chifukwa china chomwe sichimawoneka chokongola nthawi zina monga momwe dzuwa ndi mphepo zimaonekera ndichakuti malo ogwirira ntchito ndi osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chomera cha mphepo ndi dzuwa nthawi zambiri chimawonedwa ngati pulojekiti ya zaka 20," adatero Ames, "Kumbali inayi, magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ali ndi chilolezo ndipo amagwira ntchito kwa zaka 50. Ndipo ambiri mwa iwo akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka 100 ... Koma misika yathu yayikulu sikutanthauza kuti phindu lalikulu ngati limenelo."
Kupeza zolimbikitsa zoyenera za magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi ndi chitukuko cha malo osungiramo zinthu, ndikuonetsetsa kuti zachitika mwanjira yokhazikika, kudzakhala kofunikira kwambiri pochotsa dziko lonse ku mafuta opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale, akutero Woolf.
"Sitikumvetsa nkhani monga momwe ukadaulo wina umachitira. Koma ndikuganiza kuti anthu akuzindikira kwambiri kuti simungakhale ndi gridi yodalirika popanda magetsi."
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-14-2022
