Mphamvu ya Hydropower ndiyo mphamvu yowonjezereka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imapanga mphamvu zochulukirapo kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa mphepo, komanso kuwirikiza kanayi kuposa mphamvu ya dzuwa. Ndipo kupopa madzi pamwamba pa phiri, komwe kumadziwika kuti "pumped storage hydropower", kumaphatikizapo 90% ya mphamvu zonse zosungira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.
Koma ngakhale mphamvu ya hydropower ikuchulukirachulukira, sitikumva zambiri za izi ku US Ngakhale zaka makumi angapo zapitazi tawona kutsika kwamitengo yamphepo ndi dzuwa komanso kukwera kwamitengo komwe kulipo, kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi m'nyumba kwakhala kosasunthika, popeza mtunduwu wamanga kale malo opangira magetsi amadzi m'malo abwino kwambiri.
Padziko lonse lapansi, ndi nkhani yosiyana. China yalimbikitsa kukula kwachuma pomanga masauzande a madamu atsopano, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala aakulu, opangira magetsi pazaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Afirika, India, ndi maiko ena ku Asia ndi Pacific akuyenera kuchitanso chimodzimodzi.
Koma kufutukuka popanda kuyang'anira kwambiri chilengedwe kungayambitse mavuto, chifukwa madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi amasokoneza zachilengedwe za mitsinje ndi malo ozungulira, ndipo kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti malo osungiramo madzi amatha kutulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide ndi methane kuposa momwe ankaganizira kale. Kuphatikiza apo, chilala choyendetsedwa ndi nyengo chikupanga hydro kukhala gwero lodalirika la mphamvu, popeza madamu ku America West ataya mphamvu zawo zopangira magetsi.
"M'chaka chodziwika bwino, Hoover Dam idzapanga mphamvu pafupifupi 4.5 biliyoni," atero a Mark Cook, Woyang'anira Damu lodziwika bwino la Hoover. Popeza nyanjayi ili momwe ilili tsopano, ikufanana ndi maola 3.5 biliyoni a kilowatt.
Komabe akatswiri amati hydro ili ndi gawo lalikulu lofunikira mtsogolo mwa 100% zongowonjezedwanso, kotero kuphunzira momwe mungachepetsere zovutazi ndikofunikira.
Dongosolo la hydropower
Mu 2021, magetsi opangidwa ndi hydropower adapanga pafupifupi 6% yamagetsi opangira magetsi ku US ndi 32% yamagetsi ongowonjezedwanso. Kunyumba, inali yayikulu kwambiri yongowonjezedwanso mpaka 2019, pomwe idadutsa mphepo.
Dziko la US silikuyembekezeka kuwona kukula kwamphamvu kwa magetsi pazaka khumi zikubwerazi, mwa zina chifukwa chazovuta zamalayisensi ndi njira zololeza.
"Zimawononga madola mamiliyoni ambiri ndi zaka zoyesayesa kuti adutse ndondomeko yopereka chilolezo. Ndipo kwa ena mwa malowa, makamaka malo ena ang'onoang'ono, alibe ndalama kapena nthawi imeneyo," akutero Malcolm Woolf, Purezidenti ndi CEO wa National Hydropower Association. Akuyerekeza kuti pali mabungwe ambiri osiyanasiyana omwe akukhudzidwa ndikupereka ziphaso kapena kuperekanso zilolezo za malo amodzi opangira magetsi amadzi. Ntchitoyi, adatero, imatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa kupereka chilolezo chopangira zida zanyukiliya.
Chifukwa mbewu wamba yopangira magetsi ku US yadutsa zaka 60, ambiri adzafunika kupatsidwanso chilolezo posachedwa.
"Chifukwa chake titha kukumana ndi anthu ambiri opereka ziphaso, zomwe ndizodabwitsa pomwe tikuyesera kukweza kuchuluka kwa m'badwo wopanda kaboni womwe tili nawo mdziko muno," adatero Woolf.
Koma Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ikuti pali kuthekera kwa kukula kwapakhomo, kupyolera mu kukweza kwa zomera zakale ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ku madamu omwe alipo.
"Tili ndi madamu 90,000 m'dziko lino, ambiri mwa iwo adamangidwa kuti athetse kusefukira kwa madzi, kuthirira, kusunga madzi, kuti azisangalala. Ndi 3% yokha mwa madamuwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira magetsi," adatero Woolf.
Kukula kwa gawoli kumadaliranso kukulitsa mphamvu yamagetsi yosungiramo madzi, yomwe ikukulirakulira ngati njira "yolimba" zongowonjezera, kusunga mphamvu zochulukirapo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito dzuŵa silikuwomba komanso mphepo sikuomba.
Malo osungiramo madzi akamatulutsa mphamvu, amagwira ntchito ngati malo opangira madzi nthawi zonse: Madzi amayenda kuchokera pamalo osungira kumtunda kupita kumunsi, ndikuzungulira makina opangira magetsi m'njira. Kusiyanitsa ndiko kuti malo osungiramo madzi amatha kubwezeretsanso, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuchokera ku gridi kupopera madzi kuchokera pansi mpaka kumalo okwera kwambiri, potero kusunga mphamvu zomwe zingathe kutulutsidwa pakafunika.
Ngakhale malo osungiramo madzi ali ndi mphamvu zopangira magetsi pafupifupi 22, pali ma gigawati opitilira 60 a mapulojekiti omwe akufunsidwa paipi yachitukuko. Ndilo lachiwiri ku China.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, zilolezo ndi malayisensi ogwiritsira ntchito makina osungira madzi awonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo matekinoloje atsopano akuganiziridwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo "zotsekeka" zomwe sizimalumikizidwa ndi madzi akunja, kapena zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito akasinja m'malo mosungiramo madzi. Njira zonsezi mwina sizingasokoneze kwambiri chilengedwe.
Kutulutsa mpweya ndi chilala
Kugwetsa mitsinje kapena kupanga malo osungiramo madzi atsopano kungalepheretse kusamuka kwa nsomba ndikuwononga zachilengedwe ndi malo okhala. Madamu ndi malo osungiramo madzi achotsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri m'mbiri yonse, nthawi zambiri amwenye kapena akumidzi.
Zovulaza izi zimavomerezedwa ndi anthu ambiri. Koma vuto latsopano - kutulutsa mpweya kuchokera m'madamu - tsopano likukulirakulira.
"Chimene anthu sadziwa n'chakuti malo osungiramo madziwa amatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide ndi methane mumlengalenga, zonse zomwe ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha," anatero Ilissa Ocko, Senior Climate Scientist pa Environmental Defense Fund.
Utsi umachokera ku zomera zowola ndi zinthu zina zamoyo, zomwe zimaphwanyika ndi kutulutsa methane pamene dera lasefukira kuti likhale losungiramo madzi. “Kawirikawiri methane imeneyo imasanduka mpweya wa carbon dioxide, koma umafunika mpweya wa okosijeni kuti uchite zimenezo.” Ndipo ngati madziwo alidi ofunda, ndiye kuti zigawo za m’munsi zimakhala ndi mpweya wa oxygen,” anatero Ocko, kutanthauza kuti methane imatulutsidwa mumlengalenga.
Pankhani yotenthetsa dziko lapansi, methane imakhala yamphamvu kuwirikiza 80 kuposa CO2 pazaka 20 zoyambirira itatulutsidwa. Pakadali pano, kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti madera otentha padziko lapansi, monga India ndi Africa, amakonda kukhala ndi zomera zowononga kwambiri, pomwe Ocko akuti malo osungiramo madzi ku China ndi US sada nkhawa kwambiri. Koma Ocko akuti payenera kukhala njira yolimba yoyezera mpweya.
"Kenako mutha kukhala ndi zolimbikitsa zamtundu uliwonse kuti muchepetse, kapena malamulo opangidwa ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana kuti muwonetsetse kuti simukutulutsa zochuluka," adatero Ocko.
Vuto lina lalikulu la mphamvu yamadzi ndi chilala choyendetsedwa ndi nyengo. Malo osungira osaya amatulutsa mphamvu zochepa, ndipo izi ndizodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ku America West, komwe kwakhala kouma kwambiri zaka 22 m'zaka 1,200 zapitazi.
Monga malo osungiramo madzi monga Nyanja ya Powell, yomwe imadyetsa Damu la Glen Canyon, ndi Nyanja ya Mead, yomwe imadyetsa Damu la Hoover, imapanga magetsi ochepa, mafuta otsalira ayamba kuchepa. Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti kuchokera mu 2001-2015, matani owonjezera 100 miliyoni a carbon dioxide adatulutsidwa m'maboma 11 kumadzulo chifukwa cha chilala chomwe chinapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yamadzi. Panthawi yovuta kwambiri ku California pakati pa 2012-2016, kafukufuku wina akuti kutayika kwa magetsi opangidwa ndi madzi kunawononga dziko $2.45 biliyoni.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, kusowa kwa madzi kwalengezedwa ku Nyanja ya Mead, zomwe zikuyambitsa kuchepetsedwa kwa madzi ku Arizona, Nevada ndi Mexico. Madzi, omwe pakali pano ali pamtunda wa 1,047, akuyembekezeka kutsika kwambiri, chifukwa Bungwe la Reclamation latengapo gawo lomwe silinachitikepo loletsa madzi ku Nyanja ya Powell, yomwe ili kumtunda kwa Nyanja ya Mead, kuti Damu la Glen Canyon lipitirize kupanga mphamvu. Ngati Nyanja Mead itsika pansi pa 950 mapazi, sipanganso mphamvu.
Tsogolo la hydropower
Kukonza njira zamakono zopangira magetsi opangira magetsi kutha kukulitsa luso komanso kubweza zina zomwe zidawonongeka chifukwa cha chilala, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti mbewu zitha kugwira ntchito kwazaka zambiri zikubwerazi.
Kuyambira pano mpaka 2030, $ 127 biliyoni idzagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zomera zakale padziko lonse lapansi. Izi zimatengera pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a ndalama zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi zamagetsi amagetsi, komanso pafupifupi 90% ya ndalama ku Europe ndi North America.
Pa Damu la Hoover, izi zikutanthauza kukonzanso ma turbines awo kuti azigwira ntchito bwino pamalo otsika, kukhazikitsa zitseko zocheperako za wicket, zomwe zimayang'anira kutuluka kwa madzi kulowa m'ma turbines ndikubaya mpweya woponderezedwa m'ma turbines kuti awonjezere mphamvu.
Koma m'madera ena padziko lapansi, ndalama zambiri zikupita ku zomera zatsopano. Mapulojekiti akuluakulu a boma ku Asia ndi Africa akuyembekezeka kuwerengera 75% ya mphamvu zatsopano zopangira madzi kudzera mu 2030. Koma ena akuda nkhawa ndi momwe ntchito zoterezi zidzakhudzire chilengedwe.
"M'malingaliro anga odzichepetsa, adamangidwa mopitilira muyeso. Amamangidwa mokulira osafunikira," Shannon Ames, Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa Low Impact Hydropower Institute adati, "Zitha kuchitika ngati mtsinje ndipo zitha kungopangidwa mosiyana.
Malo othamangitsira mtsinje samaphatikizapo nkhokwe, motero sakhudza chilengedwe, koma sangapange mphamvu pakufunika, chifukwa kutulutsa kumadalira nyengo yomwe ikuyenda. Mphamvu yamagetsi yotchedwa Run-of-River hydropower ikuyembekezeka kuwerengera pafupifupi 13% ya kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zowonjezera zaka khumi izi, pomwe mphamvu zamagetsi zachikhalidwe zidzapanga 56% ndikupopa madzi 29%.
Koma ponseponse, kukula kwa mphamvu ya hydropower kukucheperachepera, ndipo kukuyembekezeka kuchita mgwirizano ndi pafupifupi 23% mpaka 2030. Kubwezeretsanso izi kudzadalira kwambiri kuwongolera njira zowongolera ndi zololeza, ndikukhazikitsa miyezo yapamwamba yokhazikika ndi mapulogalamu oyezera mpweya kuti zitsimikizire kulandiridwa kwa anthu. Kuchulukitsa kwanthawi yayitali kungathandize omanga kupeza mapangano ogula mphamvu, motero kulimbikitsa ndalama chifukwa zobweza zidzatsimikizika.
"Zina mwa zifukwa zomwe siziwoneka zokongola nthawi zina monga dzuwa ndi mphepo ndi chifukwa chakuti malo opangira magetsi ndi osiyana." Mwachitsanzo, chomera cha mphepo ndi dzuwa chimaonedwa ngati ntchito ya zaka 20, "adatero Ames," Komano, mphamvu ya hydropower imakhala ndi chilolezo ndipo imagwira ntchito kwa zaka 50.
Kupeza zolimbikitsa zoyenera pakukula kwamagetsi opangira magetsi amadzi komanso kusungirako madzi, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti izi zikuchitika mokhazikika, zikhala kofunika kwambiri kuti dziko lapansi lisiye kuyamwa mafuta, akutero Woolf.
"Sitikumva mitu yankhani monga momwe matekinoloje ena amachitira. Koma ndikuganiza kuti anthu akuzindikira kuti simungakhale ndi gridi yodalirika popanda mphamvu yamadzi."
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-14-2022
